Authentic Experiences Research Articles

Informal digital learning of English in teachers: development and validation of a scale

Abstract Informal digital learning of English (IDLE) is a promising way of learning English that has received growing attention in recent years. It has positive effects on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners and also creates valuable opportunities for EFL teachers to improve their teaching skills. However, there has been a lack of a valid and reliable scale to measure IDLE among teachers in EFL contexts. To address this lacuna, this study aims to develop and validate a scale to measure IDLE for EFL teachers in Iran. For this purpose, a nine-step rigorous validation procedure was undertaken: administering pilot interviews; creating the first item pool; running expert judgment; running interviews and think-aloud protocol; running the pilot study; performing exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, and confirmatory factor analysis; creating the second item pool; conducting expert reviews; and performing translation and translation quality check. Findings yielded a 41-item scale with six subscales: IDLE-enhanced benefits (12 items), IDLE practice (five items), support from others (nine items), authentic L2 experience (three items), resources and cognition (four items), and frequency and device (eight items). The scale demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties such that it can be used for research and educational purposes in future.

Curricular innovations to address inequalities in global health education

Abstract Background Global Health education (GHE) has expanded dramatically, with new degrees and expanded competencies in medical curricula. Yet, Global Health (GH) is also going through significant reckoning and debate around inequalities in the field. GH degrees are predominantly based in high-income countries and inaccessible to most global majority students. Some suggest GH education itself contributes to reproducing inequalities in GH. Thus, both educators and policy-makers require evidence and tools to support more representative and authentic educational experiences which can adequately equip our future graduates. Objectives To present educational innovations which gesture towards responding to the stark inequalities in Global/Public Health education. These include a unique project that experiments with disrupting current power dynamics through co-design and co-delivery of a curriculum on Syrian healthcare by colleagues with lived experience, and a student-staff partnership to integrate self-reflexivity and positionality (SRP) in curricula at Imperial College London (UK). Results Qualitative data shows that the Syrian Curriculum has resulted in enhanced student experience, being consistently cited as a highlight of the curriculum, whilst alsoenhancing inclusivity for many students. SRP supplemented this by providing students with tools to engage in open, respectful discussions and critically reflect on personal biases that impact class dynamics. Conclusions These projects provide tools for educators and policy-makers across European universities to address current challenges in GH education. Nonetheless, these innovations should principally be seen as tools to reflect and advocate for fundamental changes towards more representative structures in GH. Key messages • Curriculum innovations offer key tools to address inequalities in GHE, enhancing student experience/inclusivity. • Yet, these remain limited without fundamental change towards a more representative sector.

The Exploration of the Authentic Experience of Tourists in National Tourism

The Exploration of the Authentic Experience of Tourists in National Tourism

Mobile-enhanced virtual exchanges through asynchronous video interaction: Learners as ethnographers in the L2 classroom to promote intercultural communicative competence

This practice report focuses on the integration of virtual exchange (VE) with mobileassisted language learning (MALL), where learners act as ethnographers within the context of language education. This VE model harnesses mobile technology capabilities to exchange personal and immersive cultural insights through asynchronous video content using Flip.com. The model consists of three integrated sections: Preparation, Intercultural Exchange, and Reflection. This report covers a pilot implementation of the mobile-enhanced VE model to evaluate the outcomes on Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC). The project lasted eight weeks, covering various topics, such as greetings, food, and education. Participants were L2 learners of Spanish in the United States and L1 Spanish speakers in Spain. Outcomes were evaluated through a survey where students in the United States self-assessed their perceived ICC gains. This survey, grounded in Byram’s (2009) ICC model, measured changes in students’ attitudes, knowledge, skills of interpreting and relating, skills of interaction, and critical cultural awareness. Students reported substantial improvements in all areas of ICC, highlighting enhanced engagement and understanding of the target culture facilitated by the mobileenhanced VE model. This report provides insights for the incorporation of mobile technology for VE projects in L2 settings, emphasizing its role in expanding global interconnectedness and deepening intercultural learning among learners by offering a more dynamic, authentic, and immersive learning experience.

Enhancing clinical reasoning skills for medical students: a qualitative comparison of LLM-powered social robotic versus computer-based virtual patients within rheumatology.

