Austrian Government Research Articles

The Fragility of the EU as a ‘Community of Values’: Lessons from the Haider Affair

Unprecedented in the history of European integration, the sanctions against an Austrian government that included the far right Austrian Freedom Party in January 2000 clearly exposed the necessity to guarantee a minimum level of normative homogeneity in the European Union. However, as the hasty lifting of the sanctions a few months later showed, EU leaders proved both unable and unwilling to defend a durable, common and coherent position on this issue. Classic intergovernmental theories, which predict that the unification process cannot go beyond a certain threshold of politically acceptable integration without coming up against deep national divisions and sharpening tensions between the Union and domestic societies, only partly explain this rapid erosion of the European consensus against the FPÖ. The article argues that the breakdown of this ‘cordon sanitaire’ is also largely due to the reluctance of domestic political elites to institutionalise a principle which might backfire against their own countries and ultimately implies a far-reaching Europeanisation of domestic politics and party strategies.

Benedetto Croce and Italian Fascism by Fabio Fernando Rizi (review)

MLR, 100.2, 2005 525 veral of them are translated in this volume by Brian Moloney with an insightful intro? duction and notes. Indeed, as with the letters,these essays have not appeared before in English translation, with the exception of 'Men and Things in a District of London'; some have not appeared in print since their original publication. Moreover, Svevo's numerous contributions to La Nazione (which he helped to found) are only just com? ing to light through Moloney's research: thus far,this indefatigable scholar has disco? vered more than 150 short pieces, some ofwhich appear in an expanded ltalian version ofthis book, published by the Museo Sveviano (2003). Moloney plans to edit a critical edition of all Svevo's essays and articles, which will be a major event in Svevo studies. The selection presented in English translation indicates the variety of topics that interested Svevo: the miners' strikes of 1920 and 1921, 'Transport', 'Hatred', 'Kind? ness', 'Perfidious Albion', and 'Theatre and Cinema'; the famous essay 'Soggiorno londinese' is also included. As Moloney observes: 'his various pieces for La Nazione, shed new light both on his work as a journalist and on his grasp of British affairsand culture' (p. 187). An aspect of life which impressed Svevo from his firstvisit was 'the sparkling air of freedom, real freedom' ('Men and Things in a District of London', p. 199). Coming as he did from a city whose Irredentist tendencies (and Svevo was an Irredentist sympathizer) were systematically stifled by the Austrian government from the 1870s until the First World War, one can understand his appreciation of the tolerant spirit of England. On a lighter note, his interest in sporting activities extended to soccer: he must be the only great novelist to have supported Charlton Athletic Football Club. The importance of these translations, revealing aspects of Svevo hitherto unknown to the English-speaking world, cannot be overestimated. It is a volume that should be on the shelves of all those who love and admire Svevo. A final note: it is dedicated to the memory of the late Fulvio Anzellotti, Svevo's great-nephew, industrialist and writer,whose own research into his family has also enriched Svevo scholarship. University of Kent Elizabeth Schachter Benedetto Croce and ltalian Fascism. By Fabio Fernando Rizi. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2003. xii + 32ipp. ?40. ISBN 0-8020-3762-3. The title of this biography does not do justice to the ground it covers; Benedetto Croce and Politics would have been more appropriate. Croce's relationship to Fascism is set in an outline of his life-long political development and activities, beginning with his early youth, and touchingon his appointment as Senator in 1910, his stint as Minister of Education 1920-21, his membership of the doomed Liberal Party from 1925, his negotiations with the Allies in 1944, and his public role until his death in 1952. Rizi's aim is twofold; to explode the myth ofan Olympian, apolitical Croce, and to make his biography more accessible to an English-speaking readership. Given the study's commendable scope, it is perhaps understandable that, on occasions, both the documentation needed for the former and the contextualization for the latter suffer slightly. Most quotations and book titles are supplied in English and much ofthe his? torical background is explained?for example, the status of the ltalian Senate. Other aspects, such as the significance of ltalian colonialism, will remain unclear to the non-specialist. More detail on Croce's support forthe Libyan War of 1911-12 would have been interesting, especially in the light of his decision effectivelyto condone the Fascists' invasion of Ethiopia twenty years later by donating his Senator's medal to replenish the national gold reserves. The focus is Croce's active participation in ltalian politics; his philosophical and historical work is mentioned only when Rizi believes itnecessary to clarifyhis actions. 526 Reviews This means once again that the non-specialist is given only a very general notion of concepts vital to Croce's anti-Fascism, such as 'the ideals ofthe Risorgimento', 'love of the fatherland', 'the Italian people'. Although Rizi criticizes Denis Mack Smith for denigrating Croce's 'false idealization of the Risorgimento...

