Authentic Evidence Research Articles

Sign and Its Significance in John’s Gospel

John uses the term “sign” in his Gospel to describe particular miracles that Jesus performs in His ministry as evidence of His divinity and sign posts to receive eternal life from God. By using an historically and theologically oriented hermeneutical method as a part of qualitative research, this article provides an interpretation of the seven signs in Gospel of John as authentic evidence of the main work of Jesus during His ministry on earth: namely, the revelation of Jesus’ divinity and consequent demands on people’s lives, like responding to his claim as Savior. John deliberately chose the seven signs or miracles that Jesus performed. The significance of those signs reveals the glory of God within Jesus to a sinful world, so that those who see and know them will believe in Jesus Christ and receive the eternal life.

Developing Situated Measures of Science Instruction Through an Innovative Electronic Portfolio App for Mobile Devices: Reliability, Validity, and Feasibility.

Adoption of new instructional standards in science demands high-quality information about classroom practice. Teacher portfolios can be used to assess instructional practice and support teacher self-reflection anchored in authentic evidence from classrooms. This study investigated a new type of electronic portfolio tool that allows efficient capture of classroom artifacts in multimedia formats using mobile devices. We assess the psychometric properties of measures of quality instruction in middle school science classrooms derived from the contents of portfolios collected using this novel tool-with instruction operationalized through dimensions aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards. Results reflect low rater error and adequate reliability for several dimensions, a dominant underlying factor, and significant relations to some relevant concurrent indicators. Although no relation was found to student standardized test scores or course grades, portfolio ratings did relate to student self-efficacy perceptions and enjoyment of science. We examine factors influencing measurement error, and consider the broader implications of the results for assessing the validity of portfolio score interpretations, and the feasibility and potential value of this type of tool for summative and formative uses, in the context of large-scale instructional improvement efforts.

URGENSI PELAKSANAAN PENDAFTARAN TANAH ADAT DI PROVINSI JAMBI

Land is a vital component of human life and has economic worth. According to a Javanese adage, "sedhunuk bathuk senyarii bumi" signifies that one inch of land will be preserved even at the cost of one's life. The lack of legal protection for indigenous people's land has resulted in a plethora of land conflicts with parties with legal standing. Indigenous people have had a difficult time protecting their land against parties with legal protection due to the lack of formal and legitimate land ownership proof. Formal and authentic evidence of property ownership is critical in preventing land dispute. Indigenous peoples must register their lands in order to obtain authentic and formal evidence of their ownership. The purpose of this research is to determine the urgency of registering customary lands, as well as the primary cause for registering the communal lands. Additionally, this study will investigate the procedure of registering customary lands. This research included empirical methodologies, which included data collection, data processing, and data analysis. The outcome will be presented in a systematic and objective manner to assist in the resolution of a problem or the testing of a hypothesis. Land tenure, land registration, and land rights are all terms that refer to customary land.

Bukti Elektronik Sebagai Alat Pembuktian Dalam Transaksi Elektronik

Dr. KN. Sofyan Hasan, S.H., M.Hum. Abstract: The development of information technology law has been driven by the convergence of telocommunication and informatics technology and one of them is to encourage the birth of an alternative for conducting business activities known as electronic trading (hereinafter referred to as e-commerce). In conducting transactions both conventional and through electronic media will cause rights and obligations for each party concerned, but not all parties do not commit defaults, if a default occurs then it must be equipped with electronic evidence, but if there is a default and has reached the stage of default the trial in court the role and authority of the judge who will determine the evidence is rejected or accepted. From the description, the problem that will be discussed is how the legal criteria that determine that electronic mail can be located as authentic evidence. The research method used is a normative research method, to produce arguments, theories, new concepts, interpretations as prescriptions in solving problems using deductive thinking logic. The results of this study indicate that the criteria are determined by the law whose proof is based on reliability and neccesite. The conclusion from the study is that electronic evidence can be accepted if it meets the criteria specified by the law.Kata Kunci: Electronic Transaction, Electronic Evidence, Proof.

