Australian Health Professionals Research Articles

Research priorities for diagnosis, prognosis, and rehabilitation following concussion: results from a national survey of Australian health professionals

Purpose Recently, the Concussion James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership (JLAPSP) (Canada) identified serious research gaps regarding diagnosis, management, and access to effective rehabilitation for concussion/mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Our aim was to determine if the same research priorities are important to Australian health professionals working in the concussion/mTBI field. Materials and methods A survey was distributed via professional networks, social media, professional group listservs, a research project noticeboard, and at conferences. It comprised of 25 of the highest ranked concussion research questions from the JLAPSP. We examined how professionals ranked the research questions and analyzed variation in ranking by clinical role and concussion/mTBI work experience. Results Our sample of 187 participants included medical and allied health professionals. Most participants were occupational therapists (22%), physiotherapists (18%), neuropsychologists (17%), and worked in Victoria (47%), New South Whales (18%), or Queensland (15%) in metropolitan areas. Health professionals ranked three research questions highest: identifying methods to predict prolonged recovery; effectiveness of early referral and treatment by a specialized concussion/mTBI team; and implementation studies on upskilling healthcare workers. Conclusions The research priorities identified can guide research efforts to improve the assessment, management, and rehabilitation of individuals with concussion/mTBI in Australia.

'It's the wild west out there': A qualitative study of the views and preparedness of health professionals in helping young adult e-cigarette users to quit.

Young adults are attempting to quit vaping, with many accessing smoking cessation programs with a lack of reported efficacy, highlighting the need for targeted vaping cessation support. Young people report seeing health professionals as potential sources of support in the quitting process. Additionally, the current changing regulatory landscape around vaping in Australia potentially increases numbers of those seeking health professional help for cessation. However, limited research exists on health professionals' views and preparedness to assist young adults with their vaping cessation; thus, this exploratory study aimed to gain insights into their readiness to support young adults in quitting vaping. Data were gathered via eight co-design workshops (two groups each of two hours duration and six semi-structured interviews of 1 hour duration), facilitated online with 12 health professionals. Data underwent thematic analysis. Health professionals expressed a need for more information in supporting young adults to quit vaping, with them presently relying on informal pathways of support and information for their practice. Participants reported a lack of evidence-based guidelines and a reluctance to prescribe nicotine vapes, expressing conflict with the changing regulatory landscape in Australia. Our findings identify a significant gap in health professional preparedness in supporting vaping cessation. Health professionals are working within a rapidly evolving regulatory environment and are feeling unprepared to address the widely spread issue of vaping, especially among young people. We demonstrate the critical need for guidelines and training of health professionals to enable them to better support young people in quitting vaping. This qualitative study offers unique insights into the views and readiness of Australian health professionals to support young people to quit vaping, specifically in the context of recent regulatory reforms. The results highlight the need for evidence-based guidance and training for health professionals to inform their vaping cessation support practice.

Modifications to Child Restraints for Children With Disabilities – Experiences of Australian Caregivers and Health Professionals

All children travelling in motor vehicles must be properly secured in a size-appropriate child restraint. However, for many children with a disability, standard child restraints are not suitable, and health professionals or caregivers modify restraints. There is however little data characterising these modifications. This study examined the modifications used to assist with the restraint of children aged 0-16 years with additional needs in motor vehicles. Two anonymous online surveys, one for caregivers and one for health professionals on child restraint use and modifications to seating for children with disabilities were undertaken. The quantitative and qualitative data were analysed with descriptive statistics. Eighty-six responses were analysed (40 caregivers and 46 health professionals). The majority (95.7%) of health professionals and 22.5 percent of caregivers reported having used modifications. Additional padding for postural support was the most frequently used modification (47.7% health professionals, 10% caregivers). Specialised harnesses were the most frequently used accessory used by health professionals (47.8%), with cross chest straps most frequently used by the surveyed caregivers (10%). Challenges for children with disabilities using compliant child restraints continue to persist, despite the use of modifications. There is also a lack of evidence on the impact of the modifications on restraint performance, potentially placing children at risk.