Virtual patients (VPs) are increasingly used in medical education to train clinical reasoning (CR) skills. However, optimal VP design for enhancing interactivity and authenticity remains unclear. Novel interactive modalities, such as large language model (LLM)-enhanced social robotic VPs might increase interactivity and authenticity in CR skill practice. To evaluate medical students' perceptions of CR training using an LLM-enhanced social robotic VP platform compared with a conventional computer-based VP platform. A qualitative study involved 23 third-year medical students from Karolinska Institutet, who completed VP cases on an LLM-enhanced social robotic platform and a computer-based semi-linear platform. In-depth interviews assessed students' self-perceived acquirement of CR skills using the two platforms. Thematic analysis was employed to identify themes and sub-themes. Three main themes were identified: authenticity, VP application, and strengths and limitations. Students found the social robotic platform more authentic and engaging. It enabled highly interactive communication and expressed emotions, collectively offering a realistic experience. It facilitated active learning, hypothesis generation, and adaptive thinking. Limitations included lack of physical examination options and, occasionally, mechanical dialogue. The LLM-enhanced social robotic VP platform offers a more authentic and interactive learning experience compared to the conventional computer-based platform. Despite some limitations, it shows promise in training CR skills, communication, and adaptive thinking. Social robotic VPs may prove useful and safe learning environments for exposing medical students to diverse, highly interactive patient simulations.

INTEGRATING SERVICE LEARNING INTO MATHEMATICS PEDAGOGY FOR DEVELOPING PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS' METACOGNITION, PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILL AND PROFESSIONALISM

Service learning is an educational approach that integrates community service with academic instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience, teach civic responsibility, and strengthen communities. Integrating service learning into mathematics pedagogy for developing prospective teachers can have significant benefits in various areas, including metacognition, problem-solving skills, and professionalism. This research study objectifies to explore the strategies incorporated for integrating service learning into math pedagogy for developing prospective teachers’ metacognition and problem-solving skills which is an essential skill for a math teacher to develop. The study aims to explore various strategies of social learning to develop prospective teachers’ professionalism and last but not least, the study also aims to find out the influence of metacognition and problem-solving skills, gained through social learning, on the prospective teachers’ professionalism development. For this study systematic literature review is followed to collect data and thematic analysis is done. The findings of this piece of research study ensure a great educational implication by integrating service learning into mathematics pedagogy. These strategies aim to create authentic learning experiences that integrate mathematical problem-solving, community engagement, and reflective practices. By implementing these strategies, prospective teachers can develop metacognitive awareness, enhance their problem-solving skills, and cultivate essential professional dispositions and competencies necessary for effective teaching and community service. The result of the study also shows that by integrating service learning into mathematics pedagogy, prospective teachers have the opportunity to develop metacognitive skills, problem-solving abilities, and professional dispositions in authentic contexts. These experiences can contribute to their overall professional growth, preparing them to become effective, reflective, and socially responsible educators who are equipped to navigate the complexities of the teaching profession. KEYWORDS: Service learning, Mathematics pedagogy, Prospective teachers, Metacognition, Problem solving skill, Professionalism.

An undergraduate research experience in CRISPR-Cas9 mediated eukaryotic genome editing to teach fundamental biochemistry techniques.

CRISPR-Cas9 technology is an established, powerful tool for genome editing through the ability to target specific DNA sequences of interest for introduction of desired genetic modifications. CRISPR-Cas9 is utilized for a variety of purposes, ranging from a research molecular biology tool to treatment for human diseases. Due to its prominence across a variety of applications, it is critical that undergraduates in the life sciences are educated on CRISPR-Cas9 technology. To this end, we created an intensive eight-week long course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) designed for students to understand CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and perform it in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Students enrolled in the CURE participate in 2, 3-h sessions a week and are engaged in the entire process of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, from preparation of genome editing reagents to characterization of mutant yeast strains. During the process, students master fundamental techniques in the life sciences, including sterile technique, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), primer design, sequencing requirements, and data analysis. The course is developed with flexibility in the schedule for repetition of techniques in the event of a failed experiment, providing an authentic research experience for the students. Additionally, we have developed the course to be easily modified for the editing of any yeast gene, offering the potential to expand the course in research-driven classroom or laboratory settings.