Konsep Desain Sistem Informasi Manajemen Berkas Terpusat di Lembaga Amil Zakat Menggunakan Perspektif Nirlaba

The Amil Zakat Institution (LAZ) is a private non-profit organization that assists the Government of Indonesia in managing zakat. LAZ will produce performance reports and financial reports every year to ensure the accountability of the institution. The report is crucial, because it is the result of the performance of all LAZ partners and branch offices, so it must be stored and controlled properly. This performance reporting will be done centrally, so that in the process of making it, some authentic evidence that can be used as proof that it has been accepted and happened, or as a reference and complement, must be managed and distributed efficiently. The file management information system is a solution that can be applied for the management of report materials and the storage of valid reports. This research has resulted in business process flow design, system activity design, and file management information system interface design on LAZ. The theory of accountability of non-profit organizations is used as an analytical study along with the PIECES parameters, to ensure that the resulting design is in accordance with the supposed accountability. The design in this study has been presented systematically, so that it can be understood by LAZ managers or executives who are not from the information technology field.

Pengolahan arsip dinamis inaktif sebagai upaya efektivitas dan efisiensi temu kembali arsip di Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (BAPPEDA) Kabupaten Bantul

The Regional Development Planning Agency (BAPPEDA) of Bantul Regency is an agency engaged in research and regional development planning. This agency produces a large number of archives. Archive have a very important role in many aspects in life. Archive as an information source and an authentic evidence than can be accounted for righteousness. The archive over time will decrease the level of use and become an inactive dynamic archive. Inactive archives that are managed properly will produce archives that can be maintain information and physical archives and make it easier the process of archive retrieval. The purpose of this research was to study how to manage inactive dynamic archives and process of retrieval in BAPPEDA, Bantul Regency. This research used descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection techniques were carried out by interview, observation, and documentation with three informants with the positions of implementing archivist, PHL archive manager, and staffing administration. The data analysis was done through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the processing of inactive dynamic archives in BAPPEDA Bantul office is starting from transferring, identifying archives, describing, maneuvering files, giving definitive numbers, wrapping, arranging archives in boxes, labeling, and assigning boxes on the shelf. Archive retrieval process quite well and have been using archives retrieval tools, it is Archive Listings (DPA) and laptop. There are three supporting factors for the effectiveness and efficiency of archive retrieval, that is the archive storage/processing system, human resources , and infrastructure. In conclusion, the inactive dynamic archive processing carried out at the BAPPEDA office is quite good and the retrieval time process is relatively fast.

An Analysis of EFL Teacher-Made Tests

Teacher-made tests became a common practice in school to assess the students’ mastery of the content knowledge and skills. In the development of the test, multiple-choice test form is frequently a preferred option among the teacher. This study examines the content knowledge, cognitive and authentic evidence of teacher-made multiple-choice tests in EFL learning context in Junior High school. The English midterm-test document for grade 7 as the source of data. The test consists of 25 multiple choice items. The analysis showed that test items functioned primarily at the content knowledge of linguistic competence (52%), discourse competence (24%), and interactional competence (24%). The cognitive functioning level is C1 (4%), C2 (32%), C3 (32%) and C4 (32%), while the authentic functioning level is 16%. However, there are 84% items that are considered less authentic with the result of the analysis showing the mean score of the raters is 2.69. Regarding the findings of this study, the teacher needs to develop the authentic tasks in the test.

Genetic Evidence of Authenticity of a Hair Shaft Relic from the Portrait of Tsesarevich Alexei, Son of the Last Russian Emperor.

To determine the value of an art piece, authenticity of the artwork must be verified. We demonstrate here a genetic approach to determine origin of a historic relic in the museum piece. We tested two hair shafts of unknown origin framed into a watercolor portrait of Tsesarevich Alexei Romanov, son of the last Russian Tzar Nicholas II, which is a unique item kept in the State Historical Museum. Genetic identification of the hair shafts was performed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers using both massive parallel genomic sequencing and multiplex targeted PCR, followed by Sanger sequencing. In previous works, we reconstructed the complete mtDNA sequence inherited to Alexei Romanov through the Queen Victoria lineage [Rogaev et al. (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 5258-5263]. DNA extracts were obtained from the two thin hair shafts and used for comparative genetic analysis. Despite the very low quantity and quality of the DNA templates retrieved from the historical single hair shaft specimen, informative mtDNA sequences were determined. The mtDNA haplotype in the hair shafts corresponds to the mtDNA haplotype of Tsarevich Alexei, his sisters, and his mother, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. This haplotype remains unique in the currently available mtDNA databases. Our results reveal that the hair relic from the portrait is associated with the family of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II. The study is an example of first application of the genetic methodology for verification of the value of museum artwork items.

