Austro-Hungarian Research Articles

ÁUSTRIA: POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE INOVAÇÃO NOS ÚLTIMOS 50 ANOS

This article explores the significance of innovation policies as an essential component of public policy for national development and growth. Focusing on Austria, one of the most developed and innovative countries in Europe, we analyze the historical developments that contributed to its success, including the legacy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the impact of the Marshall Plan, and membership in the European Union and OECD. We discuss the innovation policies implemented in Austria, emphasizing research funding and collaboration between academia and the private sector. Additionally, we examine the long-term effects of these policies on the economy and society, as well as the current challenges faced by the country. The study offers valuable lessons for developing nations, highlighting the need for a strategic and sustainable approach to innovation.

Positive Influence: Negotiating a Church Historiographical Canon with the West

The present article discusses the way in which the historiographical canon on the history of the Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches in Transylvania during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was reconceptualized during and in the aftermath of the academic visit of Western specialists in Romania. Keith Hitchins’s visit to Romania in the early 1970s to undertake research in the church archives for his work on the history of the Romanian intelligentsia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire made an impact on how the history of the Greek Catholic Church was portrayed in the religious journals of the Romanian Orthodox Church. The subtle shifts in the canon included distinguishing the Greek Catholics from the Orthodox in Transylvania and reintroducing the Greek Catholic interwar historiography into the interpretation.

Detektív arcképvázlatok egy tabló ürügyén

Aim: The study presents the careers of three detectives who worked in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, mainly in Budapest. Methodology: The present study was based on the analysis of the literature, contemporary news reports and family history records, primarily using the methodological tools of legal history research. Findings: The Hungarian detectives came to the detective corps from completely different social backgrounds and with different qualifications. Despite this, the detectives worked to a high standard and successfully solved contemporary crimes. Value: Research and findings on the detective corps are few and far between, so any information on the subject will enrich the knowledge of the legal history of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.

Fermionized dual vortex theory for magnetized kagomé spin liquid

Abstract Inspired by the recent quantum oscillation measurement on the kagomé lattice antiferromagnet in finite magnetic fields, we raise the question about the physical contents of the emergent fermions and the gauge fields if the U(1) spin liquid is relevant for the finite-field kagomé lattice antiferromagnet. Clearly, the magnetic field is non-perturbative in this regime, and the finite-field state has no direct relation with the U(1) Dirac spin liquid proposal at zero field. We here consider the fermionized dual vortex liquid state as one possible candidate theory to understand the magnetized kagomé spin liquid. Within the dual vortex theory, the $S^z$ magnetization is the emergent U(1) gauge flux, and the fermionized dual vortex is the emergent fermion. The magnetic field polarizes the spin component that modulates the U(1) gauge flux for the fermionized vortices and generates the quantum oscillation. Within the mean-field theory, we discuss the gauge field correlation, the vortex-antivortex continuum and the vortex thermal Hall effect.

“The Cause of our Poverty is Colonia.” The Colonate System in the County of Gorizia and Gradisca during the Austro-Hungarian Empire

The paper examines the colonate system – a specific form of land dependency that persisted for almost a century following the abolition of feudal relations in 1848. It was a civil law relationship that involved mostly poor peasant families who did not own property, leasing land, a house, or an entire estate based on a contract, most often from noble families or wealthy rural landlords. The system resembled serfdom and was passed down from generation to generation between the coloni. It pushed colonate families to the margins of society and into poverty. The system persisted in the Habsburg monarchy, notably in the region of Gorizia and Gradisca, especially in the western parts. This paper will present the general features of the system, as it existed at the turn of the 19th century, as well as the attempts of the authorities to formally regulate it.

