Author Intends Research Articles

AN ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY NEWLY ADOPTED NAMES OF TOWNS AND VILLAGES AMALGAMATED IN 1889 IN JAPAN

In 1889, the twenty-second year of Meiji, the Japanese Government amalgamated its 71, 314 towns and villages into thirty-nine cities and 15, 820 towns and villages on a nation-wide scale, which could safely be called the first administrative reorganization in Modern Japan. The author intends is to classify the newly adopted names of towns and villages from the viewpoint of historical geography. Compared with the considerable number of treatises on the names given to Oaza (i. e., towns and villages before the amalgamation), no notable studies concerning the new names have been made public. That is why the author believes this treaties would be helpful and meaningful. It is fortunate that all the historical records of the amalgamation are still preserved in perfect condition in those fifteen prefectures: Ibaraki, Saitama, Chiba, Niigata, Ishikawa, Nagano, Shizuoka, Shiga, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Fukuoka and Kumamoto. The study here presented I hopes, will make clear how new names were given to a total of 4, 041 towns and villages inn those prefectures. At the first stage, the author tried to classify all these name into the following twelve groups, Groups A to L: Group A: Historical Names Common to Larger Districts: a group of names taken from the time-honoured appellations given to Go or Sho (i. e., village-clusters in the Edo Era). Croup B: Names of Centers of a District: a group of names derived from the most famous former town or village name in the area concerned. Group C: Compound Names: this group is subdivided into two kinds, C1 and C2. C1: a group of eclectic names blended out of all the names of the amalgamated munici- palities. C2: a group of eclectic names using only the names of the more distinguished former towns or villages among those involved. Group D: Link Names: this group also contains two kinds, D1 and D2. D1: a group of names merely combining mechanically all the names of the former ton us or villages involved. D2: a group of names combining the names of some of the bigger and more noted mu-nicipalities among those involved. Group E: Names Based on Natural Features: a group of names incorporating the appellation of a well-known mountain, beach, river, island, lake, etc. in the area. Group F: Names Based on Shrines or Temples: a group of names bearing the appel-lation of a historically famous Shinto shrine or Buddhist temple in the area. Group G: Names Based on Historical Relics: a group of names taken from among local historical sites such as graves, ruins of a palace or castle, barrier checkpoints, etc.. Group H: Topographical Names: a group of names representing topographical fea-tures of the former town and villages involved. Group I: Smaller District Names: a group of names given to a small but well-known part of the area. Group J: Made-Up Names: this group has four subdivisions, J1 to J4. J1: a group of names made up with no regard for the former name or any regional feature. J2: a group of names implying slight regard for the regional features. J3: a group of names made up synthetically but implying some consideration of general appellations remaining from ancient times, including the former municipalities. J4: a group of names made up artificially but with some regional historical charac-teristics. Group K: a group of names impossible to classify. Group L: a group of names with no records of the naming process. The second part of the authors study leads to six necessary conditions in giving a name to a new administrative region. These conditions are: 1. That all inhabitants of the area should agree to the name which woulb be adopted. 2. That the history and tradition of the area should be reflected in the given name.

INNOVATIONS IN THE INDEXING OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO SERIES OF VOLUMES

The indexing of volumes made up of contributions by different authors raises questions which do not arise in indexing a treatise, a textbook, or a narrative by a single author. Such a book is a coherent whole. Its chapters, sections, and paragraphs are balanced so as to create in the reader's mind the pattern of knowledge or ideas and the distribution of emphasis the author intends. The language and style are uniform. The same special terms are used with the same meanings and implications throughout. All this makes it possible for the indexer to distinguish the wood from the trees and decide which kinds of trees call for more notice than others by scanning right through the book before he starts considering the details.

ON THE LAND FORM AND TEPHROCHRONOLOGY OF MT. SAMBE, SAN-IN DISTRICT, WESTERN JAPAN

The author intends in this paper to offer some contributions on the chronology of Japanese Pleistocene, of which informative data have been few in San-in District. He made the geomorphological map of Mt. Sambe (Fig. 1), surveyed the volcanic ash beds (Fig. 2), and concluded that the volcanic evolution occurred as follows : 1. Ohda pumice flow, 2. Mt. Hikage lava dome, 3. Ukinuno-ike pumice flow and fall, 4. Mt. Ohira pyroclastic cone, 5. Mt. Sambe lava domes, 6. Shigaku pyroclastic flow. The eruptions of Ohda and Ukinuno-ike pumice flows also scattered the fall deposits of ash and pumice which covered the terraces, sand dunes and mountain slopes on the eastward areas. On the other hand, Mt. Daisen erupted ash and pumice beds, some of which are resemble to those of Mt. Sambe. Both the fall deposits of Mt. Sambe and Daisen are found overlapped each other on the terraces (Nogi terrace etc.) around Matsue City. They are easily identified, for some of them have distinct facies. Through interpreting these ash and pumice beds, the process of eruption can be known, and at the same time, terraces covered by these beds can be correlated with it (Fig. 3). Some of the fall deposits covered the palaeo-sand dunes in San-in District. For instance, volcanic ash contemporaneous to Ohda pumice flow covered Izumo palaeo-sand dunes (central part of Shimane Pref.). Ash and pumice beds of Mt. Daisen covered Tottori palaeo-sand dunes (eastern part of San-in District). In conclusion, the evolutions of Mt. Sambe, Mt. Daisen, palaeo-sand dunes and Nogi terrace can be correlated with each other as shown in Table 1, in which the formation of Nogi terrace was probably done during Riss-Wurm Interglacial Epoch.

