Austro-Hungarian Research Articles

Construction of the Modern Woman Thinker’s Identity: Valéria Dienes (1879-1987), the Philosopher and Founder of the Art of Movement School and her Contribution to Women’s Emancipation

New spaces had opened for women as intellectuals, artists and thinkers in European societies by the first decades of the 20th century. Women became involved in social modernization. The earlier endeavours of women, both as individuals and as members of organizations, contributed to structural changes and new laws regulating their possible intervention in public life. One of the most significant changes concerned education. Women and young girls could attend secondary school and higher education. The personal history of philosopher Valéria Dines, a multi-faceted intellectual of her time, serves as a unique example of a modern woman thinker. Her work was embodied in the activities and network of progressive thinkers of that era in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and later in Hungary after World War I.. The paper focuses on two aspects of her oeuvre that were directly connected to women’s emancipation, her writings – both correspondence with feminist activists and her journal entries – and the establishment of the school of orchestrics. The study is based on archival sources and her writings.

The Muslim Women’s Question and the Emancipatory Potential of Nafija Sarajlić’s Literary Work in South Slavic and European Context

The birth of modern identity in the field of literature can be found in the topics elaborated by the first Bosnian Muslim woman writer, Nafija Sarajlić (1893-1970). Set at the onset of World War I, in a cultural milieu in which the values of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires intermingled and confronted each other, these topics represented the growth and functioning of the concept of a woman. A comprehensive and emancipatory discourse and the writer’s awareness have been defined in light of the impact of Europeanization and also as essentially deductive content, reflecting the fluidity between self-preservation and destruction as well as rejection by (traditional) society. The author’s work is read through the prism of its correlation to writers from Serbian and Croatian cultural circles, with whom she shared not only a social experience, but also her vocation (teacher), as well as literary descriptions of the resistance to the emancipatory practices that they promoted. Sarajlić established herself as a writer who, in her biography and prose work, bore witness to the processes that accompanied the rise of the Muslim women’s question. This paper’s focus is on the issue of Muslim women’s education at that time, which was not only a crucial question inside the Muslim community, but also a problem that official Austro-Hungarian policies were supposed to address in Bosnia. To that end, an interpretation of the writer’s intimate experiences, as one of the first formally educated teachers, and her exclusion from her profession, her writing and narrative style, as well as her approach to specific motifs, will be examined with regard to how they underscored the modes and avenues for the emancipation of Muslim woman. Despite traditionalisation and patriarchal and clerical processes, which reasserted themselves in the Muslim community, particularly after World War II, it is crucial to emphasize the tremendous importance of Sarajlić’s work. The latter, for all the reasons noted above, with its text and context, functions as a starting point in the real path towards shaping a model of a modern South-Slavic and European Muslim woman.

Formation and development of the ukrainian legislation on criminal responsibility for insulting a military serviceman

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation and development of our country's legislation on criminal responsibility for insulting a military serviceman. The application of the historical method in this case made it possible to investigate the historical conditioning of the criminalization of such a socially dangerous act as an insult to a person in general and an insult to a military serviceman in particular. The studied legal monuments of the following periods: princely period; the period when Ukrainian lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires; the period of the Ukrainian SSR; the period of the independent state of Ukraine before the adoption of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine and the modern period. It is emphasized that the responsibility for an insult accrues a long time in the history of the legislation of our country. It contained norms on responsibility for the insult of any person, as well as for the insult of specifically defined persons: a woman, a mother, a father, a nobleman, etc. The insult was possible both by word and by physical actions. It was determined that for the first time the responsibility for insulting a serviceman was established by the Military Ordinance of Peter the I. The mentioned ordinance recognized only an officer (a special subject) as the subject of an insult. In the future, insult of various persons were criminalized: priests; officials; policemen, military personnel and others. Article 435-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine of 2001 fixed the composition of the insult of a serviceman in this form for the first time. And although disposition of the article causes certain remarks from scientists, practical workers and representatives of civil society, it is an important step in the criminal legal protection of the right of military personnel to professional honor and dignity. The author emphasizes that the criminalization of the insult of a military serviceman meets the conditions of historical conditionality and is timely and necessary. The article also provides author's definitions of the concepts of professional honor and dignity; criminal offense and its forms.