Pupils with emotional and behavioural problems as action researchers in foreign language teaching

Foreign language (FL) teachers, like most other teachers, are increasingly likely to experience conflict in their classrooms, which makes language teaching - an enormously complex process - yet more demanding. FL teachers need to know practical approaches to conflict prevention and resolution that are compatible with effective learning, but they often lack this knowledge, which necessarily affects their teaching quality and results. This often leads to teachers blaming students and to (even more) frustration on both sides. This article describes a 2 year project funded by the Austrian federal government in which FL teachers provide learning opportunities for difficult children which enable them to become action researchers in their lessons themselves, thus changing traditional patterns of teacher-pupil interaction. It stresses the importance of using ecosystemic methods that seek to include the pupils' perspectives, and discusses two examples of classroom action research modules that stem from this need.

The Complexity of Change in Universities

This paper relates to the implementation process of the Universitaetsorganisationsgesetz 1993 (University Organisation Act of 1993) at an Austrian university. In accordance with the idea of a managed university, the Austrian government aimed this law at transferring a greater scope of responsibility for strategic decisions and management issues from the ministry to the universities. The empirical basis is derived from a 2-year, in-depth field study showing that the transformation to a ‘simple’ management orientation is in itself complex. We suggest therefore a frame of reference that is based on an understanding of universities as complex and self-referential organisations. This view explains changes in universities as nontrivial transformation and conceptualises the management of change in universities as a paradoxical intervention.

Hermann Anton Haus, 1925–2003

Hermann Anton Haus, 1925–2003

Monumentum Wiesthalerianum: Wiesthalerjev latinsko-slovenski slovar 1894-2005

Dejstvo, da Slovenci nismo imeli latinsko ­ slovenskega slovarja kot osnovnega pomagala za pouk latinskega jezika, je avstrijski oblasti dolgo rabilo kot izgovor, da v višjih gimnazijskih razredih ni dovoljevala pouka latinščine v slovenskem jeziku. Nekaj poskusov, da bi slovar dobili, je propadlo; leta 1895 pa je ekipa profesorjev pod vodstvom Frana Wiesthalerja zasnovala največji projekt klasično-filološke stroke: veliki latinsko-slovenski slovar.

The Austria-Czech Republic co-operation in the field of radiation-emergency preparedness.

An overview on the long-term information exchange and co-operation between Austria and the Czech Republic in the field of radiation emergency preparedness and evaluation of radiological consequences of NPP accidents is provided. Initiated by the 'Melk Protocol' between the Czech and Austrian governments in December 2000 and its follow-up activities, the information exchange and co-operation between the Czech Republic and Austria in the field of radiation-emergency preparedness have been extended. Among others, a Working Group to compare radiological consequences of Beyond Design Basis Accident with a detailed inter-comparison program concerning atmospheric dispersion models, dose assessment methods and counter- measures was established. Based on this experience, an area for future co-operation in the field of emergency preparedness and information exchange between the Czech Republic and Austria is discussed.

The MuseumsQuartier, Vienna: An Austrian Cultural Experiment

This paper focuses on an important Austrian development, which on closer examination enables consideration to be given to: (1) Austrian government cultural‐sector policy, ­practice and funding attitudes; (2) the nature of the structures, organisation, stakeholders, and legal relationships chosen to manage and market the MuseumsQuartier; (3) the tension between the individual autonomy of institutions and a state‐imposed umbrella organisation; (4) the characteristics of creativity in comparison with the requirements for conformity; and (5) the compatibility of facility and programming management. There is no pretence in providing a survey of museum cultural or creative quarters throughout the world or analysis of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks that may be associated with this approach to urban regeneration. It is unashamedly a detailed analysis of a major cultural development, which may have value for the future management of similar projects. Perhaps more significantly it provides a useful insight into the Austrian approach to arts policy and management.