Safe Transportation of Children With Disabilities and Medical Conditions in Motor Vehicles: Experiences and Perspectives of Australian Health Professionals and Organisations

Providing safe and accessible transportation for children with disabilities and medical conditions can be challenging and complex, as they are particularly vulnerable during road vehicle transportation. Health professionals and organisations play a vital role in supporting families and other involved individuals to ensure their child is transported safely. To obtain a better understanding of the experiences and perspectives of health professionals and organisations involved in the safe transportation of children with disabilities and medical conditions, a large-scale national survey was undertaken in Australia. A total of 295 responses were obtained from 234 health professionals and 61 organisations. Responses were analysed to explore the experiences, difficulties, and demands related to supporting the provision of safe transportation for these children. Although these key stakeholders believed safe transportation to be an important right, health professionals faced many challenges and had low confidence in their abilities to address the barriers associated with it. The findings suggest that health professionals may benefit from additional training, support, and resources. Organisations need access to evidence-based information to address this transportation topic in their strategies and plans. Without adequate support for health professionals to improve their knowledge and capability in this area, and organisational commitment in their strategies and plans that include the transport needs of children with disabilities and medical conditions, these children and their families will remain at a disproportionate risk of injury and fatality on the roads.

Experiences with neonatal jaundice management in hospitals and the community: interviews with Australian health professionals

IntroductionWorldwide, neonatal jaundice accounts for considerable morbidity and mortality. Although severe adverse outcomes, such as hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus, are uncommon in high-income countries, these outcomes do occur, have enormous lifelong...

Communicating about sexual activity and intimacy after a heart attack: a cross-sectional survey of Australian health professionals.

Sexual activity and intimacy improve quality of life for heart attack survivors. After a heart attack, patients frequently experience sexual dysfunction and anxiety about resuming sexual activity. However, most health professionals do not discuss sex or intimacy with their patients. The aim of this research was to explore the perceptions and practices of Australian health professionals in discussing sexual activity and intimacy with heart attack survivors and the barriers to achieving this. This study employed a cross-sectional study design and online self-administered survey questionnaire. Study participants were a convenience sample of Australian health professionals working with cardiac patients, including general practitioners, cardiologists, cardiac rehabilitation specialists, registered nurses, and allied health professionals. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations to understand the different perspectives of health professional groups and the overall sample. Of 252 respondents, almost all believed discussing sex and intimacy with heart attack survivors was important, yet less than a quarter reported regularly doing so. About three-quarters reported feeling comfortable discussing sex and intimacy with either men or women, with half comfortable to do so with patients from diverse cultures. Barriers included lack of time, privacy, consumer resources, and protocols to guide discussions. This research supports the need for structural changes such as a clinical protocol, longer and more private consultations, staff training, and culturally appropriate patient-oriented resources to support health professionals to guide discussions about sexual activity and intimacy with patients who have had a heart attack.

Experiences of occupational therapy students undertaking an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health module: embedding cultural responsiveness in professional curricula.

Objective Along with other Australian health professionals, occupational therapy students need to understand Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture and health issues to develop their capacity to work effectively with this community and meet accreditation standards. The study aimed to explore the learning experiences of occupational therapy students during a module focused on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' health issues and approaches. Methods A qualitative descriptive method was used. Individual interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analysed thematically following the module. Participants were asked about their prior experience with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, feelings about undertaking the module, difficulties and highlights of the module, and how the module contributed to their learning. Results In all, 18 students participated in interviews. Interview themes were (1) student context of learning about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' heath and culture, (2) experiencing the module with others and (3) student learning gains following the module. Conclusion Students developed in their self-awareness and understanding of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' issues of relevance to occupational therapy. Further research is needed to evaluate educational activities with occupational therapy and other health professional students across Australia, and ongoing culturally responsiveness training for health professionals (post-registration).

Health professionals' practices and perspectives of post-stroke coordinated discharge planning: a national survey.