Microstructural Characterization and Magnetic, Dielectric, and Transport Properties of Hydrothermal La2FeCrO6 Double Perovskites.

Double perovskite La2FeCrO6 (LFCO) powders were synthesized via the hydrothermal method, which crystallized in an orthorhombic (Pnma) structure and exhibited a spherical morphology with an average particle size of 900 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of fingerprints of vibrational modes of [FeO6] and [CrO6] octahedra in the powders. The XPS spectra revealed dual oxide states of Fe (Fe2+/Fe3+) and Cr (Cr3+/Cr4+) elements, and the oxygen element appeared as lattice oxygen and defect oxygen, respectively. The LFCO powders exhibited weak ferromagnetic behavior at 5 K with a Curie temperature of 200 K. Their saturation magnetization and coercive field were measured as 0.31 μB/f.u. and 8.0 kOe, respectively. The Griffiths phase was observed between 200 K and 223 K. A butterfly-like magnetoresistance (MR)-magnetic field (H) curve was observed in the LFCO ceramics at 5 K with an MR (5 K, 6 T) value of -4.07%. The temperature dependence of resistivity of the LFCO ceramics demonstrated their semiconducting nature. Electrical transport data were fitted by different conduction models. The dielectric behaviors of the LFCO ceramics exhibited a strong frequency dispersion, and a dielectric abnormality was observed around 260 K. That was ascribed to the jumping of electrons trapped at shallow levels created by oxygen vacancies. The dielectric loss showed relaxation behavior between 160 K and 260 K, which was attributed to the singly ionized oxygen vacancies.

4‐substituted push‐pull quinazoline chromophores with extended π‐conjugated linker

AbstractA series of four push‐pull compounds based on a 4‐phenylquinazoline scaffold were designed. Three of these compounds exhibit dual state emission with intense fluorescence in solution and solid state. Their emission properties are sensible to environement stimuli with intense emission solvatochromism and halochromism. In case of methoxy derivative, both neutral and protonated form are luminescent and white light emission can be observed by controlled partial protonation.

ШКІЛЬНА ОСВІТА ДІТЕЙ-РОМІВ У ЗАКАРПАТТІ: ІСТОРІЯ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТКУ

The Roma population has always been an integral part of the demographic diversity of Transcarpathia. However, representatives of this particular national community are traditionally the least involved in educational processes. Given the rights and opportunities for equal access to education for all citizens, regardless of their nationality, as well as the need to integrate the Roma population into civil society, the problem of involving Roma children in education, which depends on a number of conditions (social, economic, ideological, etc.), is relevant. The issue of "harming" Roma children in Transcarpathia at the state level began to be addressed in the early twentieth century, both through legal regulation and by establishing the first school for Roma children in Uzhhorod in 1926. Purpose: article is devoted to the study of the history of the formation and development of school education of Roma children in Transcarpathia. The methods are content analysis of historical, historical-pedagogical, archival and reference sources on the problem under study; problem-chronological method for studying trends in the development of school education of Roma children in Transcarpathia. Results. The article deals with the historical and pedagogical retrospective of the formation and development of school education of Roma children. For the first time, the question of the need for a settled lifestyle for Roma families arose during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when the Hungarian government issued a decree on the fulfillment of civic duty in the context of protecting the homeland on the eve of World War I and the necessity of registering Roma children, their socialization and prohibition of begging. Later, when the territory of Transcarpathia was part of the Czechoslovak Republic, the Czechoslovak government initiated the issue of involving Roma children of school age in school. In 1923, with the assistance of the Abstract of Schooling of Subcarpathian Rus in Uzhhorod, Roma children began studying in separate classes of the Uzhhorod Ukrainian School. And in 1926, twenty-two Roma children entered the first grade of the newly built Roma school, which is considered the first such educational institution in Eastern Europe. During the Soviet period, the Transcarpathian Roma maintained a secluded lifestyle, moving from one end of the country to the other in search of work, and Roma children were rarely involved in school education (mostly only in primary school). The beginning of the twenty-first century for the Transcarpathian Roma is characterized by the consolidation of actions by the regional authorities, NGOs and representatives of the Roma intelligentsia to solve the educational problems of Roma children and the gradual increase in their coverage of general secondary, vocational and higher education.