Alumni Rating Index and Monitoring Dashboard Technology to Improve University’s Performance and Service Quality

Limited number of university ranking systems have considered the perspectives of alumni or individuals who have availed themselves of the educational programs or services provided by the institutions. In Malaysia, there is a lack of comprehensive rankings or assessments that primarily focus on assessing university performance through the lens of student experiences. In the absence of authentic user experiences, prospective students and other relevant parties commonly rely on conventional academic rankings such as the QS or THE to ascertain the quality of a university. The primary aims of this research endeavour encompass the identification of pivotal variables for the evaluation of higher learning institution’s performance, the creation of an alumni rating index, and the establishment of a performance monitoring tool utilizing dashboard technology. The goals are to enhance performance and service quality of institutions of higher education. The present study utilizes a quantitative research approach and centres its investigation on many cohorts of graduates originating from a prominent Malaysian university. A rigorous cluster sampling procedure was implemented. The assessment of alumni rating is conducted across twelve dimensions, with each component being evaluated using appropriate variables that enable the calculation of the desired index and facilitate the execution of intricate studies. The analytics that were performed and the alumni rating index that was calculated were subsequently shared with stakeholders through the use of an analytical dashboard. The dashboard was developed on user experience (UX) design principles. The evaluation of the produced dashboard is thereafter conducted by a group of stakeholders who have direct involvement in enhancing alumni engagement. The findings suggest that the university attained elevated ratings in the domains of social involvement, educational resources, and financial value. However, the scores for financial aid, student development, and student well-being were significantly lower. Despite the provision of various financial support, the respondents hold the belief that these forms of assistance are inadequate. The paper concludes by demonstrating the implementation of an alumni rating dashboard. The research is expected to facilitate the development of a localise university rankings and ratings, as well as informed policy-making efforts at the ministry level.

Sustainable environmental education using virtual reality: A module for improving environmental citizenship competences in secondary schools

Sustainable environmental education (SEE) can develop global citizens. However, environmental education in schools does not develop environmental citizenship (EC). Virtual reality (VR) could provide authentic immersive experiences to evoke emotions for positive action for EC. A SEE module, designed to include VR experiences, was evaluated at a secondary school to determine if it could improve students’ EC. A quasi-experimental single-group pre-test post-test design was conducted with 30 students, followed by focus group interviews with the students. The findings indicated the module was effective in improving EC scores. Analysis of interview transcripts indicated students were engaged and motivated to learn with VR and improved in EC competences. However, the future actions for EC were limited to individual actions and not community-based actions. Although there was some potential in the SEE module, some improvements are needed. Future studies could investigate strategies for making students agents of change in the community.

Interactive Surgical Training in Neuroendoscopy: Real-Time Anatomical Feature Localization Using Natural Language Expressions.

This study addresses challenges in surgical education, particularly in neuroendoscopy, where the demand for optimized workflow conflicts with the need for trainees' active participation in surgeries. To overcome these challenges, we propose a framework that accurately identifies anatomical structures within images guided by language descriptions, facilitating authentic and interactive learning experiences in neuroendoscopy. Utilizing the encoder-decoder architecture of a conventional transformer, our framework processes multimodal inputs (images and language descriptions) to identify and localize features in neuroendoscopic images. We curate a dataset from recorded endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) procedures for training and evaluation. Utilizing evaluation metrics, including "R@n," "IoU= θ," "mIoU," and top-1 accuracy, we systematically benchmark our framework against state-of-the-art methodologies. The framework demonstrates excellent generalization, surpassing the compared methods with 93.67 % accuracy and 76.08 % mIoU on unseen data. It also exhibits better computational speed compared with other methods. Qualitative results affirms the framework's effectiveness in precise localization of referred anatomical features within neuroendoscopic images. The framework's adeptness at localizing anatomical features using language descriptions positions it as a valuable tool for integration into future interactive clinical learning systems, enhancing surgical training in neuroendoscopy. The exemplary performance reinforces the framework's potential in enhancing surgical education, leading to improved skills and outcomes for trainees in neuroendoscopy.