Background It is best practice for stroke services to coordinate discharge care plans with primary/community care providers to ensure continuity of care. This study aimed to describe health professionals' practices in stroke discharge planning within Australia and the factors influencing whether discharge planning is coordinated between hospital and primary/community care providers. Methods A mixed-methods survey informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework was distributed nationally to stroke health professionals regarding post-stroke discharge planning practices and factors influencing coordinated discharge planning (CDP). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results Data from 42 participants working in hospital-based services were analysed. Participants reported that post-stroke CDP did not consistently occur across care providers. Three themes relating to perceived CDP needs were identified: (1) a need to improve coordination between care providers, (2) service-specific management of the discharge process, and (3) addressing the needs of the stroke survivor and family . The main perceived barriers were the socio-political context and health professionals' beliefs about capabilities . The main perceived facilitators were health professionals' social/professional role and identity, knowledge, and intentions . The organisation domain was perceived as both a barrier and facilitator to CDP. Conclusion Australian health professionals working in hospital-based services believe that CDP promotes optimal outcomes for stroke survivors, but experience implementation challenges. Efforts made by organisations to ensure workplace culture and resources support the CDP process through policies and procedures may improve practice. Tailored implementation strategies need to be designed and tested to address identified barriers.

An automated protocol for assessing career rurality outcomes of Australian health professionals using retrospective data.

Addressing the imbalance of the health workforce between metropolitan and rural areas requires a clear understanding of trends in choices of work location of health care staff. Here, we provide an automated and highly reproducible protocol to examine the location of health care workers over multiple years using medical graduates as a case study. Data linkage cohort study. The study cohort examined was University of Wollongong Medical graduates from 2010 to 2021 who were registered to practice in Australia. The main outcome measure was graduate location of practice in Modified Monash regsions MM1 or MM2-7 across multiple postgraduate years. This protocol used R Markdown. An automated and reproducible protocol was used to analyse choices of work location for the University of Wollongong's medical graduates. Over 90% of graduates were registered with AHPRA. Around 25%-30% of graduates were found to work in MM2-7 regions across their careers, exceeding the national average. The protocol presented allows for a fast and reproducible analysis of work location by region for health care workers. This will allow comparisons of outcomes between universities or health professions.

Availability and accessibility of services to address financial toxicity described by Australian lung cancer patients and healthcare professionals

PurposeAlthough the financial burden and impact of a cancer diagnosis has been widely described in international literature, less understood is the availability and accessibility of services to ameliorate this need. This study reports the experiences of Australian lung cancer patients and health professionals delivering care, regarding factors that exacerbate and mitigate financial stress, and availability and accessibility of services to support people following a cancer diagnosis.MethodsQualitative semi-structured interviews with twenty-three lung cancer patients attending two metropolitan tertiary health services and eleven health professionals delivering care were undertaken during July–August 2021.ResultsNeither health service systematically screened for financial toxicity nor routinely provided information regarding potential financial impacts during consultations. Patients experienced lengthy delays in accessing welfare supports, provoking financial stress and worry. Health professionals reported limited resources and referral services to support patients with financial need; this was especially problematic for patients with lung cancer. They described its psychological impact on patients and their family members or carers and warned of its impact on ability to adhere to treatment.ConclusionAvailable and accessibility of services addressing financial toxicity in Australian lung cancer patients is inadequate. Although financial stress is a common, distressing problem, health professionals feel hampered in their ability to help due to limited service availability. Left unaddressed, financial toxicity can impact treatment adherence, directly influencing health outcomes, and increase risk of poverty, amplifying social inequities. Findings highlight opportunity for actionable interventions like financial consent and routine screening and discussion of financial toxicity across care pathways.

The Essential Network (TEN): engagement and mental health insights from a digital mental health assessment tool for Australian health professionals during COVID-19