ТЕКСТ КРІЗЬ ЧАС: ЧАСOВІДДАЛЕНІ ОРИГІНАЛИ, ЧАСOВІДДАЛЕНІ ПЕРЕКЛАДИ (“SAMSON AGONISTES” ДЖОНА МІЛТОНА ТА ЙОГО ПЕРЕКЛАДИ УКРАЇНСЬКОЮ МОВОЮ ІВАНА ФРАНКА ТА СЛОВАЦЬКОЮ МОВОЮ МАР’ЯНА АНДРІЧИКА)

The paper is dedicated to John Milton’s poem “Samson Agonistes” (published in 1671) and its two translations: the Ukrainian translation was done by Ivan Franko (1912; published in 1913), and the Slovak translation was rendered by Marián Andričík (2022). The translation strategies applied in both target texts illustrate the ways and limits of the reception and perception of common European – sometimes predominantly Christian – poetics among modern readers. Local divergences can contribute to the integral theory of textual recreations in reader-oriented translation strategies. The focus of the paper is on three hypotheses: 1) older translations have poorer quality than newer ones. The time span of a century is usually a period which can cause some linguistic changes turning an actual text into an outdated one; 2) Milton is a product of a monarchical society. Franko, as a citizen of an empire (Austro-Hungarian Empire), could better understand the monarchical expression than Andričík, as a citizen of a republic (Slovak Republic); 3) both Ukrainian and Slovak have similar problems and solutions for dealing with the high-fl own style of Milton’s text. The political dimension of high-fl own style can be traced throughout Milton’s poem: it gives some specifi c but not decisive fl avour to the text. The storyline focus is still on the biblical plot, and its violation can threaten the correct understanding of the poem. Despite the time span between Franko’s publication and today’s reader, this translation does not sound outdated, and it can satisfactorily perform all informative and aesthetic functions. Andričík’s translation is very precise: the brevity of his style impresses, while he manages to keep equilinearity in his translation. Moreover, the use of abstract nouns instead of specifi c high-fl own lexemes can serve as effi cient advice for other translators who have to cope with the lingual asymmetry. Key words: translation theory, equivalence, political vocabulary, cultural norms, biblical phrasing.

Zuhause in der Weltsprache der modernen Poesie

Paul Celan is probably the internationally best-known poet writing in German since World War 2. Coming from the former Romanian province of Bukovina, which had previously been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he was originally regarded with scepticism by German literary critics who attributed the novelty of his work to his exotic Eastern European Jewish origins. This paper argues that after years of fascist isolation the critics initially failed to recognise that Celan’s work, far from being strangely exotic, actually represents mainstream modernity and should be seen in the context of a “World language of modern poetry” as defined by Hans Magnus Enzensberger with his anthology of international poetry Museum der modernen Poesie published in 1960. The anthology, to which Celan contributed with translations of Osip Mandel’štam, proved a landmark in the work of reconnecting West Germany with the international literary scene. The paper emphasises the importance of dialogue in Celan’s work and of his links to the tradition of international modernism.

Dual state emissive tridentate imidazopyridines with applications in acidochromism, metal ions detection, data encryption, and bioimaging

Four novel tridentate scaffolds IP-nTPA (n = 1, 4, 8, and 12), in which 2,6-bis(imidazo [1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)pyridine and alkoxyl-substituted triphenylamine (TPA) are utilized as electron-donor and electron-acceptor, respectively, have been synthesized. Due to the inclusion of flexible alkoxyl chain to suppress π–π stacking in solids, IP-nTPA (n = 1, 4, 8) displayed efficient fluorescence in both solution and solid state. Meanwhile, IP-nTPA demonstrated an obvious solvatochromism with red-shifted emission when increasing solvent polarity, which is associated with the formed intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) states in the donor-acceptor (D-A) architecture. Theoretical calculations and single crystal structure analysis were utilized to interpret the emission behaviors in both solution and solid state. Importantly, IP-4TPA was chosen as the candidate to exhibit reversible acidichromism, metal ions detection, and information security application. Finally, the bioimaging application of IP-nTPA in PC-3 cells was investigated, which showed excellent biocompatibility and cell permeability.