A retrospective study of sexual minority women’s gendered sexuality: Butch and femme sex at the turn of the 21st century

This study is a retrospective examination of how sexual minority women have experienced their sexuality. The analysis examined a national archival dataset that was collected online in the US and Canada to examine the relationship between gender and sexuality in 1084 sexual minority women in 2003, with a focus on butch and femme identities. It provided an understanding of how gender and sexuality interacted at the turn of the last century when the gender identity landscape differed from that of today. While this study collected data from butch and femme women approximately 20-years ago, the results have implications for how we develop situated understandings of the relationship between gender and sexuality. Findings indicated gendered patterns in sexual preferences and attraction that can shed light on how gender and sexuality have evolved in connection. At the same time, there were no differences in sexual satisfaction, which suggests that the enactment of gendered sexuality (in which attraction is structured by a gender dynamic) was experienced as empowering rather than oppressive. We examine our findings in relation to current scholarship on gendered sexuality to consider how sexuality is constructed and reconstructed across time. The findings support a view of gendered sexuality as a source of pleasure, affirmation, and positive embodiment. We theorize gendered sexuality as functioning to enhance experiences of authenticity and resist heteronormativity. The study holds implications for research on the interaction of gender and sexuality.

THE ATTRACTIONS OF GUAR KEPAH ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE, PENANG, MALAYSIA AS AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE TOURISM SITE

The Guar Kepah archaeological site in Penang, Malaysia, has been the focus of archaeological re search since 1860, revealing important insights into the prehistoric maritime community that inhabited the area approximately 5,000 years ago. Excavations at the site have revealed human skeletons, teeth, stone tools, and pottery, providing evidence of the community's burial traditions and material culture. The primary data collected from these excavations has facilitated the development of the site's tourism sector, with plans underway to establish the Guar Kepah Archaeological Center (GKAC). This study emphasises the importance of utilising primary data to create compelling narratives that contribute to the development of archaeological heritage tour packages. The Guar Kepah site serves as a case study for the development of archaeotourism, highlighting the need for a balance between site preservation and providing authentic experience to cultural tourists. The findings from this site have the potential to shed light on human relations with aquatic habitats, the importance of the mari ne environment in human evolution and ecology, island colonisation, and the establishment of maritime trade networks. The development of the Guar Kepah site as an archaeological heritage tourism location in northern Peninsular Malaysia demonstrates the commitment of the government and stakeholders to promoting sustainable heritage tourism in the region.

Overview of High-Dynamic-Range Image Quality Assessment.

In recent years, the High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) image has gained widespread popularity across various domains, such as the security, multimedia, and biomedical fields, owing to its ability to deliver an authentic visual experience. However, the extensive dynamic range and rich detail in HDR images present challenges in assessing their quality. Therefore, current efforts involve constructing subjective databases and proposing objective quality assessment metrics to achieve an efficient HDR Image Quality Assessment (IQA). Recognizing the absence of a systematic overview of these approaches, this paper provides a comprehensive survey of both subjective and objective HDR IQA methods. Specifically, we review 7 subjective HDR IQA databases and 12 objective HDR IQA metrics. In addition, we conduct a statistical analysis of 9 IQA algorithms, incorporating 3 perceptual mapping functions. Our findings highlight two main areas for improvement. Firstly, the size and diversity of HDR IQA subjective databases should be significantly increased, encompassing a broader range of distortion types. Secondly, objective quality assessment algorithms need to identify more generalizable perceptual mapping approaches and feature extraction methods to enhance their robustness and applicability. Furthermore, this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers by discussing the limitations of current methodologies and potential research directions in the future.

Exploring the critical attributes of robot chef restaurants and their impact on customer perceived value: a mixed-methods study

Purpose This study aims to explore the key attributes of robot chef restaurants and their influencing factors from the perspective of customers and analyzes how these key attributes affect customer perceived value. Design/methodology/approach A mixed-methods research design was used in this study. Using 473 online reviews and ratings (Study 1), the research summarized customers’ evaluations on three types of attributes (environment, service and food) and identified the key attributes along with their influencing factors. Subsequently, through field questionnaires (Study 2) involving 269 actual customers, structural equation modeling was used to analyze how the identified key attributes and their influencing factors impact customer perceived value. Findings This study reveals that customers in robot chef restaurants prioritize food attributes, particularly valuing food authenticity alongside food quality. In contrast to traditional restaurants, customers’ evaluations of food attributes in robot chef restaurants are significantly influenced by the competence of robot chefs. Notably, customers’ negative attitudes toward robots diminish the positive effects on both food quality and food authenticity. Practical implications To enhance customer perceived value, robot chef restaurants should concentrate on food attributes. They can achieve this by fostering a high-quality, authentic food experience through the elevation of robot chefs’ competence and by providing customer education. Originality/value This study expands research on the customer experience in robotic restaurants by proposing an integrated model determining factors that affect the perceived customer value.

