Industry In Australia Research Articles

Investigation of risk factors associated with sub-optimal holding survival in southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) in Australia

Southern rock lobster (SRL11SRL – Southern rock lobster., Jasus edwardsii) are caught from the wild waters of southern Australia and form an important commodity economically for the fisheries industry in Australia. Between landing and export, SRL are held in specialised tanks within holding facilities for varying time periods before being exported to China. During the 2015−16 fishing season a lower stock survival rate was reported by some holding facilities when compared to previous fishing seasons. An investigation was undertaken to identify possible causes and favouring factors using a retrospective, single cohort, observational study.A custom questionnaire was built and trialled to collect qualitative and quantitative information on facilities infrastructure and capacity (10 questions), water systems (16 questions), SRL stock and health management (12 questions). Onsite visits and interviews of consenting holding facilities, with active holding operations, were conducted. Facilities were categorised into different capacity and management profiles based on a multivariate factor analysis. The association between facility profiles and perceived sub-optimal survival was then explored using simple logistic regression models.Out of the 83 license holders on record, 63 were in operation at the time of survey and 52 (83%) consented to participate. Perceived sub-optimal survival was reported in 22 (42%) facilities. The capacity, bio-filtration and water management practices across the surveyed facilities was highly variable but did not appear to be associated with survival. However, ‘Intensive holding’ facilities compared to the ‘Extensive holding’ facilities were significantly associated with an increased risk of sub-optimal survival (OR = 7.0, 95% CI: 2.1–26.13, P = 0.002). ‘Intensive holding’ facilities were more likely to hold higher annual tonnage sourced from distant, diverse and higher number of sources, to multiple handle and stock SRL in crates (as opposed to free swimming in tanks), and hold them for longer time periods.Holding practices are highly diverse across the SRL industry with little evidence of impact on survival, however, intensive and large scale holding practices appeared to be at higher risk of sub-optimal survival. A longitudinal and finer scale study is warranted to identify which one(s) of the stock management practices directly impact SRL survival during holding.

How Effective are Strategy Repertoires in the Context of Environmental Dynamism?

How does environmental dynamism influence the performance effect of different combinations of strategies? Moving beyond a predominant isolated treatment of firm-level strategy, we investigate a strategy repertoire consisting of four different strategies that may be simultaneously in play but varying in degree. We argue that repertoires exhibit different patterns based on intensity (absolute magnitude) and focus (relative magnitude). Taking an organizational learning lens, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of repertoire patterns depends on the kind of dynamic environment; exhibiting varying levels of velocity, uncertainty, ambiguity, or complexity. Hypotheses are tested via survey data from 203 firms in different industries in Australia, China, Israel, and U.S.A. Findings show strong moderating effects. Contributions to the strategy literature include providing more insight into performance effects of multiple well-known strategies in varying dynamic environments.

Macadamia Orchard Planting Year and Area Estimation at a National Scale

Accurate estimates of tree crop orchard age and historical crop area are important to develop yield prediction algorithms, and facilitate improving accuracy in ongoing crop forecasts. This is particularly relevant for the increasingly productive macadamia industry in Australia, where knowledge of tree age, as well as total planted area, are important predictors of productivity, and the area devoted to macadamia orchards is rapidly increasing. We developed a technique to aggregate more than 30 years of historical imagery, generate summary tables from the data, and search multiple combinations of parameters to find the most accurate planting year prediction algorithm. This made use of known planting dates of more than 90 macadamia blocks spread across multiple growing regions. The selected algorithm achieved a planting year mean absolute error of 1.7 years. The algorithm was then applied to all macadamia features in east Australia, as defined in an recent Australian tree crops map, to determine the area planted per year and the total cumulative area of macadamia orchards in Australia. The area estimates were refined by improving the resolution of the mapped macadamia features, by removing non-productive areas based on an optimal vegetation index threshold.