Transnationality and stylistic ideology in semi-cubist Finnish art between 1914 and 1923

The article focuses on the changes in Finnish modern art and artistic discourse caused by World War I and Finnish Independence in 1917–1918. World War I changed artistic networks radically, because travel to France was no more possible, and Independence of Finland changed the art world with the ideas of national modernism. These changes centred in Finland around the role of cubism – seen as a logical continuation of Paul Cézanne’s art – and were expressed in both formal language and artistic discourse. Questions of “primitive” in art and its connection to cubism and to what is national in art were also essential in defining Finnish modernism and avant-garde in around 1917–1920. There was small exhibition of French cubism in Helsinki in 1915, but otherwise knowledge of cubism came via second-hand sources, such as lectures, art magazines and Der Sturm Gallery’s exhibitions. Norwegian art historian Jens Thiis had a strong impact on notions of cubism in Finland. It is in my interest to show that there were transnational connections between Scandinavia, Russia and Finland, and also more or less between Finland and oth- er “new states”, which were born after Austro-Hungarian, German and Russian empires collapsed. These connections can be seen in formal elements and iconography of kind of cubo-expressionism, which was a kind of fusion of cubist structuralism and expressionist emotion. This “semi-cubism” seemed to serve as stylistic ideology or ideological tool for those who had thoughts of national modernism in countries like Poland (formists), Latvia (artists like Jēkabs Kazaks), Estonia (artists like Jaan Vahtra and Märt Laarman) and Finland (art of the so called November Group). It is obvious that artists in Finland were not conscious of what happened on the southern side of the Baltic Sea, but there are so many parallels which were born by shared general views of the role of new art, that it is possible to see not only France, Norway or Russia, but also Poland, Latvia and Estonia as artistically close to Finland, when one tries to map the topography of Finnish semi-cubism in late 1910s and early 1920s.

Effect of food stimuli presentation on restrained eater's food choice: An ERP study

Restrained eaters are individuals who consciously follow a limited food intake diet to lose or maintain body weight. With the rising numbers of obesity cases, retrained eating has became more prevalent as more people adopt it to cope with obesity. The dual conflict theory states that restrained eaters often encounter conflicting choices of food pleasure and weight management. The present study investigated the difference in food choice regarding different presentations of the weight management goal. The study hypothesized difference in successful and unsuccessful restrained eaters’ food choice when presented with the conflicting food/weight maintenance stimuli. A total of 49 college students participated in the study and the N2, P3 and LPP event-related potentials (ERPs) were investigated during a food choice task. Results showed that the reaction time in unsuccessful restrained eaters (UREs) were greater than successful restrained eaters (SREs). The ERP results showed that SREs exhibited smaller N2 and greater P3 amplitudes than UREs, however, we did not find a difference in LPP amplitudes between the two groups. The findings suggest that the UREs demonstrated greater sensitivity and smaller inhibition to food cues, while we do not have supports for a difference in motivational and emotional salience. This is the first study that investigated the food choice of SREs and UREs when faced with different presentations of conflicting goals, which enriches the theoretical model and provides neural correlates evidence for future studies.

A continuous-discontinuous coupling computational method for multi-material mixtures

Considering the important role of particle-reinforced composites (PRCs), and to accurately assess the mechanical properties of PRC with arbitrarily complex internal structures, this paper proposes a new continuous-discontinuous coupled computational method, i.e., the multi-material integrated analysis (MIA) method, by combining the advantages of the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method, the numerical manifold method (NMM), and the meshless method, for the continuous-discontinuous dual state of this kind of materials when they are subjected to forces. The core idea of this method is by establishing a single physical cover (PC) on each particle and defining a unified and piecewise approximation function over it to achieve displacement coordination between the particles and the matrix. In this model, the particles can maintain the contact and separation characteristics like the blocks, while the matrix is able to achieve the bonding function by overlapping different covers. Two numerical integration schemes, namely single-point Gaussian integration and Monte Carlo integration, are proposed to address the integration issues in stiffness matrix calculations. Meanwhile by considering the similarity between NMM and meshless method interpolation function construction, this paper combines circular coverage and 0th-order moving least squares to construct the interpolation function to form the displacement approximation function for the whole solution space. Moreover, the method of lattice retrieval (also Nearest Neighbor Search, NNS) is invoked for particle contact determination to improve the efficiency of contact and coverage relationship determination. The validity of the model is verified by taking asphalt mixture, a typical PRC, as a demonstrative case study. The results show that the MIA method solves the one-sided problem that the existing algorithms usually only consider the continuous or discontinuous properties of PRC, and provides a new method for comprehensively analyzing the micromechanical response of PRC and solving its large deformation problem.