Development of a Cost-Effective and High-Fidelity Gel Model for Peripheral Ultrasound-Guided Intravenous Access Training.

Introduction Simulation tools are crucial in medical educationbut current commercial models for ultrasound-guided intravenous (IV) access lack complexity and can be prohibitively expensive. This article proposes a cost-effective gel model system that replicates realistic vein and artery interactions, addressing the limitations of traditional models. An advanced gelatin model was constructed that incorporates intricate vein and artery configurations and enhances medical training by providing a more authentic experience. Patient testing will further validate its efficacy, promising improved accessibility for skill refinement in resource-constrained environments. Methods In a controlled study at theKirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 12 medical students with limited ultrasound experience participated in a workshop using novel and Blue Phantom™ models for ultrasound-guided IV catheter placement. The advanced gelatin model, created with Ziplock™ Tupperware®, ultrasonography gel-filled balloons, and gelatin, proved more effective, as assessed by participants' post-training comfort levels. The comparison of participants' pre- and post-training comfort levels with the models was the primary study objective. Participants were asked to complete a confidence survey based on a five-point Likert scale, and after using both models, this survey was re-administered to assess the participant's level of comfort after model use. The statistical analysis comparison of post-training survey data to the pre-training survey data was accomplished using SPSS version 29 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY), where a paired t-test was set at a significance threshold of p <0.05. Results Analysis of data from both commercially made and advanced ultrasound-guided IV models using a paired t-test revealed a significant advantage for the advanced model. Participants, despite limited ultrasound experience, reported feeling over 4 points higher in skill confidence (p = 0.004) with the advanced model. Its popularity stems from diverse vasculature modeling, proving effective for both experienced practitioners and inexperienced individuals, maintaining value as user skill levels increase. Conclusion This study proposes an advanced model for ultrasound-guided peripheral IV access training, demonstrating a statistically significant increase in confidence levels. Despite limitations such as small sample size and single-site participation, the advanced model's adaptability and cost-effectiveness make it a strong contender for replacing current commercial models, potentially enhancing proficiency and confidence while reducing costs.

The Acceptance of Seitan Serunding as Meat Substitute: Food Experts Point of View

The global movement towards a plant-based diet, known as the Plant-Based Revolution, has garnered significant attention for its potential health benefits, environmental sustainability, and ethical considerations. Despite the increasing availability and awareness of plant-based options, sensory obstacles hinder their widespread acceptance among diverse consumer groups. A notable challenge lies in the inability of many meat substitute products to accurately replicate the authentic taste and texture of real meat, which influences consumer acceptance of the product. Therefore, from the perspective of food experts, this paper addresses a critical aspect of sensory acceptance in the context of Seitan Serunding, a plant-based meat substitute. The methodology is divided into two phases: Seitan Serunding development and sensory expert evaluation. Seitan Serunding Development used the recipe obtained from the Seitan Society group, where a community of enthusiasts shares their expertise and insights. For sensory expert evaluations, this study enlisted seven experienced culinary and gastronomy lecturers, food testers, and food technologists to deliver detailed, accurate, and insightful assessments of the Seitan Serunding products. These experts must inherently possess the ability to discern subtle variations in taste, texture, aroma, appearance, and overall acceptability by using a five-point Likert scale for each item evaluated. Then, this evaluation was analysed using descriptive analyses. Findings reveal that Seitan Serunding's delicious taste and close resemblance to traditional Meat Serunding, with a slight difference in aftertaste, could refine it for a more authentic experience through seasoning adjustments. This study contributes to the discourse on meat substitutes, highlighting the need for future research to explore diverse preparation methods for seitan and conduct comparative studies with a broader range of meat substitutes to address existing gaps in understanding and acceptance.