Structural analysis of inter-industrial linkages: an application to the Australian construction industry

With the rapid growth in economic and technological development, the linkage of the construction industry with the economy has changed in the past decades, which may have generated corresponding changes in other industries. This study sheds new light on the measurement of structural changes in the inter-industrial linkages of an industry using the Leontief model and the Ghosh model based on the hypothetical extraction method. The Australian national input–output tables provided in the World Input–Output Database are employed as an empirical study exploring the influence of construction linkages on other industries’ production input and output. The results indicate that construction effects have become weaker in relation to promoting economic growth, although the mining and quarrying industry and some service industry activities demonstrate strong and positive backward and forward linkages with the construction industry in Australia. This research provides an approach for measuring corresponding changes in other industries caused by one industry’s inter-industrial changes.

Assessment of Worker Exposure to Occupational Organic Dust in a Hemp Processing Facility.

The cultivation and processing of industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa L., is a developing industry in Australia. Exposure to hemp dust is demonstrated as producing reactive and respiratory health effects, potentially causing permanent lung disease or damage. The aim of this study was to assess the airborne organic dust concentrations generated in an Australian hemp processing facility. Personal sampling, in the breathing zone of exposed workers was undertaken for exposure to respirable dust, along with parallel static sampling for airborne concentrations of inhalable and respirable dust fractions. Both static and personal sampling showed that respirable dust concentrations (mg m-3) exceeded the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) recommended maximum exposure limit of 1 mg m-3 (respirable fraction) for dusts not otherwise specified, with mean exposures (mg m-3) of M = 1.33, standard deviation (SD) = 1.09 (range 0.07-3.67 mg m-3) and M = 4.49, SD = 4.49 (range 0.77-11.08 mg m-3). The results of the investigation indicate that workers in the hemp processing industry are at risk of developing permanent and disabling respiratory disease due to high dust exposure. There is no Australian occupational exposure limit specifically for hemp dust. It is recommended further research is needed and industry-specific guidance material or model code of practice developed to effectively control exposures.

Politics, policy and fixed-line telecommunications provision: Insights from Australia

Over the past 40 years, telecommunications policy worldwide has been dominated by the privatisation of former government-owned firms, the pursuit of increasing competition as well as the delegation of day-to-day operations of industry decision-making and oversight from core governments to autonomous regulators sitting at arms-length from political decision-making. One of the most (apparently) dramatic reversals of this trend has occurred in Australia where the federal government has set up a state-owned company (NBN Co) to fully replace and upgrade the fixed-line infrastructure for voice and broadband communications for the entire country. Some argued that the NBN heralded a reversal of a “failed, neoliberal” deregulation and pro-competition policy agenda in Australia, and a return to “social democratic” values. The NBN has attracted interest as a possible model for other governments looking to fund broadband infrastructure.The NBN Co's network is nearing completion. It has proved disappointing in many ways, with costs escalations, missed deadlines and a downscaling of the original full-fibre footprint to a mixed technology model (MTM). It has also proved politically divisive, with some claiming the MTM changes represent the reassertion of a neoliberal political agenda. In this paper, we trace the evolution of the fixed-line telecommunications industry in Australia from the 1980s to the present along the dimensions of privatisation, deregulation and competition in voice, broadband and policy settings. We find that contrary to popular political rhetoric, the Australian industry reforms have been characterised by only a partial and inconsistent progression towards the international policy objectives. In particular, ongoing government ownership of the incumbent created perverse incentives for both regulatory and industry actors and ensured political involvement in import network investment and operations decisions which in other jurisdictions are delegated to private-sector owners and regulators at arms-length from political influence. We contend that the NBN was not a social democratic response to failed neoliberal policies, nor was the MTM a neoliberal reassertion. Rather, the politicisation of the NBN is a function of the inability to decentralise ownership and control of the industry away from the government. These issues will continue to dominate the Australian debate, as the statutory context requires the privatisation of the NBN within five years of its projected 2021 completion. Extreme caution is warranted for jurisdictions looking to the NBN model for guidance.

Blockchain for trustworthy provenances: A case study in the Australian aquaculture industry

We explore the potential for a blockchain ledger to record supply chain provenances in an inherently trustworthy manner. The use of blockchain in this setting may allow for traceability of products through the supply chain without fear that an item’s provenance is fraudulent or has been tampered with. We compare the desirable properties of a blockchain ledger to those of a traditional database. We also consider challenges to the trustworthiness of a provenance idiosyncratic to the context of supply chains. We present a case study in which we conduct a series of semi-structured interviews with members of the prawn aquaculture industry in Australia. This industry was chosen as it stands to gain from robust provenances due to international competition. We find that blockchain based technology is unlikely to deliver substantial gains to the industry when compared to alternatives. Rather, most gains are likely to arise from the industry becoming digitalized, which would be a precondition for any blockchain technology to be operational.

