Authoritative Parenting Style Research Articles

Gambaran Pengasuhan Orang Tua di Suku Nias

Parents are the primary and first educators of children within a family. In the process of emotional adjustment for children, this cannot be separated from family support. Communication is the key to relationships within a family. The parenting style of the Nias ethnic group has its own uniqueness influenced by local culture and values. According to Vinden (2001), there are two parenting styles: authoritarian and authoritative. This study aims to describe the parenting practices of the Nias ethnic group. The research employs a quantitative method using descriptive statistical analysis. The population for this study consists of parents in the Nias ethnic group, with a total of 60 subjects. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. This study utilizes the parenting style scale developed by Vinden, which has been modified by O'Reily and Peterson (2014) and adapted into Indonesian by Hasanah and Rusli (2020). Based on the research results, the mean for authoritarian parenting style is 18.9 with a standard deviation of 1.50, while the mean for authoritative parenting style is 10.3 with a standard deviation of 1.84. This indicates that the authoritarian parenting style among parents in the Nias ethnic group is higher.

The relationship between intimate partner violence and parenting styles with mediated attachment styles in Iranian women

PurposeThe primary aim of this study was to investigate the role of attachment styles as intermediaries in the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and parenting styles among Iranian women.MethodsData for this study was collected between September and December 2020. The participants consisted of 102 women who had been referred to Social Emergency Centers in Isfahan due to their experiences with domestic violence. Participants filled out the Haj-Yahia Violence Questionnaire, Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (BPSQ), and the Attachment Styles Questionnaire (AAQ). To examine the hypothesized relationships, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used.ResultsEconomic IPV victimization was negatively related to secure attachment (β = − 0.309, p = 0.019) and positively related with authoritative parenting (β = 0.422, p = 0.019) and avoidant attachment style (β = 0.563, p = 0.000). There was a significant, positive relationship between sexual IPV victimization with secure and avoidant attachment styles (β = 0.351, p = 0.011; β = 0.407, p = 0.000). Authoritative parenting style was related to avoidant attachment (β = − 0.524, p = 0.015) and secure attachment (β = 0.371, p = 0.000).ConclusionsIranian IPV victims with secure attachment style were more likely to utilize authoritative parenting and those who have avoidant attachment were less likely to use authoritative parenting. Attachment styles may influence the relationship between IPV and parenting styles in Iranian women who have experienced IPV.

Parenting Styles as Predictors of Adolescents’ Susceptibility to Peer Pressure in Secondary Schools in Anambra State, Nigeria

This study examined the relationship among the four levels of parenting styles and peer pressure among senior secondary school Adolescents in Anambra State, Nigeria. Six research questions and saix hypotheses guided the study. The design of the study was correlational research design. The population comprised 55,696 adolescents in senior secondary schools in Anambra State. A sample size of 1,000 senior secondary school students were selected through proportionate stratified and convenience sampling techniques. The research instrument that was used in the study is a validated and reliable questionnaire. Multiple regression statistics was used to test hypotheses 1-5 while the Fisher-z statistics were used to test hypothesis 6. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between four parenting styles and peer pressure among senior secondary school Adolescents; that there is a significant relationship between authoritative parenting style and peer pressure among senior secondary school Adolescents; that there is a significant relationship between authoritarian parenting style and peer pressure among senior secondary school Adolescents; that there is a significant relationship between permissive parenting style and peer pressure among senior secondary school Adolescents; and that there is a significant relationship between neglecting parenting style and peer pressure among senior secondary school Adolescents. The study however, revealed that there is no significant moderating impact of sex in the relationship between parenting styles and peer pressure among senior secondary school Adolescents in Anambra State. On the basis of these findings, it was recommended amongst others, that Guidance counsellors should provide parenting workshops and resources that educate parents on the different parenting styles and the importance of fostering open communication, clear expectations, and warmth in the parent-child relationship, regardless of the specific style used.

