Australia Tel Research Articles

Large ruptured isolated common iliac artery aneurysm masquerading as testicular torsion.

Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia Correspondence to Dr Gerard Bray, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia Tel: +61 447222869; e-mail: [email protected] Received 5 November, 2022 Revised 7 December, 2022 Accepted 21 December, 2022

Clinical and Translational Mycology on the southern shores: perspective from the Australia and New Zealand Mycoses Interest Group

Monica A Slavin Department of Infectious Diseases Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre East Melbourne, Vic., Australia The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville, Vic., Australia Tel: +61 3 9656 1599 Fax: +61 3 9656 1185 Email: Monica.Slavin@petermac.org Sharon C-A Chen Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services ICPMR – Pathology West Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia

Pediatric lateral compression hip plate for fracture through an aneurysmal bone cyst in an 8-year-old child

aBlacktown Hospital/Coffs Harbour Base Hospital bJohn Hunter Hospital/Coffs Harbour Base Hospital Financial Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest. Correspondence to: Prasad Jankiram Athreya, MBBS, 30 Coorumbene Court, Bella Vista, NSW 2153, Australia Tel: +61400319559; fax: None; e-mail: [email protected]

Fracture of the lateral femoral condyle through an anterior cruciate ligament graft tunnel

aWagga Base Hospital, NSW, Australia bRoyal Adelaid Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia Financial Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest. Correspondence to Anthony Bradshaw, MBBS, FRAS, Orthopaedic Surgeon, Wagga Base Hospital, NSW, Australia Tel: 014 02 6925 2070; fax: 014 02 6925 2448; e-mail: [email protected]

Clostridium difficile infection in Australia

Niki F Foster School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia Tel: +61 8 6383 4361 Email: niki.foster@uwa.edu.au Thomas V Riley PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia Tel: +61 8 6383 4355 Email: thomas.riley@uwa.edu.au

Challenges, progress and strategies in the search for a cure for HIV

Christina C Chang Department of Infectious Diseases Alfred Hospital and Monash University Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia Centre for Biomedical Research Burnet Institute Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia Sharon R Lewin Department of Infectious Diseases Alfred Hospital and Monash University Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia Centre for Biomedical Research Burnet Institute Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia Tel: +61 3 9076 8491 Fax: +61 3 9076 2431 Email: sharon.lewin@monash.edu

Lupus anticoagulant testing – sometimes mixing is required

aDepartment of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Pathology West, Westmead Hospital bRCPAQAP Haematology, St Leonards, New South Wales cPathology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Correspondence to Dr Emmanuel J. Favaloro, Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia Tel: +612 9845 6618; fax: +612 9689 2331; e-mail: [email protected] Received 23 January, 2013 Revised 24 February, 2013 Accepted 1 March, 2013

Can fish oil supplementation improve endothelial function in asymptomatic offspring of patients with peripheral arterial disease?

Correspondence: J Ian Spark Department of Vascular Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia Tel +618 8204 5445 Fax +618 8204 7106 Email ian.spark@health.sa.gov.au Background: Peripheral arterial disease affects 10%–25% of adults aged .55 years, and while a multitude of risk factors exist, one key influence is genetics. Rather than awaiting the onset of debilitating symptoms, interventions that target high-risk individuals and prevent or delay the onset of symptoms would have widespread impact. The aim of this study is to implement a 12-week fish oil intervention (10 mL/day containing approximately 1.5 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and 1 g of docosahexaenoic acid), with the intention of improving endothelial function, inflammation, and lipid status in a high-risk population, ie, those with impaired endothelial function and a parent with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Methods: This is a parallel-group, double-blind, randomized controlled trial involving administration of fish oil containing either about 1.5 g of docosahexaenoic acid and 1 g of docosahexaenoic acid (intervention) or about 0.15 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and about 0.1 g of docosahexaenoic acid for 12 consecutive weeks (control). The participants are 100 offspring of adults with diagnosed peripheral arterial disease who themselves have an ankle-brachial pressure index $0.9 but impaired endothelial function according to peripheral arterial tonometry. Measures performed at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks include flow-mediated dilatation, Creactive protein, absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 levels, thromboxane and prostacyclin, lipid status, and homocysteine, nitrite, and nitrate levels. Participants will be phoned fortnightly to monitor adherence and side effects, while participants will maintain a diary of fish oil consumption on a daily basis, and fish oil returned will be measured to confirm adherence. Participants will complete validated surveys to determine background diet and physical activity levels. Discussion: This study will examine the effectiveness of a moderate-dose fish oil intervention in reversing endothelial dysfunction in asymptomatic offspring of patients with peripheral arterial disease. It provides the opportunity to delay the progression of peripheral arterial disease using a cheap and readily available dietary supplement that has minimal side effects compared with synthetic vasoactive pharmacological medications.