Colonial lessons to learn from Habsburg: Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1878–1918

In 1878, as a consequence of an international Balkan summit in Berlin, Austria–Hungary was given permission to occupy the troubled Ottoman provinces Bosnia and Hercegovina. A gory invasion campaign ensued, followed by four decades of civil administration. Finally, the territories were annexated by the Habsburg Monarchy in 1908 as an appendix of sorts, which almost caused the premature outbreak of a great war in Europe. This article will sketch the background for this last – and lethal – expansion of the empire and pursue the research questions of (a) whether this constitutes a case of colonialism within Europe and (b) what its repercussions were, critically challenging the alleged ‘civilising mission’ that would legitimise the whole undertaking.

Wiktor Schramm’s voice in the discussion on the use of the Josephine cadastre in the study of agriculture and agricultural technology in Galicia in the 18th century (W. Schramm, “Rolnictwo polskie u schyłku XVIII wieku na tle metryk józefińskich,” Poznań

Wiktor Schramm (1885–1958) was a scholar and educator born in Olchowa and living in Poznań. He was a professor at the University of Poznań, its pro-rector, as well as the founder (1919) and head of the Department of Agricultural Economics (initially, Zakład Ekonomii Rolniczej and after 1945 – Katedra). His research interests included agriculture and agricultural economics, accounting, economic history and the organization and methodology of university teaching as well as the natural sciences and ethnography. The article summarizes the current state of knowledge about Schramm’s scholarly activities and presents his hitherto unpublished article as a voice in the discussion of the use of the cadastre, known as the Josephine metric, which was created in the late 18th century in the area of Galicia. It also discusses the metric itself, which is a contemporary source for researching the past and the changes that took place in Galicia from the 18th–21st centuries. Nowadays, the materials produced during the implementation of land surveys in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy of Joseph II are stored at the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv. The article points out the untapped potential of the Josephine metric in the study of such sciences as economic history, historical ethnography, demography, geography, natural sciences and others.

The Educational Themes Published by the Romanian Press in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1868–1914): A Comparative Case Study of the Most Representative Cultural Magazines: Familia, Transilvania, and Luceafărul

Abstract From the second half of the nineteenth century until World War I, the written press was the major channel of communication between the elites and the majority of the population. At the same time, the press was the primary means of an attempt to educate on a broad scale. The present research followed the abovementioned process in the most important magazines published by Romanians in the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1868 to 1914: Familia, Transilvania, and Luceafărul. They were well received by Romanians living in the Kingdom of Romania, generating debates on ideas that helped all Romanians’ social, political, and economic development. This article focuses on the presentation and analysis of educational topics, believing that the studied periodicals had, as a primary purpose, the mentioned aspect. The article begins with a historiographical analysis and a short presentation of the researched magazines, followed by a discussion of the leading educational topics published over time.

W imieniu praw Korony Św. Wacława. Memoriał ks. Václava Štulca do premiera hrabiego Alfreda Józefa Potockiego z 1870 r.

In the name of the rights of the Crown of St Wenceslaus. An 1870 memorandum |by Rev. Václav Štulc to the Prime Minister Alfred Józef Potocki Reverend Václav Štulc, a Czech independence activist, a Polonophile, was pretty familiar with aristocratic elites in Galicia. He maintained particularly close contacts with princes Lubomirski from Przeworsk. After the Austrian Empire had turned into the dualistic Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, he joined the circle of those Czechs who wanted Vienna to acknowledge their aspirations to independence or grant them the status of the third power in the country next to Austria and Hungary. Štulc wrote a sort of a memorandum to Alfred Józef Potocki, the then Prime Minister in the Austrian government, requesting his support for the Czech efforts. In that letter he justified the legitimacy of establishing Austria-Hungary-Bohemia and he warned against Czech separatism which could turn towards Germany or Russia, which could bring about a serious military conflict.