Enzyme Tunnel Dynamics and Catalytic Mechanism of Norcoclaurine Synthase: Insights from a Combined LiGaMD and DFT Study.

This study conducts a systematic investigation into the catalytic mechanism of norcoclaurine synthase (NCS), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) with therapeutic applications. By integration of LiGaMD and DFT calculations, the reaction pathway of NCS is mapped, providing detailed insights into its catalytic activity and selectivity. Our findings underscore the critical role of E103 in substrate capture and reveal the hitherto unappreciated influence of nonpolar residues M183 and L76 on tunnel dynamics. A prominent discovery is the identification of a high-energy barrier (44.2 kcal/mol) associated with the aromatic electrophilic attack, which pinpoints the rate-limiting step. Moreover, we disclose the existence of dual transition states leading to different products with the energetically favored six-membered ring formation consistent with experimental evidence. These mechanistic revelations not only refine our understanding of NCS but also advocate for a renewed emphasis on enzyme tunnel engineering for optimizing THIQs biosynthesis. The research sets the stage for translating these findings into practical enzyme modifications. Our results highlight the potential of NCS as a biocatalyst to overcome the limitations of current synthetic methodologies, such as low yields and environmental impacts, and provide a theoretical contribution to the efficient, eco-friendly production of THIQs-based pharmaceuticals.

Active dual quasi-BICs in a dielectric metasurface with VO2 for slow light and optical modulation.

We investigate the temperature tunable dual quasi-bound states in the continuum (qBICs) in a silicon/vanadium dioxide (Si/VO2) hybrid metasurface with Q-factor being as large as 9.3 × 106 and 2.8 × 107 by breaking the in-plane C2 symmetry. The far-field scattering of multipoles and near-field distributions confirm that the toroidal dipole and magnetic quadrupole dominate the dual qBICs resonance. The high performance of slow light with ultralarge group index exceeding 5.6 × 105 and the inverse quadratic law between the group index and asymmetric parameter are achieved. By temperature tuning of the VO2 thin film at the sub-10 K scale, a modulation depth of 90% and the ON/OFF ratio exceeding 12.8 dB are obtained. The proposed temperature tunable dual qBICs have potential applications in the fields of tunable slow light, temperature switches, and sensors.

Dual-State Red-Emitting Zinc-Based MOF Accompanied by Dual-Mode and Dual-State Detection: Color Tonality Visual Mode for the Detection of Tetracycline.

Red-emitting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are still mostly based on the use of lanthanides or functionalization with red fluorophores. However, production of transition-metal-based MOFs with red-emitting is scarce. This work reports on the synthesis of a novel dual-state red-emitting Zn-based MOF (denoted as UoZ-7) with the capability to detect target molecules in dual state, in solution, and as solid on paper. UoZ-7 gives strong red emission when excited in the solution and in the solid state with 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) lamp irradiation. Coordination-induced emission is the mechanism for the red emission enhancement in the MOF as a restriction of intramolecular rotation occurred to the ligand within the framework structure. UoZ-7 was successfully used for tetracycline (TC) using dual-mode detection, fluorescence-based ratiometry, and color tonality, in the dual state, in solution, and on the paper. TC molecules adsorb on the red-emitting UoZ-7 surface, and a yellow-greenish color emerges due to aggregation-induced emission between TC and UoZ-7. Concurrently, the inner filter effect diminishes the red emission of UoZ-7. The dual-mode or dual-state detection platform provides a simple and reliable fast method for the detection of TC on-site in various environmental and biomedical applications. Moreover, red-emitting UoZ-7 will have further luminescence-based biomedical applications.