Analisis Putusan Hakim Tentang Perceraian Karena Tidak Mempunyai Anak Akibat Kista

Law Number 1 of 1974 has explained the breakdown of marriage in article 38, one of which in letter (b) is divorce. Then, the reasons for divorce are clearly explained about the things that can be used as strong reasons for the parties to file a divorce to the Religious Court. As happened in case Number 203/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Pyb, the Petitioner (Ikhsan Ikhwandi Nasution/husband) submitted a request for divorce to the Panyabungan Religious Court on the pretext that the Respondent (Nurul Huda Hasibuan/wife) did not have children due to illness cyst he had. The type of research used is qualitative-descriptive research. The approach method used in this research is the juridical-empirical method, by analyzing the problem by combining legal materials (secondary) with primary data obtained from the field. The conclusion obtained in this study is that this decision is correct in terms of proof, seen from the fulfillment of the material and formal requirements. If viewed from the material requirements, the judge saw the correspondence between the petition and the witness testimony. The juridical review of the judge's decision was generally correct. Where the judge judge did not emphasize the cause of his divorce in terms of not having children due to his cyst disease, but rather on the side of husband and wife quarrels which in Arabic terms is called syiqoqwhich occurs continuously, because at the time of evidence at trial the Petitioner did not present authentic evidence in the form of a certificate from a doctor. Meanwhile, if viewed from the formal requirements, the judge decided the divorce case was more due to the fulfillment of the elements of article 19 letter (f) of Government Regulation Number 9 of 1975 concerning the implementation of the Marriage Law and Article 116 letter (f) of the Compilation of Islamic Law and 39 of law number 1 of 1974.

LITERACY AND IDENTITY: FROM LIM KIM HOK, AND KHO PING HO TO THE CONTEMPORARY INDONESIAN LITERATURE

The history and progress of Indonesian literature become a piece of authentic evidence for ethnic Chinese. Both of them can exert influence on contemporary Indonesian literature at large. It can be seen in the history of Indonesian literacy, romance, martial arts stories (Cerita silat), and Chinese literary writing styles which are still used nowadays. This shows how ethnic Chinese education and Hybrid (Malay-Chinese) in Indonesia have developed rapidly. Before this country was formed into a nation-state with cultural institutions, ethnic Chinese had undergone literary expressions. Moreover, culture at that time was widely accepted for Malay nations, Java, Balinese, etc. Conversely, many identity challenges and contestation during Dutch colonial, Old Order, and New Order pressed the ethnic Chinese in various ways. In addition, this can be understood as a part of cultural exchange. Hence, Indonesian literature is currently strongly influenced by the contact of Malay and Chinese literature.

Immunohistochemical Expression of MMP-9 and E-Cadherin in subtypes of Ameloblastoma.

ABSTRACTBackground & Objective:Ameloblastomas have been analyzed histologically for diagnostics and its sub-classification; however, the analysis carried out so far does not provide any authentic evidence regarding prognosis of Ameloblastoma. Subject categorization is still a topic of debate. The purpose of this study was to determine the immuno-expression of markers such as MMP-9 and E-Cadherin in different sub-types of ameloblastoma and establish their correlation with histological variants.Methods:Analytical study of 71 cases of ameloblastoma was conducted in AFIP Rawalpindi, between January to June, 2019. Samples were taken from different intraoral sites including the patients with tumor of ameloblast. The tumor was sub classified histologically on the basis of WHO classification. ‘Chi Square’ Test was applied to find the association of MMP-9 and E-Cadherin with histological variants of ameloblastoma. P-value ≤ 0.05 were found statistically significant.Results:On histopathological sub-classification, 52.1% were diagnosed as follicular type, 23.9% were plexiform type, 14.1% were Acanthomatous type and 9.9% were of unicystic ameloblastoma. 80% of the total Acanthomatous type and 59% of the total plexiform had strong immuno-expression, which was significantly different from follicular type MMP-9 (p ≤ 0.05). All cases of unicystic ameloblastoma and 67.6% of follicular type showed strong immuno-expression significantly different from 20% of Acanthomatous type and 59% of plexiform type E-Cadherin (p ≥ 0.05). On the other hand, when statistical analysis was carried out, an inverse relation between MMP-9 and E-cadherin was observed.Conclusion:The effect of MMP-9 and E-cadherin in ameloblastoma is aggressive in nature and effectiveness was seen in subtypes of ameloblastoma.