BackgroundHealth professionals are at risk of poor mental health outcomes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Essential Network (TEN) is a blended care mental health support service for Australian health professionals, funded by the Australian Federal Department of Health. TEN comprises both digital and face-to-face components. We examined completed digital mental health assessments (Digital Mental Health Check-Up) to understand usage of TEN and the demographics and mental health of users.MethodsA total of 9889 completed assessments from a community sample of help-seeking health professionals who engaged with the Digital Mental Health Check-Up between May 2020 and December 2021 were examined. Users had the option to complete the Distress Questionnaire (DQ-5), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI-16), Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5), as well as provide demographic information on their gender, age, and profession.ResultsUsers were mostly women (85.7%) aged between 25 and 54 (73.7%). Nursing was the most reported profession (32.6%), followed by allied health (27.5%) and doctors (21.9%). Notably, 8.1% of users reported being in medical administration roles. Mental health measures were poor across all measures and professions and worse than would be expected from the general population. Disengagement (92.5%) from burnout and impaired social and occupational functioning (75%) were also notably high. Use of the DQ-5 as a screening tool in the Digital Mental Health Check-Up was confirmed through correlation with clinically significance scoring on all other measures and increased likelihood of opting to complete other optional measures following clinically significant scoring on the DQ-5.ConclusionsThe present study indicates good usage of the TEN digital components among Australian health professionals, with use across all professional categories. While self-selection bias is inherent in the sample, mental health measures were notably poor – particularly for burnout. Such findings highlight the continued need to provide mental health support to health professionals both during and after the eventual resolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to develop better support for health professionals experiencing burnout.

Spokespeople in public health: Important characteristics from the perspective of Australian public health professionals.

Spokespeople play a significant role in communicating public health information yet there is little research understanding the characteristics of those who provide such messaging. One hundred and four health professionals (70% female) recruited through professional association mailing lists in Australia completed a brief online quantitative and qualitative survey. Participants reported characteristics they believed to be important for spokespeople, those that they believed their organisation considered important, and those they thought engendered public trust. Knowledge of public health issues, public speaking skills, and willingness to speak on behalf of the organisation were identified as important characteristics (by at least 70%). Qualitative results showed some participants distinguished between perceived, as well as actual, expertise, and described the potential for public health university programs to include public speaking and communication skills. Participants also identified an individual's role in the organisation was considered important in their organisation's selection of a spokesperson, particularly in relation to seniority and leadership. The study provides an initial description and priority considerations from health professionals about key characteristics of effective spokespeople. Findings suggest possible avenues for training and support for spokespeople and the need for further research regarding the characteristics of who are effective spokespeople. SO WHAT?: Findings suggest possible avenues for training and support for spokespeople and the need for further research regarding the characteristics of who are effective spokespeople.

Frailty knowledge, training and barriers to frailty management: A national cross-sectional survey of health professionals in Australia.

To understand Australian health professionals' perceptions of their knowledge and previous training about frailty, as well as barriers to frailty assessment and management in their practice. A cross-sectional online survey was developed and distributed to health professionals (medical, nursing and allied health) engaged in clinical practice in Australia through convenience and snowball sampling techniques from March to May 2022. The survey consisted of five sections: frailty training and knowledge; confidence in recognising and managing adults with frailty; the importance and relevance of frailty; barriers to assessing and managing frailty in practice; and interest in further frailty training. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics. The survey was taken by 736 health professionals. Less than half of respondents (44%, 321/733) reported receiving any training on frailty, with 14% (105/733) receiving training specifically focussed on frailty. Most respondents (78%, 556/712) reported 'good' or 'fair' understanding of frailty. The majority (64%, 448/694) reported being 'fairly' or 'somewhat' confident with identifying frailty. Almost all respondents (>90%) recognised frailty as having an important impact on outcomes and believed that there are beneficial interventions for frailty. Commonly reported barriers to frailty assessment in practice included 'lack of defined protocol for managing frailty' and 'lack of consensus about which frailty assessment tool to use'. Most respondents (88%, 521/595) were interested in receiving further education on frailty, with a high preference for online training. The findings suggest frailty is important to health professionals in Australia, and there is a need for and interest in further frailty education.

The Experiences of Australian School Mental Health Professionals during COVID-19 Lockdowns.

Young people have emerged as one of the most impacted groups from the COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions to daily activities, with disruptions to schooling, social interactions, and connections. Simultaneously, students' access to school mental health professionals were restricted or modified. The aim of this paper was to identify how school mental health professionals supported and addressed the mental health needs of young people during COVID-19 restrictions in Australia. School mental health professionals were surveyed during the 2020 lockdowns using a questionnaire designed by researchers in the United States of America. The innovations school mental health staff adopted to support students during lockdowns and remote learning were presented, including telehealth services, digital resources, and the online training and support they received/provided. The barriers and facilitators to providing counselling and assessment services during lockdowns were identified, including issues with providing psychometric assessments during remote learning, and ethical concerns when delivering remote counselling to students. Recommendations have been included, which address how school mental health professionals could be supported to assess and treat young people during future pandemics and school restrictions.