A Pilot Study of Methods for Evaluating the Effects of Arousal and Emotional Valence on Performance of Racing Greyhounds.

Simple SummaryRacing greyhounds in Australia may have their racing careers ended early if they do not reliably chase the lure. It is not known why greyhounds bred specifically to chase may fail to do so, but possible reasons may be they are overly distressed by the race meet environment, or they get frustrated that they are not able to capture the lure. The current study sought ways to investigate these possibilities by exploring potential indicators of arousal and frustration in greyhounds at race meets across three different racetracks in New South Wales (NSW). Eye temperature offers a non-invasive, objective way to assess arousal. Behaviour thought to indicate arousal was also recorded. Finally, behaviour was recorded at the end of races to seek indications of frustration. Greyhounds that were older and had higher eye temperatures after the race performed worse in their races. Eye temperature before races was affected by the racetrack at which the race meet was held as well as the race number, suggesting some tracks may be more stressful for greyhounds than others, and that kennelling is probably a source of ongoing distress at race meets. Frustration-related behaviours were common at two of the tracks but less common at the third, where toys were available in the catch pen.The racing greyhound industry in Australia has come under scrutiny in recent years due to animal welfare concerns, including wastage where physically sound greyhounds fail to enter or are removed from the racing industry because of poor performance. The reasons why some greyhounds perform poorly in racing are not well understood, but may include insufficient reinforcement for racing or negative affective states in response to the race meet environment. The current study investigated ways to measure affective states of greyhounds (n = 525) at race meets across three racetracks and the factors influencing performance by collecting behavioural and demographic data, and infrared thermographic images of greyhounds’ eyes at race meets. Increasing Eye Temp After had a negative association with performance (n = 290, Effect = −0.173, s.e. = 0.074, p-value = 0.027), as did increasing age (n = 290, Effect = −0.395, s.e. = 0.136, p-value = 0.004). The start box number also had a significant association, with boxes 4, 5 and 7 having an inverse relationship with performance. There was a significant effect of racetrack on mean eye temperatures before and after the race (n = 442, Effect = 1.910, s.e. = 0.274, p-value < 0.001; Effect = 1.595, s.e. = 0.1221, p-value < 0.001 for Gosford and Wentworth respectively), suggesting that some tracks may be inherently more stressful for greyhounds than others. Mean eye temperature before the race increased as the race meet progressed (n = 442, Effect = 0.103, s.e. = 0.002, p-value < 0.001). Behaviours that may indicate frustration in the catching pen were extremely common at two of the tracks but much less common at the third, where toys attached to bungees were used to draw greyhounds into the catching pen.

The discursive (mis)representation of English language proficiency

Abstract International education constitutes a key industry in Australia and international students represent a third of university students at Australian universities. This paper examines the media representation of international students in terms of their English language proficiency. The study applies Critical Discourse Analysis to the multimodal data of an episode of a current affairs TV program, Four Corners, and social media comments made to the episode. Using Social Actor Analysis, the study finds that the responsibility for declining standards at universities is assigned to international students through representations of their language use as problematic. This is supported by the visual representation of international students as different. By systematically mapping out the English-as-a-problem discourse, the paper finds that the media representation of language proficiency and language learning is simplistic and naïve and the social media discussion reinforces this. This further contributes to the discursive exclusion of international students.

Knowledge contribution within the Eyre Peninsula’s fishing industry in Australia

ABSTRACT Knowledge contribution has yielded extensive explanations regarding experts’ ability to share and combine new ideas, information, and knowledge for collective use and benefit. While the notion of knowledge contribution has largely benefited virtual, electronic and online communities and organisations, it is less appropriate in real organisations. This paper explores knowledge contribution within the Eyre Peninsula’s fishing industry in Australia, from a social capital perspective. Qualitative data were obtained from in-depth interviews with 54 value chain actors across the industry. The findings suggest that knowledge contribution is inconceivable without social processes. Formal and informal social processes explain knowledge contribution within the Eyre Peninsula’s fishing industry. A stronger emphasis on informal social processes foster tacit knowledge contribution, while formal social processes enhance explicit knowledge contribution. The paper advances social capital theory by showing that informal and formal social processes can develop relational practices and social structures that foster knowledge combination.