Institutional Autonomy Versus Government Control The New University Act in Austria

Following prolonged discussion, the Austrian government has passed a new University Act which will provide universities with a semiautonomous status. The reform is the most incisive change of the university system for the past 150 years and has been preceded by an equally momentous change in the status of the teaching faculty and staff, all future appointments no longer providing civil servant status any more. Major points in discussions between the Rectors Conference, the organizations representing the professoriate and staff, and the Ministry have been the balance of power between the institutions, representatives from outside, and the Ministry, as well as the amount of control to be exercised by the Ministry. In the view of the institutions, the legislation is heavily weighted towards the latter leaving too little room for initiatives from the faculties and participation in the central steering groups....

Lajos Kossuth Sent Word... Papers Delivered on the Occasion of the Bicentenary of Kossuth's Birth by L�szl� s> P�ter Martyn Rady , Peter Sherwood (review)

REVIEWS 367 understood reason', from time to time nihilisticimpulses affectyoung people in modern societies and that these also become transformed into selfdestructive urges. This does not advance the discussion and leaves us in the dark about both Degaev's motivation and the causes of terrorism in the developed modern world. Pipes'sbook is an interestinginsightinto a hitherto unilluminated corner of the Russian revolutionary movement, but the shortageof sourcesfor Degaev's life inhibitsany deeper analysis. Department ofHistoy PETER WALDRON University ofSunderland Peter, Laszl6; Rady, Martyn and Sherwood, Peter (eds). LajosKossuth Sent Word. . . Papers Delivered on theOccasion of theBicentenagy ofKossuth's Birth. SSEES Occasional Papers, 56. Hungarian Cultural Centre and School of Slavonic and East European Studies, London, 2003. viii + 263 pp. Notes. Index. ?20.00 (paperback). THE reader of these essays may be somewhat startled to discover that two eminent English historians, perhaps not knowing what the other was up to, decided not to write on Kossuth, but on his uncompromising foes. Robert Evans is fascinated by the Slovak L'udovit Stiur,while Alan Sked is equally intriguedby the Croat nationalism of the imperial generalJosip Jelacic. The motive for their selection may well be that each dreaded uncriticaleulogies of Kossuth by the other essayistsand took evasive action in this way. However, they seek to justify their choices by arguing, in the words of Sked, that they provide 'mirrorimages' of the Hungarian. In fact the two authorssay a good deal about Kossuth in making their comparisons. Not only did all three seek to establish national constitutions for their respective peoples but reveal similaritiesof character and behaviour leading to kindredpatterns of action. Both authors acknowledge that the Habsburg government suppressed the projects of all three. Yet since there is now no Austrian government, Sked concludes, each people may now, uninhibited, honour its own hero. Whether Hungarians can honour StuirandJelacic and the Slovaksand Croats honour Kossuth is more doubtful, but these two lively and thought-provokingessays may lead the way to a growthof mutualunderstanding. These authors had no need in fact to dread uncritical eulogies of Kossuth from their fellow contributors. Indeed, rather than revere former mythical interpretations of the Hungarian, most of them seem to demythologize his career. This tendency islessapparentinAladarUrb'an'sdetailed, scholarlyaccount of Kossuth's role in the Batthyanygovernment. He tends to cut him down to size, however, by pointing out that all its members approved of such challenging action as Hungary's repudiation of its share of the Habsburg's debt, a decision quite unacceptable to the dynasty. Kossuth acted alone only when the Austrian government was cancelling what the Hungarians had decided on. He answeredthe threatof warwith war. Robert Hermann is very critical of Kossuth's subsequent parliamentary dictatorshipwhich he describes in detail as producing general confusion and 368 SEER, 82, 2, 2004 insists that Kossuth should rather be honoured for his earlier actions in promoting the April laws, many of which, Hermann points out, were embodied in the Ausgleich of I867. He evidently does not wish to find a fulfilmentof this phase of Kossuth's career in the brief independent republic (I9I8-I 9) of Count Mihaly K'arolyi. One of the most remarkable contributions is by Tibor Frank.Discussing Kossuth's skillas a self-propagandisthe indicates how the latterromanticized himselfby implyingthat all the Englishlanguage he knewwas acquiredwhen, as a prisoner, he was granted a copy of Shakespeare's plays. 'For many months', he told an audience of English working men who had subscribed 'pennies' to presenthim with a sumptuousedition, 'itwas a sealed book to me as the hieroglyphics were long to Champollion, and as Layard's Assyrian monuments still are.' The prosaic fact was that, like many of his Hungarian contemporaries, Kossuth already had a reading knowledge of English before his imprisonmentand added to it once he was freed. Ian Armour'sdescriptionof Kossuth'splans for a Danubian confederation as 'pie in the sky' speaks for itself as an essay in demythologizing. Such proposalsmay have been both impracticaland unpopularbut they do supply evidence that Kossuth was not just the chauvinist nationalist as many of his admirershave likedto view him. Gabor Pajkossy reveals the limitations of Kossuth's serf emancipation policy. He also shows how Hungarian historianshave come to...