‘It’s one of your main things in life like’: how children’s conceptualisations of play can inform educational practice

ABSTRACT Play is fundamental to childhood yet difficult to define, with the views of the players themselves often overlooked. Sixty-eight children (aged 4 to 13 years) were interviewed across two primary schools in the Republic of Ireland to gain a child-centred understanding of play. Reflexive thematic analysis generated thirteen themes: (1) fun; (2) social; (3) creative and imaginative; (4) physically active; (5) context-dependent; (6) a fundamental childhood experience; (7) happiness and pleasure; (8) toys and materials; (9) games; (10) autonomy and agency; (11) outdoors and nature; (12) competition and challenge; and (13) adult involvement. Implications for education include the need to use children’s conceptualisations of play to create authentic play experiences.

Creating group work-integrated learning experiences for non-clinical health degrees: A practitioner reflection

Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) experiences, integral for equipping students with the skills and knowledge crucial for employment and success in their chosen careers, have traditionally been associated with accreditation requirements in professional programs. More recently, acknowledging the importance of WIL experiences in non-professional programs has grown. In this reflective paper, the experiences of the practitioner tasked with developing a new WIL capstone course for students in Health and Biomedical Science degrees are described. Grounded in social exchange theory, where interactions are viewed as exchanges aimed at maximising rewards while minimising costs, the intent was for student groups to engage with a range of authentic project experiences offered by industry, community, and academic staff (the WIL partners). Critical elements were the active involvement of a diverse array of partners and the importance of relationship building for the long-term sustainability of the project experiences. I discuss and reflect on the specific strategies employed to engage the WIL partners, inspiring them to collaborate and develop meaningful projects suitable for students pursuing various career paths. Additionally, I reflect on the invaluable experiences and feedback provided by our partners.

A longitudinal study of interprofessional education experiences among health professional graduates.

Effective teamwork and collaboration among health professionals is a well-recognized strategy toward enhancing patient outcomes. However, there is a lack of understanding on how to best prepare health professionals for collaborative practice. The aim of this research is to gain a better understanding of how graduates of five health professions (dentistry, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, physiotherapy) perceive and experience interprofessional education for collaborative practice (IPECP) throughout their health professions journey, with a focus on transition to practice. This longitudinal study employed an interpretive, narrative methodology to understand interprofessional identity development of 24 individuals who had recently graduated from a health professions program (dentistry, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, physiotherapy) at a Canadian university. Participant experiences were analyzed using narrative analysis. Participants' narratives provided insight into the context, factors and curricular experiences needed for interprofessional identity development and preparedness for collaborative practice. Participants identified the importance of socialization and connection with others, collaborative role models and exposure to collaborative experiences and settings for interprofessional practice. Participants expressed some dissatisfaction with their earliest IPECP experiences and most valued their exposure to 'real-life' practice examples and clinical scenarios. Participants desired more authentic experiences of interprofessional collaboration during their programs. Improving health professionals' interprofessional socialization and collaborative experiences within IPECP is critical to improving patient outcomes. Study findings can inform future curricula and IPECP strategies that create conditions to enhance collaborative practice and ensure the preparedness of a future health workforce with a strong collaborative identity.

Digital Dreams and Dubious Dollars: The Challenge of Immersive Van Gogh

The purpose of this study is to discuss the popularity, questions, and controversies surrounding art-themed digital immersive exhibitions based on the life and paintings of Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890). Since 2019, art-themed immersive exhibits have become extremely popular, with attendance that outstrips many museums showing the same artists, spawning controversy and challenging the fine art world. This study examines the rise of immersive art experiences, arguments for and against immersive spectacles as a way of experiencing artwork, and theoretical perspectives. Methodologies include research into historical, cultural, and commercial contexts including reviews, analyses, critiques, and participant observation. The study discusses components of the exhibition and presents specific arguments for and against them by producers, art critics, critical theorists, and spectators. Questions considered include: Are these exhibitions offering authentic art experiences, or are they exploiting great art for profit? Are they making art more accessible, or are they leading people away from seeing original paintings? Is the way people relate to art fundamentally changing in the age of social media, and if so, how will museums adjust? This study is novel in that it presents and evaluates diverging viewpoints on these controversies and proposes a more flexible approach that centers participant experiences over marketing claims and critical objections.