0204 The Impact of Sleep on Well-Being and Diurnal Performance in Elite Australian Football League Athletes

Abstract Introduction The ultimate goal in the sports world is achieving optimal health and continuous high-level performance through an adequate balance of training load and recovery e.g. rehab, nutrition, well being and sleep. Athletes often encounter situations that negatively impact their ability to sleep well, disrupt their biological rhythms and increase mental stress e.g. late competition times, travel and high training load. Therefore, there is a need to increase our understanding of how individual variability could be impacting recovery and performance in elite sports. Methods This study examined the relationships between individual sleep and circadian patterns, well-being and performance variables in Australian Football League (AFL) athletes. Actigraphy combined with daily sleep diaries were used to gather objective sleep data over a period of 14 days. Performance tests were conducted in the morning (between 07:00 - 08:00am) and afternoon (between 14:00 - 15:00) on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 14. Performance measures included a strength test (force plate jump), a skilled based accuracy test (goal kicking) and a reaction time test (psychomotor vigilance task). Results Preliminary results show that sleep and circadian parameters differed significantly between individuals and were correlated with measures of well-being and diurnal performance. Conclusion The Australian Football League (AFL) is one of the largest growing sports industries in Australia and New Zealand with annual revenues reaching a billion dollars. These findings add to the growing literature showing how sleep impacts performance in elite athletes and highlights the need to take sleep and time of day into account. This is of critical importance to the global sports industry, who are constantly seeking marginal gains. Support n/a

Catchment-scale 3D mapping of depth to soil sodicity constraints through combining public and on-farm soil databases – A potential tool for on-farm management

There has been much recent effort in creating digital soil maps across large areas, but these products are rarely used by farmers and those managing the land. This is due to a variety of reasons; few maps represent soil properties of agronomic relevance, the spatial resolution and depth intervals are often too coarse, and there is limited confidence in the quality of the predicted maps. This study attempted to overcome these pitfalls by creating maps of the depth to a soil sodicity constraint across the Namoi River Catchment, a 42,000 km2 area in eastern Australia. The maps were produced at a fine vertical support (1 cm) and horizontal resolution (30 m) using a single random forest model to a depth of 100 cm. Different exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) thresholds of 6%, 10% and 15% were explored to define a constraint. Various publicly available spatial datasets were used as covariates, including satellite imagery, terrain attributes, climate, and geophysical data. The soil data used for modelling were collated from a national soil database, various soil surveys, as well as data collected on case study farms. The model could predict soil ESP across the catchment with a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.56 when tested with 10-fold cross-validation based on whole-profiles. The value of including soil data collected on-farm with regional databases was clearly demonstrated to produce maps for an individual farm, resulting in considerable improvements in model prediction accuracy. The utility of the maps for farm management was assessed by comparing with cotton and grain crop yield maps for individual paddocks on case study farms. The depth to soil sodicity constraint maps proved valuable for understanding yield variability, with constraints shallow in the soil profile generally resulting in lower yields, however, this fluctuated by crop type, and seasonal conditions. Future work should create depth-to-constraint maps for several important soil constraints, which may lead to a better understanding of variation in crop yields. An operational framework where farmers are able to add their own soil data to neighbouring and regional soil databases could have considerable benefits for broadacre agricultural industries in Australia.

Government procurement policy and the establishment of manufacturing: Aircraft industry in Australia, Canada and South Africa 1918–39

The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the different aircraft procurement policies of the Canadian, Australian and South Africa air forces in the formative years of the industry in each country between the world wars. In doing so, it will highlight some of the strengths and weaknesses exhibited by the different approaches taken by the three governments attempting to build up aircraft manufacturing in the inter-war period (1918–39). Before 1938, the Australian and South African governments made no attempt to attract investment by British and American aircraft manufacturers, the opposite of what Canadian Government did; as a result, the industry was less developed in the former two countries when the Second World War broke out.