Between Transcendental and National: Wooden Churches of Slovakia

ABSTRACT The Eastern Carpathian Mountain region is home to Slavic peoples, who celebrate the bringing of Christianity by Saints Cyril and Methodius in the ninth century. The mountainous region retains small village churches, some dating from the eighteenth century, each established within agrarian communities by Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, Protestant, or Orthodox denominations. Despite village subjugation under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Nazi occupation, Russian “liberation” and Socialist-era suppression of non-Orthodox denominations, these exquisite vernacular structures have remained and illustrate the continuing transcendental experience for worshipers but also now shared with those who celebrate them as symbols of national resistance, as well as tourists who come to experience them as UNESCO World Heritage sites. Sharing a common church object, traditional typological and formal aesthetic approaches that have been established by researchers for these structures are contrasted against a phenomenologically rooted set of embodied modes for meaning across examples from extant structures within Slovakia. Embodied approaches provide, via modes of lived experience, a deep offering into what each church shares with their ecological landscape, village, and history; a holistic visceral tapestry key to their appreciation complimenting the typological and differently affirming their continuing value.

Hierarchical Self-Assembly and Aggregation-Induced Emission Enhancement in Tetrabenzofluorene-Based Red Emitting Molecules.

The newly synthesized chiral active [5]helicene-like tetrabenzofluorene (TBF) based highly red-emitting molecules exhibit flower-like self-assembly. These molecules display photophysical and structural properties such as intramolecular charge transfer, dual state emission, large fluorescence quantum yield, and solvatochromism. In TBFID, the indandione functional group attached on both sides as the terminal group offers an A-D-A push-pull effect and acts as a strong acceptor to cause more redshift in solution as well as in solid state as compared to TBFPA (TBF with benzaldehyde functional group in terminal position). The self-assembly studies of TBFID demonstrate the aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) attributed to the restriction of intramolecular rotation at the aggregated state. Furthermore, TBFID shows high quantum yield and intense red emission, making the molecule fit for organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and bioimaging applications.

Prescribed performance dynamic surface control based on dual extended state observer for 2-dof hydraulic cutting arm

In tunnel section forming operations, the boom-type roadheader tracking target trajectory with high precision is greatly significant in avoiding over and under excavation and improving excavation efficiency. However, there exist complex cutting loads, measurement noise, and model uncertainties, seriously degrading the tracking performance of traditional nominal model-based controllers. Hence, this study first fully analyzes the kinematics of all members of the cutting mechanism and establishes its complete multi-body dynamic model using the Lagrange method. Furthermore, a dual extended state observer is designed to estimate the mechanical system’s angular velocity and unmodeled disturbances and actuators’ uncertain nonlinearities. In particular, introducing a nonlinear filter replaces the traditional first-order filter in dynamic surface technology, overcoming the “explosion of complexity” while attenuating the conservatism of gains tuning. Then, a dual extended state observer-based prescribed performance dynamic surface controller is developed for roadheaders for the first time. Simultaneously, integrating an improved error transformation function into controller design effectively avoids the online computational burden caused by traditional logarithmic operations. Utilizing Lyapunov theory, the cutting system’s prescribed transient response and steady-state performance are guaranteed. Finally, the proposed controller’s effectiveness is verified by comparative experiments on the roadheader.

The Socio-Political and Cultural Life of the Ukrainian-Ruthenian Population of the AustroHungarian Empire on the Pages of the Journal “Kievskaya Starina”

The Socio-Political and Cultural Life of the Ukrainian-Ruthenian Population of the AustroHungarian Empire on the Pages of the Journal “Kievskaya Starina”

Reversibly photoswitchable protein assemblies with collagen affinity for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of tumors.