VISUM ET REPERTUM SEBAGAI ALAT BUKTI KONKRIT DALAM MENCARI KEBENARAN MATERIIL PADA PEMBUKTIAN TINDAK PIDANA

Evidence is the most important thing in the process of proof in a criminal court. Some cases, such as cases of assault, rape / immoral to murder Visum et Repertum have absolute power in proof, because Visum et Repertum is examined not only on the outside of the victim but on the inside of the victim. Therefore, the results of the Visum et Repertum are used as authentic evidence in seeking actual material truths. The research method, this research uses normative juridical, with a conceptual approach, namely analyzing legal materials from a knowledge and practical point of view, where the result is that the strength of the results of Visum et Repertum can be used as absolute evidence in proving in the legal court process in order to uphold the truth and the fairest.

Health workers readiness and practice in malaria case detection and appropriate treatment: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

BackgroundHealth workers (HWs) appropriate malaria case management includes early detection and prompt treatment with appropriate anti-malarial drugs. Subsequently, HWs readiness and practice are considered authentic evidence to measure the health system performance regarding malaria control programme milestones and to issue malaria elimination certification. There is no comprehensive evidence based on meta-analysis, to measure the performance of HWs in case management of malaria. This study aimed to evaluate HWs performance in early malaria case detection (testing) and the appropriate treatment.MethodsThe published literature in English was systematically searched from Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Malaria Journal up to 30th December 2020. The inclusion criteria were any studies that assessed HWs practice in early case detection by malaria testing and appropriate treatment. Eligibility assessment of records was performed independently in a blinded, standardized way by two reviewers. Pooled prevalence estimates were stratified by HWs cadre type. Meta-regression analysis was performed to explore the impact of the appropriateness of the method and risk of bias as potential sources of the heterogeneity in the presence of effective factors.ResultsThe study pooled data of 9245 HWs obtained from 15 included studies. No study has been found in eliminating settings. The pooled estimate for appropriate malaria treatment and malaria testing were 60%; 95% CI: 53–67% and 57%; 95% CI: 49–65%, respectively. In the final multivariable meta-regression, HWs cadre and numbers, appropriateness of study methods, malaria morbidity and mortality, total admissions of malaria suspected cases, gross domestic product, availability of anti-malarial drugs, and year of the publication were explained 85 and 83% of the total variance between studies and potential sources of the heterogeneity for malaria testing and treating, respectively.ConclusionHWs adherence to appropriate malaria case management guidelines were generally low while no study has been found in eliminating countries. Studies with the inappropriateness methods and risk of bias could be overestimating the actual proportion of malaria appropriate testing and treating. Strategies that focus on improving readiness and early identification of acute febrile diseases especially in the countries that progress to malaria elimination should be highly promoted.

Ulayat Land as a Wakf Object According to Law No 41 Year 2004 Case Study Todairi District Berampu

