Authoritative Parenting Practices Research Articles

RETRACTED: Early life experiences as determinants of leadership role occupancy: The importance of parental influence and rule breaking behavior

The limited behavioral genetics research reported in the leadership literature has not investigated the degree to which early life experiences predict future emergence into leadership roles. This is the first study to focus on parenting style and early life experiences of rule breaking, and their relationships to leadership roles assumed in adulthood, while controlling for genetic and personality contributions. Using a sample ofmale twins reared together,we found that authoritative parenting practices was negatively related to modest and serious rule breaking, while being positively related to emergence in leadership roles into adulthood. We also found that modest rule breakingbehaviorpositivelypredicted thenumberof leadership roles takenonby individuals,while serious rule breaking negatively predicted the number of leadership roles. Implications for future leadership research and practice are discussed. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

School Bullying in Taiwanese Adolescents

Little is known about bullying in Taiwan. This study investigated school bullying and its relation to parenting in 325 junior high school students (13 to 16 years) in Taiwan. The study examined (1) the prevalence of bullying, (2) the reactions of bystanders, and (3) the relationship between parents' authoritarian, authoritative, and overprotective parenting practices and their children's bullying. The results suggest that bullying is a prevalent problem in Taiwanese adolescents, and that it may be similar to bullying in Japan (ijime). In addition, relationships between parenting styles and bullying were found. The results highlight the importance of understanding family and school influences on bullying within a culture, and implications for the development of interventions are discussed.

Authoritative Parenting and Drug-Prevention Practices: Implications for Antidrug Ads for Parents

This research employed the theory of reasoned action to investigate the role of authoritative parenting in 3 drug-prevention behaviors: (a) parental monitoring, (b) parent-child discussions, and (c) awareness of the child's environment. A phone survey of 158 parents of adolescents in 7th, 9th, and 11th grades revealed that authoritative parenting was correlated with parenting practices that reduce the likelihood of adolescent drug use, including discussing family rules about drugs, discussing strategies to avoid drugs, discussing those in trouble with drugs, parental monitoring, knowing the child's plans for the coming day, and personally knowing the child's friends well. Additionally, authoritative parenting moderated the attitude-behavioral intention relation for parental monitoring and awareness of the child's environment, with the weakest relation detected for low-authoritative parents. The utility of these findings in helping design and target antidrug messages for parents more effectively is discussed.

From Authoritative Parenting Practices to an Authoritarian Context: Exploring the Person–Environment Fit

This study examined whether authoritarian or authoritative parenting practices best prepare youth for coping with an authoritarian context (i.e., the mandatory military service of 18‐year‐old men in Israel) with specific reference to the issue of person–environment fit. A year before their conscription, 85 male adolescents (M age=17.5) and their parents filled out questionnaires regarding their relationships; during basic training, they did so again regarding the new recruit's coping and adaptation. Two peers from each adolescent's basic training unit also rated their coping and adaptation. Findings demonstrated that authoritative parenting practices were advantageous with respect to coping and adaptation in an authoritarian context and that these associations were to some extent mediated through the adolescents' self‐esteem. These results are discussed in light of claims of limitations to the general benefit of the authoritative parenting style.

Parental monitoring among adolescents in Beijing, China

Literature from Western nations has consistently implicated parental monitoring (both communication and supervision) as both a primary and a secondary protector against adolescent risk behavior [ 1 Steinberg L. The family at adolescence Transition and transformation. J Adolesc Health. 2000; 27: 170-178 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar , 2 Li X. Stanton B. Feigelman S. Impact of perceived parental monitoring on adolescent risk behavior over four years. J Adolesc Health. 2000; 27: 49-56 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (270) Google Scholar , 3 Steinberg L. Fletcher A. Darling N. Parental monitoring and peer influences on adolescent substance use. Pediatrics. 1994; 93: 1060-1064 PubMed Google Scholar ]. The relationship between parental monitoring and adolescent risk involvement persists across ethnic and racial groups [ 4 Steinberg L. Mounts N.S. Lamborn S.D. Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches. J Res Adolesc. 1991; 1: 19-36 Google Scholar , 5 Li X. Feigelman S. Stanton B. Perceived parental monitoring and health risk behaviors among urban low-income African-American children and adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2000; 27: 43-48 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (242) Google Scholar ]. The robustness of this association in the United States is somewhat surprising since parenting style differs significantly by culture [ 6 Harkness S. Super C. Culture and parenting. in: Bornstein M.H. Handbook of Parenting Vol. 2 Biology and Ecology of Parenting. Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc, Mahwah1995: 211-234 Google Scholar , 7 Steinberg L. Dornbusch S.M. Brown B.B. Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement An ecological perspective. Am Psychol. 1992; 47: 723-729 Crossref PubMed Scopus (749) Google Scholar , 8 Chen X. Dong Q. Zhou H. Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social performance in Chinese children. Int J Behav Dev. 1997; 21: 855-873 Crossref Scopus (302) Google Scholar ]. One possible explanation for the consistency of the relationship in spite of difference in monitoring style within the United States is that these subculture variations are comparatively minor. More substantial differences in the relationship might be found in different countries, particularly countries with substantially different cultural heritages from those found with American’s “melting pot.” Accordingly, we undertook examination of the relationship between perceived parental monitoring and adolescent risk involvement among a sample of youth in Beijing, China.