Neonatal hypertension – a long-term pilot follow-up study

Correspondence: Tejasvi Chaudhari Department of Neonatology, Canberra Hospital, PO Box 11, Woden, 2606, ACT, Australia Tel +61 2 61747565 Fax +61 2 6244 3112 Email tejasvi.chaudhari@act.gov.au Background: Neonatal hypertension occurs in up to 3% of neonates, more commonly in those admitted to neonatal intensive care. The aims of this study were to review renal function and renal volumes in children who had a history of neonatal hypertension. Methods: Children with a history of neonatal hypertension from January 2001 to December 2008 were included in the study during 2011. Blood pressure, weight, height, and body mass index were recorded. Renal ultrasound with 3D volume, urine for electrolytes, albumin, β2 microglobulin, and blood for electrolytes, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, renin, and aldosterone were collected depending on parental consent. Results: Of the 41 neonates with neonatal hypertension, eleven (27%) were included in the study (six died; 24 moved interstate or declined involvement). One child (9%) was still on antihypertensive medication and one was found to be hypertensive on review. This child had small volume kidneys and albuminuria. Three out of nine renal volume measurements were low (33%) and two out of eleven had renal scarring (18%). The six available renin/aldosterone results were normal. Conclusion: This study suggests there are long-term renal and blood pressure implications for neonates with hypertension and ongoing surveillance of blood pressure and renal function should be performed throughout childhood and into early adulthood.

Massively parallel sequencing for the microbiologist

David Warrilow Public Health Virology Forensic and Scientific Services Health Services Support Agency Department of Health PO Box 594, Archerfield Qld 4108, Australia Tel: +61 7 3274 9150 Email: david_warrilow@health.qld.gov.au Richard JN Allcock Lotterywest StateBiomedical Facility: Genomics School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Western Australia Stirling Highway, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia Tel: +61 8 9224 3879 Email: richard.allcock@uwa.edu.au

Designing strategies for the control of coccidiosis in chickens on poultry farms using modern diagnostic tools

Correspondence: Michael Wallach The iThree Institute and the School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia Tel +61 2 9514 4082 Fax +61 2 9514 4026 Email michael.wallach@uts.edu.au Abstract: Coccidiosis is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Eimeria and is a major worldwide problem in the poultry industry today. The current strategies to control the disease still rely heavily on anticoccidial drugs and on the use of shuttle programs to periodically introduce attenuated live parasites onto poultry farms. Recently, because of the improved performance of broiler chickens, farmers are able to raise chickens for market within a period of only 5–6 weeks. This short growth period enables the development of strategies for coccidiosis control either by ensuring an even exposure of chickens to parasites in the litter, inducing immunity against reinfection, or by keeping parasite numbers below a threshold level wherein only subclinical infections will occur. Therefore, the development and use of new diagnostic tools to precisely identify the Eimeria species and strain and to measure the number of oocysts in the feces and litter can be very helpful in predicting exposure and designing strategies for the control of coccidiosis in the field. The purpose of this study was to describe recently developed methods of diagnosis in terms of their sensitivity and usefulness, describe ways in which litter oocyst numbers can be quantitated, and start to develop an analytical tool that can be used for designing strategies for the control of coccidiosis. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction–based assay has been developed that enables the identification of all seven Eimeria species in a single reaction tube. Previous reports have shown it is possible to detect one oocyst using a polymerase chain reaction–based assay; however, other reports have found that under both laboratory and field conditions the minimal level of sensitivity is only 20 oocysts. In addition, the present authors’ studies have found that when using spiked mixed samples, the level of detection of a contaminating Eimeria species is only 5%. Therefore, it is imperative that a new method be developed with a tenfold higher level of sensitivity for field-testing. Once this test is developed and validated, it can be used to monitor the litter and assess the parameters (climate, hygiene, breed of chicken, etc) that govern coccidial outbreaks on farms.