Waqf is one of the Islamic philanthropy that carries the common interest. In the order of life, the Muslim community in the district of Berampu, Dairi district, is a Muslim minority. But even so, the spirit and practice of carrying out their religion is very strong. In this regard, including the concern is the spirit of the community to develop and increase the benefits of ulayat land, ulayat land is also waqf.This research aims to Knowing the position of ulayat land as an object of waqf by the people of Berampu sub-district, Dairi district in terms of Law No. 41 of 2004. To answer these problems, a field research was conducted with a qualitative research analysis model which was analyzed through a positive legal theory approach and Islamic law. Based on the results of the study it is known that the implementation of customary land waqf carried out by the people of the Berampu sub-district, as the researchers described earlier is not in accordance with Law No. 41 of 2004 concerning waqf. This is because 1)Customary land is not an object of waqf. This can be seen in PP No. 24 of 1997 in lieu of PP No. 10 of 1961 which states that customary land is not the object of land registration, while in PP no. 24 of 1997, waqf land is the object of land registration. So from this it can be seen that ulayat land is not actually an object of waqf. Because the object of waqf is land that has been registered in accordance with applicable regulations. 2) The practice of waqf carried out by the community of Berampu sub-district, Dairi Regency, is still mostly done verbally and not before PPAIW and is only based on mutual trust without any irar waqf deed as authentic evidence that the land has been waqfed for use in the public interest. As for the factors that cause the practice of waqf of ulayat land in Berampu sub-district, Dairi district are 1) Lack of public knowledge about waqf regulations in Indonesia. 2) The community still holds strongly to customs and habits that have been passed down from generation to generation. 3) The desire of the community to do charity through waqf institutions but not accompanied by knowledge.

Pelestarian Arsip Pemerintah Swapraja di Yogyakarta pada Masa Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda

Archives are recorded information in the form of media and various information characteristics. Archives are created as a result of activities in carrying out organizational functions. From these activities, transactions occur and then archives are created that can be used as authentic evidence in the implementation of social, national and state life. One of the efforts to preserve archives is by keeping the information contained in the archives can be stored and accessed and provides benefits in maintaining the nation's memory. Language is software rather than archives that are used as a communication tool, can reflect the culture and behaviour of the community in carrying out national life. In the sense that the language used in the behaviour of everyday life in society at that time, from various levels of a pluralistic society. This study discusses the government archives in Yogyakarta during the Dutch East Indies Administration, in the context of preserving the information and memories contained in the archives, it’s important to understanding the language of the text in the archives produced by the Government during the Dutch East Indies period.

EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN SURAT IZIN MENGEMUDI (SIM) BAGI PENYANDANG DISABILITAS DI WILAYAH HUKUM POLRESTA DENPASAR

Denpasar as one of the cities that has a very dense population activity, so that it has a very vulnerable impact on the movement of community activities on the highway. In an effort to control the activities of the community, it is necessary to impose restrictions through administrative arrangements in the form of requirements in an effort to drive activities for the people of Denpasar, including for persons with disabilities. Persons with disabilities are people who have physical limitations, so that in obtaining their rights, it is necessary to obtain special procedures and conditions including obtaining authentic evidence of driving in the form of a driving license which in this case for persons with disabilities obtain a SIM D. The method used in this study uses the method empirical legal research that examines the phenomenon of dass sollen and dass sein, settings and realities in society obtained through data that is processed and analyzed using qualitative methods presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. From the results of this study, it was found that the provision of SIM D at the Denpasar City Police was not effective because there were still obstacles that arose in the implementation of the service process for providing SIM D. So, Denpasar City Police should immediately make improvements both internally and externally by increasing knowledge and understanding of the implementation of the SIM D granting process as well as preparation of sapras and socialization to the communityDenpasar as one of the cities that has a very dense population activity, so that it has a very vulnerable impact on the movement of community activities on the highway. In an effort to control the activities of the community, it is necessary to impose restrictions through administrative arrangements in the form of requirements in an effort to drive activities for the people of Denpasar, including for persons with disabilities. Persons with disabilities are people who have physical limitations, so that in obtaining their rights, it is necessary to obtain special procedures and conditions including obtaining authentic evidence of driving in the form of a driving license which in this case for persons with disabilities obtain a SIM D. The method used in this study uses the method empirical legal research that examines the phenomenon of dass sollen and dass sein, settings and realities in society obtained through data that is processed and analyzed using qualitative methods presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. From the results of this study, it was found that the provision of SIM D at the Denpasar City Police was not effective because there were still obstacles that arose in the implementation of the service process for providing SIM D. So, Denpasar City Police should immediately make improvements both internally and externally by increasing knowledge and understanding of the implementation of the SIM D granting process as well as preparation of sapras and socialization to the community.