Factors Related to Parenting Practices in Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices in Chinese mothers with preschoolers. This study not only focused on the global parenting typologies ( e.g. authoritative and authoritarian parenting), but also looked into the individual component elements of authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Belsky's (1984) ecological model was used to select potential predictors of parenting practices: 1) characteristics of the mother, 2) characteristics of the child, and 3) contextual factors. The sample consisted of 463 mothers with their preschool children in Taiwan. Mothers were administered a questionnaire which assessed their parenting practices, Chinese parenting beliefs, depression level, degree of parenting daily hassles, child's age, perception of the child's temperament, and demographic information. As expected, maternal characteristics, child characteristics, and contextual factors predicted mothers' parenting practices. The results suggested that maternal depression, child temperament, and degree of parenting daily hassles might have cross-culturally universal influences on parenting practices. However, the significant influence of culturally specific parenting beliefs on parenting was also found. Chinese parents' use of authoritative and authoritarian parenting were both in some degree embedded in traditional Chinese parenting beliefs - the concept of training.

A developmental perspective on anger: Family and peer contexts

A model of the development of anger in family and peer contexts is presented. Emotional socialization begins in early infancy, in the context of parent–infant caretaking. Children's awareness and understanding of their own and other people's anger depends on exposure to models of anger expression and conflict resolution, parental emotional coaching strategies such as discussing feelings and problem solving about emotion-based actions, coercive versus authoritative parenting practices, and opportunities to engage in constructive conflict resolution with family members. Emotional socialization in the home affects children's physiological reactivity and physiological self-regulation, social information processing, and behavioral strategies for anger-provoking situations. When the child brings these characteristics to the peer arena, anger and emotion management skills affect peer social status, aggressive versus prosocial peer interactions and the ability to form and profit from close peer relationships. Implications for school psychologists and other school personnel are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A developmental perspective on anger: Family and peer contexts

A model of the development of anger in family and peer contexts is presented. Emotional socialization begins in early infancy, in the context of parent–infant caretaking. Children's awareness and understanding of their own and other people's anger depends on exposure to models of anger expression and conflict resolution, parental emotional coaching strategies such as discussing feelings and problem solving about emotion-based actions, coercive versus authoritative parenting practices, and opportunities to engage in constructive conflict resolution with family members. Emotional socialization in the home affects children's physiological reactivity and physiological self-regulation, social information processing, and behavioral strategies for anger-provoking situations. When the child brings these characteristics to the peer arena, anger and emotion management skills affect peer social status, aggressive versus prosocial peer interactions and the ability to form and profit from close peer relationships. Implications for school psychologists and other school personnel are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Authoritative and Authoritarian Parenting Practices and Social and School Performance in Chinese Children

The purpose of the study was to examine the relations between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles and social and school adjustment in Chinese children. A sample of second grade children, aged eight years, and their parents in Beijing, People’s Republic of China, participated in this study. The children were group administered a peer assessment measure of social behaviour and a sociometric nomination measure. Teachers completed a rating scale on school-related social competence and problems for each child. Data concerning child-rearing practices were obtained from parents. In addition, information on children’s academic and social competence was obtained from school records. It was found that authoritarian parenting was associated positively with aggression and negatively with peer acceptance, sociability-competence, distinguished studentship and school academic achievement. In contrast, parental authoritative style was associated positively with indices of social and school adjustment and negatively with adjustment problems. The results indicated that, inconsistent with the argument in the literature (e.g. Steinberg, Dornbusch, & Brown, 1992), authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices were relevant to social and academic performance in Chinese children.

Influence of kinship social support on the parenting experiences and psychosocial adjustment of African-American adolescents.

The association of kinship support with psychosocial adjustment and parenting practices for 125 African-American adolescents (52 boys and 73 girls) in Grades 9-12 from single- and 2-parent households was assessed. Findings revealed that kinship support was positively associated with adolescent adjustment and with authoritative parenting practices in single- but not 2-parent households. Results also indicated that parenting practices mediated the effects of kinship support. When the effects of authoritative parenting practices were controlled, significant relations found between kinship support and adolescent adjustment were no longer apparent. The importance of kinship support for the functioning of African-American families and adolescents was discussed