Low Molecular Weight Phenols in Higher Plants

Phenolic compounds are second only to carbohydrates in abundance in higher plants. They display a great variety of structures ranging from deriva­ tives of simple phenols, such as quinol, to complex polymeric materials, such as lignin. In recent years, naturally occurring phenolics have been the subject of several reviews. Past editions of this publication alone have contained articles on lignin (1), the biosynthesis of flavonoids (2) , and general bio­ synthetic pathways (3). In other periodicals, accounts of the chemistry and biochemistry of coumarins (4) and lignin (5, 6, 7) can be found. For the purposes of this review the author intends, wherever possible, to limit the discussion to those naturally occurring compounds which possess only one aromatic ring and to concentrate on the biochemical and physio­ logical aspects which have not received detailed attention in the past. The compounds which come within these terms of reference and which will receive attention include simple mono-, di-, and trihydroxybenzenes, phenolic alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and phenolic amino acids and amines.

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Work

THE ARTICLE by D. Comley in the June issue, entitled ‘Organising Laboratory Work’, dismisses oral instruction at the beginning of a laboratory period by saying that it has little to commend it. While it is true in the sense that the author intends, I should like to draw attention to the very effective use that can be made of oral instruction if the experiments are provided in multiple, or if a small group is doing one experiment, or again if two or three larger groups are organised with one staff member available for each of those groups at least at the beginning of the laboratory period.

Studies on the Respiration of the Tooth Germ

It has been recognized by both early and recent investigators of the mechanism of the calcification that the glycolytic process of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas scheme occurs in calcifying tissues, in general (1–4). In 1950, Gutman and Yu (5) found the significant fact that phlorizin, monoiodoacetate, and fluoride, the well-known inhibitors of glycolysis, decreased the calcification rate of rachitic cartilage in vitro, and based on this fact, they postulated that the glycolytic process is directly related to the calcification mechanism. That is, the energy-rich phosphate in phospho-pyruvate derived from glycolysis may be transphosphorylated to the matrix in which mineralization occurs. On the other hand, while the presence of a large amount of citrate in the calcified tissue has been known for a long time (6), Dixon and Perkins (7), and recently Less and Kuyper (8), found the presence of the enzymes and intermediates concerned in the TCA cycle. Tulpule and Patwardhan (9) discovered that vitamin D increased the pyruvate oxidation which had previously decreased in the case of rachitic metaphysis. In addition, it was found that respiration was necessary for the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate, which is considered to be an important portion of the organic matrix for calcification (10). Thus the respiratory system has become another important subject of research because of its possibly important role in process of calcification, particulary in the period of matrix formation. These experiments were performed on the tissues other than tooth such as cartilage (preosseous or rachitic), bone, callus after fracture, etc. The biological activities of the tooth after it is completely formed are very slight, so that there is only a small probability for the tooth to recover when it once get caries. However, the tooth germs have the most active calcifying ability and carry out intense calcification in a relatively short period. Also the metabolism responsible for tooth formation might be different from that of other hard tissues. In order to gain a better insight into the biochemistry of calcification metabolism, especially in the case of the tooth, the author intends, in the present study, to investigate the respiratory activity of tooth germs. In his previous research, Pincus (11) found the presence of respiration in human tooth pulp, and that the mean Q02 value was 0.31. Flieder and Fisher (12) found a Qoa value of 0.56 for bovine tooth pulp. However, it may be supposed that these pulp tissues were not directly concerned in calcification, because they did not contain odontoblasts and the teeth were almost completely calcified.