Destination Benchmarking: An Indicator-System’s Potential for Exploring Guest Satisfaction

After giving an overview of latest benchmark approaches in tourism, an already existing Benchmarking Indicator System implemented by the Austrian Government in 1987 is discussed. This article first critically assesses the neglect of relevant elements covering the production and delivery process of tourism services in this approach. Hence, the existing benchmarking approach is extended conceptually by linking it to tourists’ satisfaction measures. There is growing evidence that tourism service quality attributes can fall into three different categories of factors that display a differing impact on tourist satisfaction. The literature distinguishes between two different approaches for best identifying these factors: Vavra’s two-dimensional Importance Grid, which is based on customers’ self-stated importance and derived importance assessments, and Brandt’s Penalty-Reward-Contrast analysis, which is based on the performance-only approach and thus only uses one (e.g., the satisfaction) variable. This article tests both approaches empirically using different sets of variables from a recent destination benchmarking survey.

Ernest von Koerber and the Austrian State Idea: A Reinterpretation of the Koerber Plan (1900–1904)

In comparison with most of his predecessors and successors as imperial Austrian minister president, Ernest von Koerber (1850–1919) has attracted a special sort of scholarly interest. In the rare instances when scholars have investigated Austrian governments during the era of the Dual Monarchy (1867–1918), these governments have been approached in the direct context of this system and era. Koerber's five-year-long government (1900–1904) has instead been studied in the considerably wider frame of reference of the modernization of Europe in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There are, in fact, qualities in Koerber's political program, often referred to as the “Koerber Plan,” that seem to merit such attention. When compared to most Austrian governments of the late Habsburg Empire, Koerber's minister presidency was extraordinarily active. In the eyes of both contemporaries and later observers, the large-scale investment program (mainly in railroads and canal construction) represented the essence of Koerber's modernization project. But he also carried out a widely noted liberalization of state control in society, elements of which included ending the policing of political meetings and practically canceling censorship of newspapers. His background as a civil servant also shaped his policies, especially his very active modernization and effectivization program for the state bureaucracy.

L'église orthodoxe de Maramureş

The beginnings of an organized ecclesiastical live in Maramureş, with a canonical proper Bishopric dates around the end of the 14,h century and it is related with the Perii Monastery, foundation of the voivod Sas. In 1391. the voivodes Sas and Bale dedicated the monastery to the ecumenical Patriarch Anthony, foutided by their father. Until the midie of the 17 ,h century Maramureş was under the constant political and ecclesiastical domination of the hangars. Between 1657-1700, Maramureş was submitted to the spiritual rule of the metropolitans from Alba lulia. An important orthodox personality was the metropolitan Sava Brancovici, who ruled the church from Maramureş until 1680. hi 1740. the Orthodox Bishopric from Maramureş is abolished by the austrian government and it will be reestablished only on 1st July 1937, having as residence the town Sighet and as ruler His Grace Bishop dr. Stan Răşinăreanul.