Challenges and solutions to cancer-related financial toxicity according to Australian health professionals: qualitative results from a national survey

PurposeTo qualitatively explore Australian healthcare professionals’ perspectives on how to improve the care and management of cancer-related financial toxicity, including relevant practices, services, and unmet needs.MethodsWe invited healthcare professionals (HCP) who currently provide care to people with cancer within their role to complete an online survey, which was distributed via the networks of Australian clinical oncology professional associations/organisations. The survey was developed by the Clinical Oncology Society of Australia’s Financial Toxicity Working Group and contained 12 open-ended items which we analysed using descriptive content analysis and NVivo software.ResultsHCPs (n = 277) believed that identifying and addressing financial concerns within routine cancer care was important and most believed this to be the responsibility of all HCP involved in the patient’s care. However, financial toxicity was viewed as a “blind spot” within a medical model of healthcare, with a lack of services, resources, and training identified as barriers to care. Social workers reported assessment and advocacy were part of their role, but many reported lacking formal training and understanding of financial complexities/laws. HCPs reported positive attitudes towards transparent discussions of costs and actioning cost-reduction strategies within their control, but feelings of helplessness when they perceived no solution was available.ConclusionIdentifying financial needs and providing transparent information about cancer-related costs was viewed as a cross-disciplinary responsibility, however, a lack of training and services limited the provision of support. Increased cancer-specific financial counselling and advocacy, via dedicated roles or developing HCPs’ skills, is urgently needed within the healthcare system.

Spirituality in Australian Health Professional Practice: A Scoping Review and Qualitative Synthesis of Findings.

This study explores how spirituality is integrated into practice across the different Australian health professions. Utilising the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) protocol, six databases were searched, and sixty-seven articles were finally included. To present the findings, a qualitative synthesis was used. 'Meaning' and 'purpose in life' were found to be key to many spirituality definitions. The most frequently reported approach for Australian health professionals (HPs) in asking about client spirituality was using one or two questions within a comprehensive assessment. Major facilitators included a holistic care approach and prior training, whereas a key barrier was a lack of time.

Challenges and strategies to improve the provision of end-of-life cancer care in rural and regional communities: Perspectives from Australian rural health professionals.

To identify challenges and strategies to improve the provision of end-of-life (EOL) cancer care in an underserved rural and regional Australian local health district (LHD) from the perspective of general practitioners (GPs) and specialist clinicians while exploring the benefits of adopting a generalist health care approach to delivering EOL care in rural and regional communities. Rural and regional Australia. General practitioners and palliative care and cancer care specialists (medical and nursing) involved in the provision of EOL care to people with advanced cancer in the rural and regional areas of an Australian LHD. Qualitative descriptive study involving 22 participants in four face-to-face and online focus groups. Thematic analysis of the transcripts identified key issues affecting EOL care for people with advanced cancer in rural and regional areas of the LHD. Four themes including geographical remoteness, system structures, medical management and expertise and training emerged from the focus groups. Key barriers to effective EOL care included insufficient remuneration for GPs and other clinicians (especially home visits), resource limitations, limited community awareness of palliative care and lack of confidence and training of clinicians. Continuity of care was identified as an important facilitator to effective EOL care. Participants suggested greater Medicare rebates for palliative care and home visits, adequate equipment and resources, technology-enabled clinician training and greater rural-based training for specialist PC clinicians may improve the provision of EOL care in regional and rural communities. Rural-based clinicians delivering EOL cancer care appear to be disproportionately affected by geographical challenges including resource and funding limitations. A multi-pronged strategy aimed at greater interdisciplinary collaboration, community awareness and greater resourcing and funding could help to improve the provision of EOL care in underserved rural and remote communities of Australia.