A Meta-analysis on the Influence of Authoritarian Parenting Style on Adolescents' Social Anxiety

Aim To understand the influence of authoritarian parenting style in adolescents' social anxiety.  Methodology Previous research papers and articles published on this topic were reviewed and comprehended through google scholar and pub med etc that were previously used by other scholars. After collecting various studies, these studies were reviewed and reached a conclusion.  Literature Review This study comprises various papers conducted by researchers on the impact of authoritarian parenting on adolescents’ social anxiety. These studies were assumed to be the data for this present study. This study was successfully completed by discussing the findings of these already existing studies.  Discussion and Interpretation Many studies have found that authoritarian parenting has a significant direct effect on social anxiety in adolescents. The cold and rejecting parenting enhances fear in the child. As the child grows into adolescence, the teen may withdraw from social situations and isolate himself or herself solely because of the fear of being judged and scrutinized by others.  Conclusion It is suggested that parents should not adopt authoritarian parenting to upbring the child. Girls were reported to be higher in social anxiety as compared to boys.

Associations of parenting styles with substance use in the offspring-A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Parenting styles have been suggested to predict the use of psychoactive substances in the offspring, although the size of associations might vary between cultures. The present meta-analysis tested whether parenting styles show concurrent and longitudinal associations with substance use and whether this association is moderated by study characteristics. A systematic search in electronic data bases resulted in 184 studies that were included in multi-level meta-analysis. An authoritative parenting style correlated with lower substance use (r =-0.12, confidence interval [CI] -0.14 to -0.10) while the reverse was found for neglectful (r = 0.10, CI 0.08 to 0.13), permissive (r = 0.04, CI 0.01 to 0.07) and authoritarian parenting (r = 0.03, CI 0.00 to 0.05). Analysis of cross-lagged effects found only an effect of authoritative parenting on decline of substance use (r = -0.06, CI -0.12 to -0.00). The size of associations varied, in part, by levels of horizontal and vertical collectivism or individualism, assessment of three versus four parenting styles, type of substance, and use of same versus different informants for assessing parenting and substance use. Parenting styles show small to very small associations with substance use. Although parents are recommended to behave in an authoritative manner, we should have only modest expectations about the effects of parenting styles on substance use in the offspring.

Early parenting styles and children’s social skills in China: a longitudinal exploration of mediating mechanism

ABSTRACT This study examines the development of children's social skills during the crucial transition from kindergarten to grade school. It explores the long-term connection between parenting styles and children's social skills. This study conducted a three-year longitudinal survey involving 121 children and their parents. The results show that early authoritative parenting styles were significant positive associated with children's social skills in second grade, and early authoritarian parenting styles were significant negative associated with children's social skills in second grade. Child-parent relationship closeness and receptive language skills mediate the association between early parenting styles and second-grade children's social skills. We propose that improving the closeness of the child-parent relationship and enhancing children's receptive language skills could effectively enhance children's social skills. This provides theoretical support for intervention programmes aimed at improving children's social skills.

The Role of Mothers’ Varied Parenting Styles in Childhood Obesity

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of mothers' democratic, authoritarian, permissive, and overprotective parenting styles in childhood obesity and mothers' perception of their children's body weight. Method: The research was cross-sectional in design, and a total of 94 children aged between two and six years were included, together with their mothers. Mothers were administered the Parental Attitude Scale, and children's Body Mass Index (BMI) was classified using age- gender-specific tables of the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). The effect of mothers' parental attitudes on their children's BMI groups was evaluated. However, mothers matched their child's appearance to the appearance they thought corresponded to the age and gender-specific weight plot and mothers' weight perceptions were evaluated. Results: The prevalence of overweight-obesity among children was found to be 19.2%. There wasn’t statistically difference between democratic, authoritarian, overprotective and permissive parenting styles and BMI categories of children (p=0.819, p=0.878, p=0.319, p=0.494). The mothers of overweight-obese children perceived their children as significantly overweight compared to other children (p