Greenhouse gas emissions and production cost footprints in Australian gold mines

Australia has a globally significant gold mining sector for which both greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data and production cost data are often available on an individual mine basis. Establishing relationships between GHG emissions and production costs has the potential to shape the future of the gold industry in Australia through greater focus upon cleaner, efficient production. GHG emissions data from Australian gold mines reveal consistent, significant relationships between gold grade and GHG emissions intensity per ounce. Higher gold grades are associated with lower GHG emission intensity per ounce. Differences in both emissions intensity and gold grades exist between open pit mines, underground mines and those operations which source ore from both open pit and underground. Open pit gold mines have the highest GHG emissions intensity but lowest costs. Underground mines have the lowest GHG emissions intensity but costs that are above open pit mines. Australian gold mines exhibit declining gold grades that are predicted to continue over the coming decade. These projected lower gold grades will lead to higher GHG emissions intensities in the absence of other GHG abatement interventions. Significant opportunities exist, to materially reduce GHG emissions at Australian gold mines with interventions underway. Broader adoption of solar and wind energy, changing how underground mines are cooled and the introduction of electric vehicles and mining fleet, especially in underground mines, are key impact areas.

Confirmation of the shell-boring oyster parasite Polydora websteri (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Washington State, USA

Invasions by shell-boring polychaetes such as Polydora websteri Hartman have resulted in the collapse of oyster aquaculture industries in Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii. These worms burrow into bivalve shells, creating unsightly mud blisters that are unappealing to consumers and, when nicked during shucking, release mud and detritus that can foul oyster meats. Recent findings of mud blisters on the shells of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) in Washington State suggest a new spionid polychaete outbreak. To determine the identity of the polychaete causing these blisters, we obtained Pacific oysters from two locations in Puget Sound and examined them for blisters and burrows caused by polychaete worms. Specimens were also obtained from eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) collected in New York for morphological and molecular comparison. We compared polychaete morphology to original descriptions, extracted DNA and sequenced mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase I [mtCOI]) and nuclear (small subunit 18S rRNA [18S rRNA]) genes to determine a species-level molecular identification for these worms. Our data show that Polydora websteri are present in the mud blisters from oysters grown in Puget Sound, constituting the first confirmed record of this species in Washington State. The presence of this notorious invader could threaten the sustainability of oyster aquaculture in Washington, which currently produces more farmed bivalves than any other US state.

Searching for new banana cultivars to overcome production constraints in the Australian subtropics

Growing bananas in the diverse range of climatic and geographic conditions of the Australian subtropics has many challenges. Some of these include long periods of low temperatures, regular strong winds and often lack of irrigation. The presence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 and subtropical race 4 in the subtropics further limits the ability of growers to plant alternative cultivars which have market acceptance in Australia. These challenges result in low overall production and significant impacts on achieving consistent quality throughout the year. Another challenge for subtropical growers is that they must compete in an open market with fruit from tropical regions where growers experience less of these constraints. Nevertheless, subtropical banana production has some advantages over tropical regions, including reduced pest and disease pressure, especially leaf disease, and smaller, sweeter fruit. New opportunities for niche markets are emerging due to the experience of Australian travellers in Africa, Asia and Central and South America where they are exposed to a wide array of local banana cultivars. At the same time, multicultural migration is creating demand for cultivars other than Cavendish. Overcoming the many challenges faced by the subtropical industry in Australia will require the development of new cultivars to improve resilience in the production sector and also to meet the increasing demand for greater consumer choice. Fusarium wilt-resistant dessert and cooking cultivars are under evaluation in the Australian subtropics for suitable agronomic characteristics and favourable prospects in the marketplace.

The state and the extractive industries in Australia: Growth for whose benefit?

This paper contributes to an understanding of the state as a critical political-institutional structure that impacts the growth of extractive industries and their share in national economic activity as well as the distribution of economic rewards from extractive industry development. The paper draws on frameworks which distinguish between a neo-liberal state and a developmental state incorporating human capability goals. The paper shows that in Australia, the neo-liberal state has been highly interventionist in promoting extractive industry growth by forming strong alliances with key resource firms, subsidising mining exploration and providing key capital-intensive infrastructure which has supported the de-risking of mining investment. However, state activism has not sought to deliver a balanced distribution of benefits and costs from resource industry growth, according to an expanded developmental state concept focused on human capability development.