How Changes in Financial Incentives Affect the Duration of Unemployment

This paper studies how changes in the two key parameters of unemployment insurance - the benefit replacement rate (RR) and the potential duration of benefits (PBD) - affect the duration of unemployment. In 1989, the Austrian government made unemployment insurance more generous by changing, simultaneously, the maximum duration of regular unemployment benefits and the earnings replacement ratio. We find that increasing the replacement ratio has much weaker disincentive effects than increasing the maximum duration of benefits. We use these results to split up the total costs to unemployment insurance funds into costs due to changes in the unemployment insurance system and costs due to behavioral responses of unemployed workers. Results indicate that costs due to behavioral responses are substantial.

Temporal Perspectives in the Practical-Textual Handling of a European Public Problem

This article is concerned with the way in which media routinely achieve their task of reporting on an issue that may last for several months. The present study is based on the first months of the coverage by a British newspaper, The Guardian, of an emergent crisis between Austria and the rest of the EU governments as a result of the entry of the far right into Austrian government. The analysis focuses on the way the time dimension is practically used in the media text, with a view to rendering intelligible whatever happens under the auspices of a common system of relevances and interest.

Russkii Formalizm: Metodologicheskaia rekonstruktsiia razvitiia na osnove printsipa ostraneniia by Aage A. s> Hansen-Löve (review)

REVIEWS 325 Numerous lines and passages are needlessly repeated see, for instance, pp. 7-8/15/64/25I/256/59I (dostoinstva bol'shoi narodnosti),I3/I39, 7 1/217, 83/462, 127/140, I41/247, I43/I65, I76/I87,23I/331/429,278/289,413/ 44, 450/45I, 484/495, 495/569, 496/570, 498/539, 525/572, 525-26/532, 532/538-39, 534/581, 547-48/585, 555/584. There is,perhaps,one fundamentalshortcoming.In presentingherreal(or, sometimes, questionable)discoveries,Shubnikova-Gusevaisreluctantto voice any negative criticism of Esenin's artistic achievement, or to suggest any assessment of the works' relative merits. She seems thereby to imply that all sixpoemy are equally profound, complex, and successful.Albeit 'subjectively', such a view could be challenged if each text were submittedto a close stylistic analysis.Aftercarefullyre-readingEsenin'sworks,thisreviewerstillfeelsthat, while 'Pugachev' and 'Chernyi chelovek' remain memorable creations, and 'AnnaSnegina' and possibly 'Pesn'o velikom pokhode' have their redeeming features,both 'StranaNegodiaev' and 'Poemao 36' arepoetically mediocre. In this respect, a slight suspicion lingers that Shubnikova-Guseva'sinsistence on ubiquitous hidden depths, 'polemical' or 'polyphonic' 'dialogue' (pp. 23, 26, 29, 570, 587, 592), and theprimacyofa 'Biblical','Shakespearean' or 'Pushkinian''subtext'(see, for instance, pp. 8o, 82, I69-8 I, I87, I89, 256, 273-78, 372, 97, 413, 464, 593) is at times something of a bluff or, to use Esenin'sidiosyncraticspelling,blef(pp. 7I, 2 I7). That is, the