Czynniki spajające więzi państwowe Austro-Węgier przed 1914 r.

The problem of chances of survival of the Austria-Hungarian monarchy had been a topic of thousands of books and articles in many languages and it is difficult to study all of them. The question whether or not the Habsburg monarchy was doomed to dissolute because of nationality tensions still remains inspiring. Researchers still take up new and detailed topics. Basing on their output it is possible to reassess the problem on more general level. The factors of economic development, administrative structure of the dual state, external enemy, bureaucracy, army and dynasty will be taken into consideration. They will show to what extent the cohesion of Austria-Hungary was maintained before 1914.

An Assessment of the Partition and Scramble of Africa and the Effect of Slave Trade in the Continent

The scramble and Partition of African countries began in earnest with the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, and this was the cause of the most of Africa’s borders today. The conference was called by German Chancellor Bismarck to settle how European countries would claim colonial land in Africa and to avoid a war among European nations over African territory. All the major European States were invited to the conference which includes the Germany, France, Great Britain, Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, and Spain were all considered to have a future role in the imperial partition of Africa. The United States was invited because of its interest in Liberia but did not attend the conference because it had no desire to build a colonial empire in Africa. Also invited were Austria–Hungary, Sweden–Norway, Denmark, Italy, Turkey, and Russia who all were considered minor players in the quest for colonizing Africa, though Italy has claim some colonial possessions in Northeast Africa. Most notably there were no Africans present at that conference, nor were any Europeans present to ensure that native Africans had any say in the proceedings. This paper has adopted secondary source of data in the process of data collection. The findings of the paper have revealed that partition in Africa has led to emergence of colonialism, slave trade and other related contemporary imbalance that led to for present African underdevelopment. The paper recommended that African countries needs to be allowed to run its affairs as an independent sovereign countries to manage both their mineral and human resource to compete with every continent of the world interterms of development dynamism and African countries should develop an approach that will help them to fight social menace of poverty, corruption, insecurity and unemployment.

Approximate filtering via discrete dual processes

We consider the task of filtering a dynamic parameter evolving as a diffusion process, given data collected at discrete times from a likelihood which is conjugate to the reversible law of the diffusion, when a generic dual process on a discrete state space is available. Recently, it was shown that duality with respect to a death-like process implies that the filtering distributions are finite mixtures, making exact filtering and smoothing feasible through recursive algorithms with polynomial complexity in the number of observations. Here we provide general results for the case where the dual is a regular jump continuous-time Markov chain on a discrete state space, which typically leads to filtering distribution given by countable mixtures indexed by the dual process state space. We investigate the performance of several approximation strategies on two hidden Markov models driven by Cox–Ingersoll–Ross and Wright–Fisher diffusions, which admit duals of birth-and-death type, and compare them with the available exact strategies based on death-type duals and with bootstrap particle filtering on the diffusion state space as a general benchmark.

Dual states based reinforcement learning for fast MR scan and image reconstruction

Incomplete phase encoding with few phases is an effective under-sampling manner of fast Magnetic Resonance (MR) scan. The key is how to choose important slice-specific phases. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is powerful for sequential decision-making and therefore is feasible for slice-specific phase selection. Existing RL-based methods employ time-consuming reconstruction-oriented Deep Neural Networks (DNN) to generate/transit states from which phase selection and reward computation are performed. The advantage is that the selected phases and the corresponding partial k-space data match the DNN for image reconstruction. The disadvantage lies in the impossibility of deciding/selecting a phase in as short as several milliseconds required in the timings of a typical pulse sequence. To simultaneously keep the matching advantage and avoid the inefficiency disadvantage, we propose a dual-state-based RL framework. A visible Parameter-Free (PF) state obtained by inverse Fast Fourier transform and a hidden DNN state obtained by applying a time-consuming reconstruction-oriented DNN on the visible state are called dual states. Visible states are used as input of phase decision networks and hidden states are used for computing reward to evaluate the decision networks. Because the time-consuming hidden states are merely involved in training process and only efficient visible states are computed in inference process, the proposed method is very efficient. Moreover, we demonstrate that incorporating the phase-indicator vector (containing sequentially selected phases) as an additional input to the transformer used for reconstructing from undersampled MR images can significantly improve image reconstruction accuracy. Experiments on fastMRI dataset demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.