Green Advertising on Social Media: Brand Authenticity Mediates the Effect of Different Appeals on Purchase Intent and Digital Engagement

This research investigates the effects of digital context on perception of green advertising. We challenge the common advertising practice of posting similar content across platforms by showing how the same ad is received differently by consumers on different digital channels. We use social norms theory (SNT) to build our hypotheses and test them with two experiments. We demonstrate that on a news website, brand quality is the mechanism for the persuasive effect of an appeal (product, environmental, or hybrid). However, on Instagram (Study 1) and Facebook (Study 2), brand authenticity is the persuasive mechanism for generating purchase intent and digital engagement. Results provide converging evidence for brand authenticity as a pivotal factor for green brand success on social media.

Studi Pemikiran MM. Adzami Ahli Hadist Melawan Orientalis

Hadith is the primary source in Islamic studies, in addition to being a legal source of hadith function as well as a track record of evidence of reference in all Islamic studies. The importance of this hadith becomes an interesting study of both Islam and orientalists, , the form of study is also variative and always develops according to the existing context. Josept Schat is a non-Muslim who studied his theory to inspire Islamic thinkers to give a defensive to some of the allegations that became the result of the study. Muhammad Musthofa Al-Adzami is a hadith expert who dares to provide authentic evidence of the existence of hadith even he can prove the original manuscript of hadith as a rebuttal to the study of deviant hadith. This paper seeks to give an overview of Adzami's thinking in criticalizing orientalist studies of hadith.

Praktik Akad Jual Beli Lembu

There was bartering of oxen for land, because the disaster expert did not have cash to pay for the ox, he only had a plot of land which in comparison to the price of the ox was not worth the price. In the initial agreement, the ox was paid with a piece of land, and in the agreement there was no authentic evidence to prove that the agreement was that the ox was paid with a piece of land owned by the disaster expert. The problem in this thesis is how the implementation of the bull sale and purchase contract and how the Fiqh Muamalah view of the bull sale and purchase contract with a plot of land in the VII Neighborhood of Gunung Tua Market, Padang Bolak District, North Padang Lawas Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of the bull sale and purchase contract and to know the view of muamalah fiqh on the implementation of the bull sale and purchase contract with a plot of land in the VII Neighborhood of Gunung Tua Market, Padang Bolak District, Padang Lawas Utara Regency. This type of research is field research using qualitative descriptive analysis method. The approach of this research is by means of observation, interviews, and documentation based on the provisions of Islamic law and customary law in force and related to the implementation of the bull sale and purchase contract in the VII Neighborhood of Gunung Tua Market, Padang Bolak District, Padang Lawas Utara Regency. The informants interviewed were environmental leaders VII, religious leaders, bull buyers and ox sellers. The results of this research are bull sellers and buyers of oxen in the VII neighborhood of Gunung Tua Market know that what they are doing is wrong, but they close their eyes to what is happening because it has become a habit, then with urgent things without being noticed that suddenly come. without any preparation to make ox buyers do this. bull sellers who are mature and competent in legal action as well as cattle buyers who are mature and able to distinguish between good and bad. the object of sale and purchase, namely the goods being traded must be known (seen), clearly, their quantity, weight, and other measurements.

The Philosophy and Authentication of Welfare Equalization in the Islamic Economy

The promise of the welfare of the capitalist economic system initiated three centuries ago is only realized for the owners of capital. Even in 2017 in The Great Devide, Joseph E. Stigliz reported increasingly alarming data that the wealth of 1% of the world's population is equivalent to 99% of the world's population. This article aims to describe: (1) The concept and philosophical value of welfare in Islam, and (2) historical authentic evidence of the creation of welfare in Islam. To obtain representative and comprehensive data, this article is compiled based on primary and secondary data. The Central Bureau of Statistics reports economic developments regarding the development of people's welfare in Indonesia and reports from world institutions such as the IMF, World Bank, as a comparison of global economic conditions. The data is then discussed under ideal conditions recorded in the golden history of Islam to find that prosperity in an Islamic economy is capable of being realized. The contribution of articles among scientific studies that discuss welfare is about concrete explanations or clear standards of welfare attainment. Namely, the nominal wealth to be called prosperous, an applicative and systematic method of achievement, and the affirmation that the Islamic economic system has proven to be effective in creating prosperity. Through the presentation of this article, it is hoped that efforts to create prosperity as well as equalize welfare will always be pursued through the application and contextualization of a proven and tested economic system.