Recent advancements in photoacoustic (PA) imaging have leveraged reversibly photoswitchable chromophores, known for their dual absorbance states, to enhance imaging sensitivity through differential techniques. Yet, their deployment in tumor imaging has faced obstacles in achieving targeted delivery with high efficiency and specificity. Addressing this challenge, we introduce innovative protein assemblies, DrBphP-CBD, by genetically fusing a photosensory module from Deinococcus radiodurans bacterial phytochrome (DrBphP) with a collagen-binding domain (CBD). These protein assemblies form sub-100-nanometer structures composed of 24 DrBphP dimers and 12 CBD trimers, presenting 24 protein subunits. Their affinity for collagens, combined with impressive photoswitching contrast, markedly improves PA imaging precision. In various tumor models, intravenous administration of DrBphP-CBD has demonstrated enhanced tumor targeting and retention, augmenting contrast in PA imaging by minimizing background noise. This strategy underscores the clinical potential of DrBphP-CBD as PA contrast agents, propelling photoswitchable chromoproteins to the forefront of precise cancer diagnosis.

Early use of the reinforced concrete in the architecture of the Historicism in Austria–Hungary

Early use of the reinforced concrete in the architecture of the Historicism in Austria–Hungary

Forming our grief rhythm: The relational window of tolerance for bereaved parents.

The shared loss of a child can present challenges to couple relationships as both partners attempt to cope with their own grief and their partner's grief. In this longitudinal qualitative study, five bereaved parent couples participated in 13 total interviews, revealing coregulatory interactions surrounding their shared loss. Using thematic coding and grounded theory analysis, their reflections were organized into three interrelated process themes: regulating self, regulating other, and forming our grief rhythm. This article explores the complexity of the last theme "forming our grief rhythm" in-depth, and a new theoretical orientation, the relational window of tolerance, is introduced to examine how couples coregulate both fragile and stable states within their shared grief. The reflections of bereaved parents indicated that prolonged "dual fragile states" and prolonged "imbalanced states" may hinder relationship quality. In order to regain relationship stability, couples learned to trade off supporting one another and/or to resonate with one another in their shared pain. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed, focusing especially on how to integrate individual and relational needs into grief therapy frameworks.

Tropical Mirror

We describe the tropical curves in toric varieties and define the tropical Gromov-Witten invariants. We introduce amplitudes for the higher topological quantum mechanics (HTQM) on special trees and show that the amplitudes are equal to the tropical Gromov-Witten invariants. We show that the sum over the amplitudes in $A$-model HTQM equals the total amplitude in B-model HTQM, defined as a deformation of the $A$-model HTQM by the mirror superpotential. We derived the mirror superpotentials for the toric varieties and showed that they coincide with the superpotentials in the mirror Landau-Ginzburg theory. We construct the mirror dual states to the evaluation observables in the tropical Gromov-Witten theory.

Ultranarrow and multiband perfect absorbers based on dual quasi-bound states in the continuum in near infrared

High quality factor (Q-factor) and multiband perfect absorbers are highly desired in light-harvesting efficiency related optical devices, yet they are always limited by conventional mechanisms like electromagnetically induced transparency, Tamm or plasmonic resonance. In this paper, through constructing the strong coupling between two guided-mode resonances in subwavelength gratings, we propose an ultranarrow and multiband perfect absorber based the dual-band quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BIC) design in near infrared. Benefiting from its angle-dependent characteristic, the device can be straightforwardly utilized for light-switched lamps and optical sensors. Q-factor 8337 and the modulation depth 98.1% are realized while the insertion loss is only 0.07 dB. Compared with its conventional counterparts, the quasi-BIC based absorber enables an excellent hexa-frequency and ultranarrow asynchronous switch function. The quatary-band perfect absorption below 1 nm bandwidth can be applied to the optical sensor to detect four light signals with weak signal strength. This work provides a theoretical basis for multifunctional absorbers with high Q-factor, high modulation depth, and low insertion loss.