Cities, Networks, and Hierarchies: A Systematic Model of Romanian Novel

This article sets out to observe the manner in which using the city as a narrative scenario can determine the creation of a systemic model of knowledge. Based on Morillo’s theory that urban spaces can be analyzed by observing the interaction between the networks they belong to and the hierarchies they form, eventually becoming “hubs of knowledge,” we try to prove that the Romanian novels of the late nineteenth century and the interwar period are valuable points of reference for sketching a systemic model of the South-East European space. The specificity of Romanian literature, reflecting historical conditions and relations with empires such as the Austro-Hungarian or Ottoman empires, as well as the constitution of labor relations through the transition from rural to accelerated urbanization produces a viable matrix. These aspects can be encountered in the novels of Romanian writers such as Ioan Slavici and Liviu Rebreanu, who reflect the reality of the Transylvanian space and the relations between the communities of Romanians, Germans, Saxons or Swabians, Hungarians and Jews, to Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu, the writer who creates the image of Bucharest as part of the European urban network, even if it is hierarchically subordinate to Paris.

The Image of Austro-Hungary as Depicted in the “Russian Invalid” Newspaper during the Initial Years of World War I (1914–1915)

The article examines and analyzes the portrayal of Austro-Hungary by correspondents of the Russian daily newspaper, “Russian Invalid,” during 1914–1915. This was a period when the Russian Empire was actively engaged in military conflict with the states of the Triple (and later, Quadruple) Alliance on the European front, with Austro-Hungary emerging as one of its primary adversaries on the Eastern Front. Established in February 1813, the “Russian Invalid” was the official print publication of the Military Ministry of the Russian Empire and served as a pivotal source of information on the empire’s foreign policies. This state-run newspaper was financed by the budget of Russia’s Military Ministry. In the early stages of World War I (1914–1915), the “Russian Invalid” correspondents devoted significant attention to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Only Germany, Britain, and France received more coverage in this publication. The majority of the information about Austro-Hungary appeared under sections titled “Military Chronicle,” “Feuilleton,” “War,” “Telegram,” and “Articles.”
 The study concludes that during World War I, the “Russian Invalid,” the daily newspaper of the Military Ministry of the Russian Empire, played a pivotal role in shaping public opinion within the empire. It crafted diverse images of the states involved in the early 20th century’s major military conflict, designating them as either “enemy,” “neutral state,” or “ally.” The Austro-Hungarian Empire was depicted as a nation that had significantly exhausted its economic, military-technical, and human resources in the initial two years of the war. Such depletion was foreseen to not only incite widespread national unrest but also accelerate the empire’s eventual disintegration, an entity long referred to as a “prison of nations.”

Do you feel up when you go up? A pilot study of a virtual reality manic-like mood induction paradigm.

In order to understand the working mechanisms of mania, it is necessary to perform studies during the onset of manic (-like) mood states. However, clinical mania is difficult to examine experimentally. A viable method to study manic mood like states is mood induction, but mood induction tasks thus far show variable effectiveness. In this pilot study, a new paradigm to induce mood through virtual reality (VR) is examined. Both state characteristics, namely changes in emotion, and trait characteristics, such as high and low scores on the hypomanic personality scale (HPS), were measured in 65 students. These students participated in either a neutral VR mood induction or an activating VR mood induction in which excitement, goal directedness, and tension (being aspects of mania) were induced. All participants performed a risk-taking behavioural task, Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). The experimental VR task induced excitement and tension. In participants with higher sensitivity to hypomanic personality (HPS), irritation increased in response to activation whereas it decreased in the low HPS group, and excitement increased more steeply in the low HPS group. There were no effects on the behavioural task. The VR task is effective in inducing relevant state aspects of hypomania and is suitable as a paradigm for future experimental studies. Activation of dual affective states (excitement and tension) is an essential aspect in manic-like mood induction paradigms.