The influence of dark triad-specific personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy) on parenting styles, and parental competence in raising and educating children

This study aims to determine the existence of an association between the Dark Triad personality traits, parental competence, and parental styles. The parentsʼ personality traits, particularly those of the Dark Triad, may serve as predictors of the child's level of development, educational path choices, academic outcomes, well-being, and overall development. It is of utmost importance to identify these traits to better understand the parents’ behaviour and the potential harm the parent's strategies may inflict on the child. The Dark Triad-specific personality traits can lead to authoritarian, selfish, lacking empathy, and even manipulative behaviors that can significantly and negatively impact a child's life. The research sample includes 609 respondents who fulfil the role of parent. The results revealed that parents' Machiavellian personality traits may be associated with an authoritarian or permissive parenting style, but not with a democratic parenting style. Also, the level of parental competence varies depending on the background of the parents and may be influenced by their psychopathic personality traits.

Parenting Styles and Their Impact on the Emotional Intelligence of Adolescents at SMKN 1 Padang

This study aims to evaluate the impact of parenting styles on the emotional intelligence of adolescents at SMKN 1 Padang. Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others. Parenting styles play a fundamental role in the development of emotional intelligence in adolescents. The research method applied is quantitative with a survey approach. Data were collected from questionnaires distributed to 208 students at SMKN 1 Padang. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression to examine the impact of parenting styles on emotional intelligence. The analysis results obtained an F value of 92.616 with a probability (P) of 0.000 < 0.005. This means that the regression coefficients of the parenting style variables collectively influence emotional intelligence. This explains that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Overall, parenting styles contribute 57% to the variance in emotional intelligence of adolescents at SMKN 1 Padang. The significance values for authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles are 0.004 (<0.05), 0.000 (<0.05), and 0.000 (<0.05), respectively, indicating that these parenting styles have a significant impact on emotional intelligence. The study results show that authoritative parenting style has a positive effect on adolescents' emotional intelligence. Conversely, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles have a negative impact. The influence of authoritative parenting style on emotional intelligence is 52%, permissive parenting style is 3%, and authoritarian parenting style is 2%. This study contributes to understanding how different parenting styles affect adolescents' emotional intelligence. The findings can serve as a reference for parents, educators, and policymakers in developing effective parenting strategies to enhance emotional intelligence and reduce juvenile delinquency.

Parenting Styles, Attachment and Emotional Support as Determinants of Adjustment to College Life among Fresh Undergraduates

Abstract: The study examined the relationship of parenting styles, attachment and emotional support with adjustment to college life among fresh undergraduates. The study employed a correlational design as a guide. Three hundred fresh undergraduates of the Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria -123 males; 177 females, who were selected through Stratified random sampling approach participated in the study. The Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ; α= .93); Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ; α= .92); Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; α= .88); and Perceived Emotional Support Scale (PES; α= .89) were the instrument used for data collection. The data generated were statistically analysed with the aid of Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression Model. The statistical results showed that the three predictor variables jointly accounted for a total of 60% of the overall variance in adjustment to college life. Based on the contribution of each of the predictor variables, Authoritarianism and Permissiveness parenting styles, negatively and significantly predicted adjustment to college life. However, attachment styles, Authoritative parenting style and emotional support significantly and directly predicted adjustment to college life. Seeing the investigated variables had significant effect on college adjustment, it was recommended that university authorities and policy makers should design a program that will lessen the impact of negative parenting and improve secure attachment styles and emotional support among fresh undergraduates.

The Effect of Parenting Style on Self-Concept Among Adolescents

Abstract This study explores the impact of various parenting styles on the self-concept of adolescents. Utilizing a sample of 200 adolescents (100 boys and 100 girls) from Chapra District, the study employs quantitative methods to analyze the relationships between authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles and self-concept. Statistical analyses reveal that authoritative parenting positively influences self-concept, while authoritarian parenting has a negative impact. Permissive parenting shows no significant effect. The findings emphasize the importance of parenting style in shaping adolescent self-concept and suggest practical implications for parenting practices.