Late planting has great potential to mitigate the effects of future climate change on Australian rain-fed cotton

The rain-fed cotton industry in Australia is vulnerable to climate change due to its high dependence on seasonal climate and summer rainfall. The rain-fed cotton in eastern Australia is increasingly being incorporated into cereal crop rotations due to government regulation of water resources, restricting opportunities for irrigated cotton. The accurate quantification of future climate impacts on exposed cropping systems such as rain-fed cotton is required to identify effective agronomic practices and inform strategic industry planning for the expansion of Australian cotton industry. Our study utilized 32 General Circulation Model (GCMs) for four cotton-growing regions representing the geographic range of cotton production in eastern Australia. We assessed the climate impacts on rain-fed cotton yield for two future periods (2040s and 2080s) under the RCP4.5 (low) and RCP8.5 (high) emissions scenarios employing the processed-based APSIM-Cotton model. Our results showed that current cotton yields varied with planting date, and the magnitude of yield change was consistent with regional climate variations at four locations representing the current geographic distribution of rain-fed cotton production. Means from multi-GCM ensemble showed growth period temperature increased more under RCP8.5 in the longer-term (2080s). Growth period rainfall changes had significantly positive effects on yield at all planting dates over each site. The projected increases in rainfall were more evident at later planting dates for dry sites than early planting dates at wet sites. In addition, we found planting date had the greatest influence on cotton yield at wet sites, while GCMs accounted for a large portion of variation in cotton yield at dry sites. We conclude that later planting has a great potential to increase rain-fed cotton yields. This provides important insights for regional-specific adaptation strategies for the rain-fed cotton industry in eastern Australia.

Content analysis of websites selling alcohol online in Australia.

Online alcohol sales have experienced rapid growth in Australia in recent years, averaging 14% annual growth over the last 5 years. This study aims to provide information about the advertised sales and delivery practices of online alcohol retailers in Australia and the potential implications for alcohol-related harm. A cross-sectional website content analysis of the 65 most visited Australian alcohol delivery websites. Data extracted for content analysis from each of the included websites fell under six broad categories: product range; average prices; promotions and discounting; payment and delivery; age verification methods; and policy statements. Online alcohol retailers offer a variety of alcohol products cheaply, with around 20% selling a 750 mL bottle of wine for under AUD$5. Most (81.5%) offered discounts for purchasing greater quantities and (89.2%) offered visitors an opportunity to sign up to receive discounts and promotions directly via email. Concerningly, 13.8% of websites allowed customers to purchase alcohol using a 'buy now, pay later' scheme such as AfterPay or Zip Pay. Delivery in under two hours was available from 12% of retailers. Most retailers (75.4%) advertised a willingness to leave alcohol unattended at an address. Online alcohol retailers offer a variety of alcohol products cheaply, accompanied by heavy promotions and discounting. Most retailers advertise a willingness to leave alcohol unattended at an address without having verified the purchasers age, which raises concerns about access to minors. Improved regulation of this growing industry in Australia is required. [Colbert S, Thornton L, Richmond R. Content analysis of websites selling alcohol online in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020].

Adoption and Diffusion of Disruptive Technologies: The Case of Additive Manufacturing in Medical Technology Industry in Australia

This paper provides the preliminary findings of a newly granted two-year project investigating the adoption of disruptive technologies, by focusing on the case of additive manufacturing (AM) in the medical technology (MedTech) industry, particularly implant applications. This is done by (I) stakeholder mapping of the industry in Australia. This included members of industry, researchers, academics, regulatory experts and MedTech consultants. (II) Identifying the top four major opportunity areas in which innovation can foster the adoption of AM implants, them being developments in Materials Science, Technology, Business Models, and Regulation & Quality Management. (III) Identifying and discussing the barriers in realizing such opportunity areas in practice, and finally (IV) recommending solutions based on the discussion and understanding of the proposed barriers that are hindering the widespread adoption and diffusion of 3-D printed medical implants. The impact of the project will be to unlock the potential of AM applications in the medical technology, which will benefit potential new entrants to the industry, incumbent firms, health care system, and patients in Australia.