mere presence of allusions to Hamlet,or Pushkin,or the Bible, does not automaticallyraise the artistic and philosophical value of Esenin's poemy.Despite the efforts of a talented scholar, Esenin was, in essence, a lyric poet by the grace of God, ratherthan a masterof the philosophical epic. Bristol GORDON MCVAY Hansen-Love, Aage A. RusskiiFormalizm:Metodologicheskaia rekonstruktsiia razvitiia na osnoveprintsipa ostraneniia.StudiaPhilologica. lazyki russkoikul'tury, Moscow, 2001. 669 pp. Notes. Bibliography.Indexes. DM 78.oo. IN his book Structuralismin Literature.An Introduction(New Haven, NJ and London, 1974) Robert Scholes suggestedthat the achievement of the Russian formalistswas only now beginning to be appreciatedin the English-speaking world. The revival of interest in Russian formalism in the 1970S was partly due to the popularity of structuralismin that period, since many aspects and ideas of structuralism stemmed from historical developments of formalist methods. Most writingsof the Russian formalistsand of Mikhail Bakhtin,an importanttransitionalfigurebetween the formalistsand structuralists,became available in English in the I96os to '7os. The elaborate study under consideration here, produced by the well-known Austrian Slavist Professor Aage Hansen-Love, was also inspired by the revival of Russian formalismin that period. It was published in German in Vienna in 1978. The present translation into Russian was made possible by the financial support of the Central European Institute in Budapest and of the Austrian government. It discussesRussian formalismas part of culturaldevelopments of the i 9 IOSto I930s, its legacy and its linkswith Russian modernism. It will be of interestto 326 SEER, 8i, 2, 2003 students of Russian and comparative literatures,in spite of the fact that the Bibliographyincludes only a few bookspublishedafter I980. Hansen-Love challenges pre-existing views on Russian Formalism (as expressed in Victor Erlich's seminal study RussianFormalism. Histoy-Doctrine, The Hague, I955) in severalways. While Erlichassertsthat Bakhtincould not be labelled a formalist, Hansen-Love devotes considerable attention to Mikhail Bakhtin and Lev Vygotskii (pp. 411-47), who are traditionallynot seen as formalists.The scholarhighlightsa numberof similaritiesbetween the formalistsand the psychologistVygotskii,with thefocuson Vygotskii'sanalysis of fable, his theories about the comic and of catharsis.Hansen-Love discusses the impact of Vygotskii's ideas of the psychology of creativity on the development of Bakhtin's theories. The scholar maintains that Vygotskii adapted the concept of defamiliarizationto the sphere of the psychology of reception in an original manner, but that his ideas had little impact on the Russian formalists(pp. 41 I- 1 2). It is odd, however, that in his studyHansenLove overlooks the fact that Vygotskii'sbrother David, an active member of the PetrogradFormalistschool, acquainted Lev Vygotskii with the works of Roman Jakobson, Lev Iakubinskiiand Viktor Shklovskii.It might have been fruitfulto investigate how Vygotskii'sviews on psycholinguisticsand Russian poetry develop various approaches advocated in the works of the abovementioned...