Systematic review of the effectiveness of the Wilbarger protocol with children

Correspondence: Kobie Boshoff University of South Australia, School of Health Sciences, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia Tel +61 8 8302 1089 Fax +61 8 8302 2645 Email kobie.boshoff@unisa.edu.au Background: Sensory processing disorders have an estimated prevalence of 5%–10% in children without disability and 40%–88% in children with disability. A subtype of sensory processing disorder is sensory overresponsivity, which can result in fear, irritability, aggression, or avoidance behaviors in children. The Wilbarger protocol is the most prescriptive program used to treat sensory overresponsivity in children aged 2–12 years. Strong anecdotal evidence suggests that the Wilbarger protocol successfully reduces challenging behavior in children with sensory overresponsivity. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and appraise the existing evidence for the effectiveness of the Wilbarger protocol with children aged 0–18 years. Methods: A systematic review was conducted of the peer-reviewed literature written in English. The electronic databases searched up to April 2012 included CINAHL, Ovid Medline (R), Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, AMED, and the Web of Science. OT Seeker and Google Scholar were searched for missed literature, along with hand-searching of retained articles. Adult studies were excluded. The Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies by McMaster University and the levels of hierarchy from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council were used to appraise the literature. Results: A total of 341 studies were found, and 302 were screened for eligibility after duplicates were removed. Four level IV intervention (case series with pretest/posttest) studies were included for indepth review. All four studies had very small sample sizes, exhibited low methodological quality, differed in outcome measures used, and lacked homogeneity of samples and treatment fidelity. Conclusion: A lack of high quality evidence currently exists to support or refute the use of the Wilbarger protocol with children. While the grade of recommendation, as proposed by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, suggests that the Wilbarger protocol should be applied with caution, emerging evidence from these studies warrants future robust research on this topic. Clinicians are advised to use clear outcome measures when using the Wilbarger protocol with clients.

Controversies in nutrition

aUniversity of South Australia bBaker IDI Heart Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Correspondence to Professor Peter M. Clifton, MD, PhD, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 3/195 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia Tel: +61 884629702; e-mail: [email protected]

Measurement of central aortic pressure

aSt Vincent's Clinic, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia bTokyo Medical University, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan Correspondence to Dr Michael F. O’Rourke, MD, DSc, Suite 810, St Vincent's Clinic, 438 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia Tel: +61 2 8382 6874; fax: +61 2 8382 6875; e-mail: [email protected]

Prehospital resuscitative hysterotomy

aRegistrar bStaff Specialist and Intensive Care Paramedic cSpecial Casualty Access Team, Greater Sydney Area Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, Ambulance Rescue Helicopter – Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Correspondence to Dr Roger Bloomer, MBChB, FRCA, Greater Sydney Area Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, Ambulance Service of New South Wales c/o Ambulance Rescue Helicopter Base, 670 Drover Road, Bankstown Airport, Sydney, NSW 2040, Australia Tel: +61 424435536; fax: +61 297078899; e-mail: [email protected] Received October 28, 2010 Accepted January 24, 2011

Reply to

AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Correspondence to Emilia Prakoso, MD, FRACP, AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, Missenden Road, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia Tel: +61 02 95156111; fax: +61 02 95155182; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received January 20, 2011 Accepted February 6, 2011

Current status of behavioral medicine research and practice in developing countries

aCommunity, Culture and Mental Health Unit, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia bDepartment of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India Correspondence to Professor Mohan Isaac, MD, FRCPsych, FRANZCP, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Level 6, W Block, Fremantle Hospital, 1 Alama Street, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia Tel: +61 8 9431 3474; fax: +61 8 9336 5505; e-mail: [email protected]

Recent advances in understanding the role and use of marine ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular protection

Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research Centres, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia Correspondence to Winthrop Professor Gerald F. Watts, GPO Box X2213, Perth, WA 6847, Australia Tel: +61 8 92240252; fax: +61 8 92240246; e-mail: [email protected]

One-stage vs two-stage cartilage repair: a current review

correspondence: Ming-hao Zheng centre of Orthopaedic Research, school of surgery, University of Western Australia, 35 stirling highway, crawley WA 6009, Perth, Australia Tel +61 8 6488 2807 Fax +61 8 6488 1919 email minghao.zheng@uwa.edu.au Introduction: Articular cartilage has a poor capacity for regeneration if damaged. Various methods have been used to restore the articular surface, improve pain, function, and slow progression to osteoarthritis. Method: A PubMed review was performed on 18 March, 2010. Search terms included “autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI)” and “microfracture” or “mosaicplasty”. The aim of this review was to determine if 1-stage or 2-stage procedures for cartilage repair produced different functional outcomes. Results: The main procedures currently used are ACI and microfracture. Both first-generation ACI and microfracture result in clinical and functional improvement with no significant differences. A significant increase in functional outcome has been observed in second-generation procedures such as Hyalograft C, matrix-induced ACI, and ChondroCelect compared with microfracture. ACI results in a higher percentage of patients with clinical improvement than mosaicplasty; however, these results may take longer to achieve. Conclusion: Clinical and functional improvements have been demonstrated with ACI, microfracture, mosaicplasty, and synthetic cartilage constructs. Heterogeneous products and lack of good-quality randomized-control trials make product comparison difficult. Future developments involve scaffolds, gene therapy, growth factors, and stem cells to create a single-stage procedure that results in hyaline articular cartilage.

Colon cancer in Chile

Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia Correspondence to Dr Elizabeth Milne, MPH, PhD, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Perth 6008, Western Australia Tel: +61 8 94897756; e-mail: [email protected] Received 13 May 2009 Accepted 16 May 2009