Perceived Parenting Styles, Emotional Intelligence and Conflict Resolution Styles among Young Adults

Purpose: Parenting styles greatly influence the development of emotional intelligence and conflict resolution styles among young adults since the very early years of their lives. The understanding how parenting styles and emotional intelligence impact conflict resolution styles of young adults has become progressively urgent. The existing study purposes to inspect the relationship between perceived parenting styles, emotional intelligence, and conflict resolution styles among young adults. The practical implication of this research will provide the future generations in better upbringing of their children that possess high levels of emotional intelligence. Methodology: The study was carried out in a single phase. The study was quantitative, and it was conducted to assess the perceived parenting styles by young adults including assessing their emotional intelligence and identifying their conflict resolution style. The sample of the study was 280 (M=140, F=140) recruited from different universities in Islamabad, Pakistan. Three scales were used for assessment: The Perceived Parenting Styles Scale (PPSC), The Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) and the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory (CRSI). Findings: The authoritative parenting style positively correlated with emotional intelligence (r = .47, p < .01) and positive problem-solving (r = .17, p < .01), while negatively relating to conflict engagement (r = -.31, p < .01) and self-protection (r = -.26, p < .01). In contrast, authoritarian and permissive styles were negatively related to emotional intelligence (r = -.13 and r = -.19, respectively) and positively associated with conflict engagement. Males scored higher on emotional intelligence (M = 121.96, SD = 13.73) than females (M = 118.35, SD = 15.87), and PhD students exhibited higher conflict resolution scores than Master's and undergraduate students. These findings highlight the impact of parenting styles on emotional intelligence and conflict resolution skills among young adults. Unique Contributions to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study is guided by The Social Learning Theory by Bandura (1977) sets that young adults copy ways of behaving gained from their childhood, particularly from their parents. Parenting styles perceived during childhood and adolescence could impact how people approach conflicts and social interactions. Another theory which backs this study is Emotional Intelligence theory by Daniel Goleman suggests that individuals consist of a bunch of skills and abilities that would help them in recognizing, understanding and managing their own self emotions as well as emotions of other people. The study recommends that research be conducted in other demographic regions or on a broader level. The study also recommends that other variables such as personality traits and changes over tine should be considered as well for better outcomes.

Characteristic of High-Risk Behaviours Related to Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use and their Associated Factors among Adolescents in Middle and High School

<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>Background:</strong> Use of narcotics, psychotropic and addictive substances (NPA) in adolescents has become one of the major social problems we are facing in society and it gives a negative impact. This study was done to determine the characteristics and factors that influence high-risk behaviour of NPA use in adolescents in middle and high school, also introducing CRAFFT questionnaire as an early screening tool for alcohol an illicit drugs use.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Quantitative study (validated questionnaire) was conducted among 514 subjects aged 12-18 years old. CRAFFT questionnaire was used to detect a high-risk behavior of alcohol and illicit drugs use and self-reported questionnaire used to determine the risk factors of NPA.</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> Most participants (19,6%) were involved in high-risk behaviour of alcohol and illicit drugs, with the majority was males (12,4%). This study showed smoking behaviour (23,8%), drinking alcohol (15,8%) and illicit drugs use (13,6%). The type of drugs being used were cannabis (52,7%), tramadol (15,2%), dextromethorphan (10,7%) and methamphetamine (6,3%). CRAFFT questionnaire has a good internal consistency with Cronbach’s α 0,73. Education level, authoritarian parenting style, unharmonious parents, peer pressure or threat, and extracurricular activities were factors that influenced high-risk behavior of alcohol and illicit drug use</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Early detection, comprehensive treatment, and intervention of risk factors of NPA use are needed. CRAFFT can be use as one of the screening tools for detection of alcohol and illicit drugs use in adolescents.</p></div>