Tendencies in Spatial Planning in Austria

In Austria there is a federal system, where the power is shared between national (Bund) and regional (Land) governments, with each having autonomy in some spheres, and able to pass laws. Power resides with the national government, although certain responsibilities may be delegated to regional governments. In Austria the national government has no competence in spatial planning, but planning at the national level is undertaken through a joint forum which has advisory powers, and in which the national government and the Länder Austrian are equal partners. At regional level the Austrian Länder play the primary role in spatial planning. The Austrian national government has only limited responsibilities.

Austria in the First Cold War, 1945-55: The Leverage of the Weak by Günter s> Bischof (review)

REVIEWS 573 This may be so. But given that a rival Polish historian has recently claimed that the period in question should be completely rewritten in the wake of I989, Borodziej'sassertionsoundsa touch optimistic. Beyond that, Terror undPolitikis an excellent book, which deserves a place, alongside those of Jan Gross, Czeslaw Madajczykand Martin Broszat, as an important addition to the still slim corpus of non-Polish language work on German occupation policy in Poland. University ofStrathclyde ROGER MOORHOUSE Bischof, Gunter.Austria intheFirstColdWar,I945-55: TheLeverage oftheWeak. Macmillan,Basingstoke,2000. XVii + 237pp. Notes. Bibliography.Index. [45.00. AUSTRIA has neverfiguredveryprominentlyin accountsof the Cold War.The abiding internationalimage of its firstpostwar decade is encapsulated in the atmosphericthriller 7he Third Man(I 949).Gunter Bischof seeksto show that the country was involved in more important matters than the themes of criminalactivityunder occupation developed in GrahamGreene's story. His book contains six neatly sub-divided chapters. It is the product of considerable research in the government and private archives of the four occupying powers the United States, Britain, Austria, Germany and France.He displaysa familiaritywith scholarshipin Englishand German and also some French work. It is written in a clear, easy style and contains few errors.The referencingseems over-extensive:there are I56 pages of text and 59 pages of footnotes. The opening chapter considersAustriafrom the Anschluss in 1938 to the end of the Second WorldWar. Its treatment of the I 930S is necessarilybrief. Bischof charts the growing Austrian 'collective disaffection' with life in the Reich but Austrians grumbled rather than actively opposed (p. I8). The chaptercloseswith an outline of Allied planning forpostwarAustria. Bischof then examines Soviet brutalityand rapacity in Austriaafter I945 This hinderedco-operationwith Britainand the United States.Disputesarose over currencyconversion and the boundariesof the Austriancapitalthat they wouldjointly occupy. The inclusionof a map would have helped to clarifythis issue. Although there is a map showing the division of Austriainto four zones of occupation, Bischof could have been fullerabout how thiswas decided and about the natureof the occupation regime. The Austrian government, accepted by the Allies as responsible for the whole country, made effortsto create what Bischof calls a usable past: they invented a version of history that treated them as Hitler's firstvictims, who were utterly helpless during the war. The Foreign Minister, Karl Gruber, cultivated the USA, seeking its support in the face of tough Soviet action (pp. 73-76). Soviet economic depredations made Austria economically weak. This worsened Soviet-American tensions in Austria whose contribution to the emerging East-Westconfrontation, Bischof convincingly maintains,has been largely ignored by cold war historiography(p. 94). Financial assistancewas 574 SEER, 8o, 3, 2002 partof a tougherAmericanstance.Austriareceived$909. I millioninMarshall Aid. This constituted 14per cent of the country'snational income, the highest proportion of any recipient. The Soviet zone in Austriawas the only territory under communist controlto obtain such assistance(pp. 102-03). Chapters 5 and 6 consider the search for a treaty to restore sovereigntyto Austria. It was Karl Renner's 'keen legal mind' that devised the notion of a State Treaty,forcallingit a peace treatywould involve treatingthe countryas Germany'sco-belligerent (p. I05). Growing cold war tensions made progress difficult.Yet I949 saw 'amajorbreakthrough'.The Deputies agreedon allbut five of the forty-nine treaty articles. However, the 'American military establishment increasingly came to dominate foreign policy and rebelled againstsigningan Austriantreatybefore the buildingof an adequateAustrian security force' (pp. ii o-I i). This is to simplifythe situation. Anxiety about securitywas not exclusive to, or even primarilyfelt by, the military.Fearsof indirect communist subversion or direct Soviet action had led politicians to negotiate NATO. Bischof, nevertheless, makes an excellent point: 'Western Cold War scholarship has largely glossed over the fact that the covert rearmament of the Western occupation zones was initiated in 1948, at least two years before West Germany's' (p. I I6). Moreover, the outbreak of the Korean War in June and the strikesin Austriain October I 950 'appeared to be part of an ominous world-wide Communist offensive' (p. 120). 'Austrian treaty diplomacy deteriorated into psychological warfare and propaganda posturing'(pp. 123-24). In the final chapter Bischof emphasizes the importance of the March I953 election ofJulius Raab as Chancellor. I953 also...

Control Technology Transfer: Universities and SMEs - In the Austrian Approach

The government of Austria has recognized approximately 30 years ago the necessity of cooperative research between universities and resercah centers as well as the industry, preferably small and medium seized enterprises (SMEs). Especially in the field of control and automation engineering there was a big gap between these two worlds. Since that time, Austrian governments started several initiatives to close this gap. In this paper a short overview about this action as well as some results are given and briefly discussed

Psychiatry, psychotherapies, and psychology in the Third Reich.