AN APPROACH TOWARD MESO AIR MASS CLIMATOLOGY

Climate may be defined as the certain inclination of air movements conn-ected with the landforms. For this climate, climatology has long used mean values. Recently so called synoptic climatology has been developed for the analysis of climates, but the air movements are still very abstractly expressed by isopleths. The author intends, in this paper, to access air movement closer from a climatological point of view. An area, about 50, 000km2, south of Mts. Akaishi (South Alps of Japan) and Mt. Fuji, was chosen. Daily rainfall measurements of the most densely scattered stations (average distance is 20km), are used as the index of air movements. The presumption is that the area of largest rainfall indicates the area of upwards movements of air flow. 366 sheets of daily rainfall distribution maps for 1952 have been made. A remarkable conclusion induced was that rain falls not so much on the mountains but on the area between mountains and seacoast. The author attributes this cause to the existence of local fronts, that is, the existence of colder air masses on the mountain side. In order to know the dimensions of the colder air masses the author made, two graphs. Fig. 2 shows the distribution of axes of heavy rainfall belts. Two broken lines on this graph show the average location of the southern margins of two groups of colder air masses. The northern margins are obviously known by the edges of the mountains. Fig. 3 shows the profiles of precipitation mountains along the mountain ridge lines. In other words, precipitation change extends along the axes of heavy rainfall belts. There can be seen three gaps on Fig. 3, each of which is considered to be the east or west margins of two groups of air masses. Thus, the dimensions of the two groups of air masses are found. In many other places, air masses of such a scale have been found. The author whould like to name them meso air masses, and belives that a meso air mass climatology does exist and that it is an important branch of climatology and of geography. For, many facts have been found that climates influence the landscape on this meso scale, and as for air mass climatology, only by this means climates can be classified rationally.

Cytological studies on the genus Mentha.(I)

Cytological investigation on genus Mentha has ever been imconrpletely carried .out by a few authors (Schilrhoff 1927, Ruttle 1931, Wolf 1938, etc). The present author intends to advance it comprehensivly, and this paper is an initiate report. I. Mlentha rou, sdifolia, (L.) Huds. As material M. roundifolia, subspecies rotuudifolia Briq. was used. which is identified with morphological characters, (Briquet 1895). It has somatic chronosome nunrber oi 24 (Nagao 1941). At Diakinesis, 12 chromosonres as bivalent are observed (Fig. Ia), and simultaneoully occurrence of 1 - 5 quadrivalents are observed (Fig. I b - g) wherein the frequency follows the Polssons' distribution (x=1.530) (Table 1. Fig. 3). At I-M. 12 chromosomes as bivalent are regularly dispersed (Fig. 4-A) and l-6 secondary association's figures of two bivaients are also observed (Fig. 4 B-M), showing frequency of binomial distribution: (0.468+0.532)G (Tabie 2. Fig. 5).

氣壓の日變化について

With some modifications of Max Margules' method, the present author intends to discuss the diurnal change of atmospheric pressure as surface waves induced by the local distribution of air temperature and proposed a new method to determine the “eddy diffusivity” using the observations of atmospheric pressure.For an example, according to the observations at Mt. Tukubasan, the eddy diffusivity is evaluted as 1.4×105 C. G. S.

Scientific Serials

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol. xxvi. part 3, April 1886, contains a memoir on the leeches of Japan, by Dr. C. O. Whitman (plates 17 to 21). A short abstractor this important memoir has been given in our Biological Notes.—Contributions to the embryology of the Nemertea, by Prof. A. A. W. Hubrecht (plate 22). No. I is an account of the development of Lineus obscurus, Barr. These investigations, already published in the Dutch language, are fully detailed in this paper, and the plate gives the details of the principal results, combined into fifteen diagrammatic tracings. In one section the earliest developmental stages and the derivatives of the primary epiblast; in a second the hypoblast before the. shedding of the primary larval integuments; and in a third the mesoblast, are treated of.—On the early development of Julus terrestris, by F. G. Heathcote, M.A. (plates 23 and 24). This is the first part of an essay on a subject not treated of by British naturalists since the days of Newport. It treats of the segmentation of the o ovum, which shows a remarkable resemblance to that found in Amphipods by Uljanin. The formation of the blastoderm is such as is generally found in tracheate development. The cells, which at the conclusion of the blastoderm formation remain within the yolk, represent the endoderm. The mode of formation of the mesoderm almost exactly resembles that described by Balfour for spiders. In a future paper the author intends describing the further developmental stages of the embryo.—William A. Haswell, M.A., on the structure of the so called glandular ventricle (Drüsenmagen) of Syllis (plate 25). This organ, is in reality a well-developed muscular gizzard, and contains no glands in its walls. The muscular elements of the organ present an embryonic character containing as they do a polynucleated. core.—Arthur B. Lee, on Carney's cell researches (plate 26). While Carney's conceptions of the cell body do not materially differ from received views, the author of this paper thinks that sufficient attention has not been given to his labours on the question.—Prof. E. Ray Lankester, the Pleomorphism of the Schizophyta. A reminder of the simple fact that ten years ago Prof. Lankester called attention to the pleomorphism of the Schizophyta in a paper in this Journal, which attracted the deep attention of all those botanists who had taken any interest in the subject.