Analysis of the Impact of Chinese Parenting Styles on Adolescent Social Competence: From a Perspective of Family Systems Theory

The study explored the impact of Chinese parents' parenting styles on adolescents' social competence from the perspective of family systems theory. Adolescents' social competence is crucial and is related to their academic performance, peer relationships, and psychological well-being. Rapid urbanization, increased pressure on education, and the pervasive influence of technology have dramatically changed the Chinese family, creating a complex environment for adolescent development. Parenting in modern China has shifted from traditional authoritarian approaches to more diverse practices incorporating warmth, emotional support, and democratic participation. This study utilizes qualitative and quantitative research methods to explore how different parenting styles in an interconnected family system affect the development of social competence among Chinese adolescents. By examining authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles under the lens of family systems theory, the study delves into the patterns of parent-adolescent coexistence and understands the systemic impact of family dynamics on individual development. The study integrates the Chinese socio-cultural context within a constructivist perspective to explore parenting practices by analyzing existing research data, as well as family boundaries, communication patterns, emotional climate, conflict resolution styles, and parental expectations and encouragement. The aim is to identify key parenting behaviours and attitudes that promote or impede the development of adolescents' social competence and, ultimately, suggest healthier and more effective parenting practices.

Associations between smartphone addiction, parenting styles, and mental well-being among adolescents aged 15–19 years in Gujarat, India

BackgroundThe pervasive use of smartphones among adolescents has raised concerns about addiction and its impact on mental well-being. This study investigates the prevalence of smartphone addiction and its associations with socio-demographic factors, parenting styles, and mental health among Indian adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 560 school-going adolescents (aged 15–19) in Gujarat, India, from January to October 2023. Data was collected using validated scales: the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with smartphone addiction.ResultsThe prevalence of smartphone addiction was 64.6%. Urban residence (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.8–3.3), higher parental education (AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.7–4.3 for graduate fathers), longer smartphone use (AOR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.7–3.6 for > 3 years), and higher socioeconomic status (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5–3.51) were associated with increased odds of addiction. Authoritarian and permissive parenting styles in both parents were positively associated with smartphone addiction, while authoritative parenting was negatively associated. Smartphone addiction was strongly associated with mental health issues, particularly with severe stress (AOR: 10.82, 95% CI: 5.11–22.88, p < 0.001).ConclusionSmartphone addiction is highly prevalent among Indian adolescents and is significantly associated with urban living, higher socioeconomic status, non-authoritative parenting styles, and poor mental health. These findings underscore the need for digital literacy programs, parenting interventions promoting authoritative styles, and mental health support to foster healthy smartphone use among adolescents.

Parenting style of parents undergoing substance abuse treatment having adolescent children (12–20 years old) referring to addiction treatment clinics in Bojnurd

BackgroundConsidering the adverse effect of drug abuse on Parenting, this study was conducted to determine the parenting style of parents undergoing substance abuse treatment who were referred to addiction treatment clinics in Bojnurd in 2021. MethodsThe type of cross-sectional study was descriptive-analytical. The sample size was 360 parents with adolescent children (12–20 years old) undergoing substance abuse treatment who were included in the study by simple random sampling. A two-part questionnaire, including personal characteristics questions and Bamrind's parenting style questionnaire, was used to collect information. Data analysis was done using SPSS 23 software with parametric T-test, ANOVA, and non-parametric equivalent tests of Spearman's correlation at a significance level of 0.05. ResultsThe average score of permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles was (16.15±5.92), (18±6.34) and (24.89±7.09) respectively. Men used permissive and authoritarian parenting styles significantly more than women. The people living in the village, compared to the city residents, and the people in the Turkish and Kurdish ethnicities, compared to Fars, significantly used authoritarian parenting style more. People using opioids significantly less preferred the permissive method and the authoritarian method compared to stimulant drug users and simultaneous users of stimulant and opioid drugs. ConclusionChildren of parents with substance abuse disorders are at risk of various adverse consequences, and it seems that inconsistent behavior of parents is an essential cause of this risk; therefore, the need for public education regarding Parenting, especially in addicted parents, is raised.