A systems approach to the perceptions of the integration of public health into pharmacy practice: A qualitative study

BackgroundPharmacists, as health professionals, are ideally positioned to support the health and wellbeing of populations, in addition to their role of providing individualised health care. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore current opinion on the contribution of pharmacists to public health and how this may be enhanced to positively impact public health indicators. MethodsA total of 24 pharmacists from Australia, United Kingdom, Canada and the United States of America, and Australian public health professionals and consumers participated in semi-structured interviews between January and October 2021. Interpretive thematic analysis was applied with coding of transcripts using the constant comparison method. Themes were developed and named in accordance with Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development. ResultsPharmacists contribute to public health and have important roles in health education and illness prevention services. Strong enablers in community pharmacy include trust by consumers and ease of accessibility to pharmacists. Pharmacists are viewed as leaders in communities and contribute to the health system broadly in areas such as medication policy and public health organisations.Participants suggested that pharmacist contributions to public health are often unrecognized by the pharmacy profession, health professionals and consumers, and could be developed to allow effective contributions. Strategies to improve pharmacist contributions included clarifying public health-related terminology, increased development of pharmacy roles and reform for community pharmacies to participate in health prevention and promotion services. Integration of public health in pharmacy education, professional development, and recognition of pharmacy roles across all system levels were also identified as important. ConclusionsThe study indicated that pharmacists currently contribute to the improvement of public health. However, development strategies are required for this to be more effective in integrating public health approaches into their professional practice to be recognized for their public health-related roles.

Picky eating in children: Current clinical trends, practices, and observations within the Australian health-care context.

Childhood picky eating occurs when there is limited intake or variety of food and/or unwillingness to try new foods. Within research settings, standardised assessments are used to describe picky eating behaviours in children. However, little is known about assessment practices of occupational therapists. Similarly, occupational therapy interventions for picky eating in the literature focus on; providing strategies for parents, and working with the child on self-feeding skills. Despite this, interventions and strategies utilised by occupational therapists in clinical practice within an Australian health-care context are unknown. This study examines Australian health professionals' observations of picky eating behaviours, the use of childhood picky eating assessments and interventions, and differences between occupational therapists and other professionals. Health professionals (n= 179) were recruited through professional organisations, such as Occupational Therapy Australia. Participants completed an online survey between March and May 2021. Independent variables were reported using descriptive statistics, with logistic regression used to consider differences between occupational therapists and other health professionals. Conventional content analysis was used to analyse responses to open-ended questions. The final sample included 109 eligible participants, with an average of 8.5 years working with picky eaters. Results indicated picky eating behaviours aligned with those reported in the literature. Participants relied on clinical observations and workplace designed assessments. The most common interventions were education, coaching, and the sequential oral sensory approach to feeding. Occupational therapy participants were significantly more likely than other health professional participants to report always using coaching and education. Although few health professionals used standardised or validated assessments, the use of education and coaching by occupational therapists aligned with the literature. Results highlight the need for more rigorous investigation to determine the sensitivity of current assessments to differentiate between clinical and typical picky eating, and the effectiveness of interventions for childhood picky eating.

Predicting burnout in Australian mental health professionals: uncertainty tolerance, impostorism and psychological inflexibility

ABSTRACT Objective A high proportion of mental healthcare professionals experience burnout, which can impair wellbeing, lead to job withdrawal, and negatively impact client care. This study investigated the role of uncertainty tolerance, impostorism and psychological inflexibility in burnout in mental health clinicians. Method The sample consisted of 252 Australian mental health professionals, aged between 23 and 70 years (M = 38.87, SD = 10.65) and comprised primarily of psychologists (71.4.%). Participants completed a cross-sectional survey measuring burnout, dispositional intolerance of uncertainty, client care intolerance of uncertainty, psychological flexibility and impostorism. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to predict burnout. Results The regression model was significant and explained 47% of the variance in burnout. The predictor variables that contributed significantly to the model were dispositional intolerance of uncertainty, client care intolerance of uncertainty and psychological inflexibility. Gender, age, years of experience and impostorism did not contribute significantly to the model. Conclusions Intervention programs that specifically target dispositional intolerance of uncertainty, client care intolerance of uncertainty and psychological inflexibility may offer the potential to decrease burnout in mental health professionals.