Psychiatry, Psychotherapies, and Psychology in the Third ReichEdith KurzweilEdith KurzweilSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:June 2005https://doi.org/10.1521/prev.88.2.245.17670PDFPDF PLUS ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations AboutReferencesAly , G., Chroust, P., & Pross, C. (1994). Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi medicine and racial hygiene. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google ScholarBrainin , E., & Kaminer, I. (1982). Psychoanalysis and Nationalsocialism. In Lohmann, ed. 1984. Google ScholarBrecht , K. (1988). La psychanalyse sous l'Allemagne nazie. Revue Internationale de la Psychanalyse, 1, 96. Google ScholarBrede , K. (2000). Die Walser-Bubis Debatte. Aggression als Element öffentliche Auseinandersetzung (The Walser-Bubis Debate. Aggression as Element of Public Debate. Psyche3, pp. 1–30. Google ScholarBulletin of the international psycho-analytical association. Report of the sixteenth international congress. A. Freud, ed. (1949) vol. XXX pp. 178–208. Google ScholarCocks , G. (1988). Continuités et développement de la psychanalyse et de la psychotherapie en Allemagne depuis 1939. Revue Internationale de la Psychanalyse, 1, 51–70. Medline, Google ScholarCocks , G. (1992). Repressing, remembering, working through: German psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, and the “missed resistance” in the Third Reich. J. Modern Hist., 64,(Suppl.), 202–216. Google ScholarCremerius , J. (1981). Die Rezeption der Psychoanalyse in der Soziologie, Psychologie und Theologie im Deutschsprachigen Raum bis 1940. The Reception of Psychoanalysis in Sociology, Psychology and Theology in German-speaking areas until 1940. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. Google ScholarDührssen , A. (1994). Ein Jahrhundert Psychoanalytischer Bewegung [One hundred years of the psychoanalytic movement]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Google ScholarFallend , K., Handlbauer, B., Kienreich, W., Reichmayr, J., & Steiner, M. (1985). Psychanalyse bis 1945 [Psychoanalysis until 1945]. In Geschichte der Psychologie im 20 Jahrhundert [History of Psychology in the 20th Century] M. G. Ash, ed., (pp. 113–145). Westdeutscher, Verlag. Google ScholarGeuter , U. (1984). Die Professionalisierung der deutschen Psychologie im Nazionalsozialismus. The Professionalization of German Psychology in National Socialism. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. Google ScholarGoldhagen , D. (1996). Hitler's willing executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Knopf. Google ScholarHuber , W. (1979). Psychoanalyse in Österreich seit 1933. Psychoanalysis in Austria since 1933 Wien: Geyer. Google ScholarJones , E. (1957). The life and work of Sigmund Freud: Volume 3. New York: Basic Books. Google ScholarKurzweil , E. (1989). The Freudians: A comparative perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale. Google ScholarLifton , R.J. (1986). The Nazi doctors medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books. Google ScholarLohmann , H.-M. ed. (1984). Psychoanalyse und Nazionalsozialismus. Beitrëge zar Bearbeitung eines unbewältigten Traumes. Frankfurt: Qumran. Google ScholarMitscherlich , A. (1980). Ein Leben für die Psychoanalyse. Ammerkungen zu meiner Zeit. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. Google ScholarMitscherlich , A., & Mitscherlich-Nielsen, M. (1967). The inability to mourn: Principles of collective behavior. New York: Schocken. Google ScholarMitscherlich , A., & Mielke, F. (1947). Knowledge without Humanity. Medical and Eugenic Errors in Dictatorship, Bureaucracy and War. Wissenschaft ohne Menschlichkeit: Medizinische und Eugenische Irrwege unter Diktatur, Bürokratie und Krieg. Frankfurt G.S. Fischer. Google ScholarMitscherlich-Nielsen , M. (1979). The need to mourn. Psyche, 33:987. Google ScholarReport on the Sixteenth International Psycho-Analytical Congress. (1949). Internat. J. Psycho-Anal., 30:00–00. Google ScholarSchwidder , W. (1959). Neopsychoanalyse (Harald Schultz-Henke). In Frankl-Gebsattel-Scholtz, eds. Handbuch der Neurosenlehre und Psychotherapie: Band III. Spezielle Psychotherapie I [Handbook of Neurology and Psychotherapy: Volume III. Special Psychotherapy I] (pp. 171–220). The special laws for Jews under National Socialsim. Munich: Urban & Schwarzenberg. Google ScholarWalk , J. (1996). Das Sonderrecht für die Juden im N-S Stoat. Heidelberg: Hüthig Fachverlag. Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 88Issue 2Apr 2001 Information© Guilford Publications Inc.PDF download