Impact of Authoritative Parenting Style on Self-Esteem and Resilience Among Undergraduate Students

The aims of undertaking the following research have to assess the relationship between authoritative parenting and self-esteem as well as the levels of resilience among undergraduate students. According to this research, the authoritative style of parenting has a positive relation to self-esteem and resilience as two interrelated factors. For this study, a sample of 250 undergraduate students from AWKUM was used and research techniques like descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results indicate a significant positive correlation between authoritative parenting and resilience (r = .638, p &lt; .01), as well as between authoritative parenting and self-esteem (r = .664, p &lt; .01). Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between resilience and self-esteem (r = .934, p &lt; .01). These findings highlight the importance of authoritative parenting in promoting psychological well-being among undergraduate students.

The relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem of medical students with age and gender as moderators.

Among various factors that determine an individual's self-esteem, parenting styles play a significant role. This study investigates the link between parenting styles and self-esteem among medical students while exploring the role of age and gender in this context. A cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students from December 2020 to March 2021. An online survey was prepared using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Parental Authority Questionnaire-Short Version, and students were asked to fill it out. Data were gathered from 255 students by simple random sampling technique, of which 230 forms were filled. SPSS version 26.0 was used to enter and analyze the data. One sample t-test, Pearson Correlation, and Hierarchal regression analysis were applied. AMOS version 26.00 was used for confirmatory factor analysis. Out of 230 participants, 60% of the sample population experienced an authoritative parenting style. Authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with self-esteem. Females who experienced authoritative parenting and males who experienced authoritarian and permissive parenting styles had higher self-esteem than their respective counterparts. Authoritative parenting was the most common and the only parenting style with a statistically significant positive correlation with self-esteem. This study further highlights the importance of consistent parental supervision and open communication in determining an individual's self-esteem.

Impact Parenting Style on Academic Achievement, Emotional Intelligence and Self-Esteem among University Students in Southern Punjab

This study examined the impact of different parenting styles—authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive—on students' emotional intelligence, academic achievement, and self-esteem in South Punjab, specifically in Multan, Bahawalpur, and Dera Ghazi Khan. Utilizing a sample of 600 university students, the research employed cross-sectional data collection through questionnaires. The findings revealed that authoritative parenting significantly positively influenced emotional intelligence, academic achievement, and self-esteem, whereas both authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were associated with negative outcomes across these variables. Authoritarian parenting was linked to lower emotional intelligence, academic performance, and self-esteem, while permissive parenting also demonstrated detrimental effects on these aspects, though to a lesser extent. These results underscore the importance of fostering authoritative parenting practices to enhance developmental outcomes in students. The study provides valuable insights for educators, parents, and policymakers to implement strategies that support effective parenting to improve students' holistic development. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and geographic specificity, suggesting a need for further research with longitudinal approaches and diverse populations.

Parenting Styles and Youth’s Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors: Does Self-Control Matter?

The externalizing and internalizing behaviors of children and youth have been the object of extensive criminological research, mainly due to the potentially harmful impact on these individuals' future development and adjustment. The current study aimed to explore the influence of parenting styles on the emergence of children and youth’s externalizing and internalizing behaviors and to understand the influence of self-control in this relationship. Following a quantitative self-report approach and using a sample of 472 Portuguese middle-school children, this study found that the children’s sex, low self-control, and authoritative parenting style significantly predicted externalizing and internalizing behaviors. The data also revealed that children's age and the permissive parenting style significantly predicted externalizing but not internalizing behaviors and that the authoritarian parenting style significantly predicted internalizing behaviors. Low self-control partially mediated the relationship between parenting styles and externalizing and internalizing behaviors in most tested models. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.