Auroral Research Articles

Douglas Bain, Roderick Paisley, Andrew Simpson and Nikola Tait (eds), Northern Lights: Essays in Private Law in Memory of David Carey Miller

"Douglas Bain, Roderick Paisley, Andrew Simpson and Nikola Tait (eds), Northern Lights: Essays in Private Law in Memory of David Carey Miller." Edinburgh Law Review, 24(3), pp. 445–446

Northern Ontario School of Medicine.

Northern Ontario School of Medicine.

Seismic signals illuminate the northern lights

Seismic signals illuminate the northern lights

Sockeye Silver, Saltchuck Blue by R.H. Vickers & R. Budd

Vickers, Roy Henry, and Robert Budd. Sockeye Silver, Saltchuck Blue. Illustrated by Roy Henry Vickers. Harbour Publishing Co. Ltd., 2019.
 This picture book by Indigenous artist Roy Henry Vickers and author Robert Budd, is designed to teach young children about elements of nature found on the Canadian west coast. Roy Henry Vicker’s beautiful illustrations draw the reader’s attention to the main theme of each page (e.g., whales, sea stars, sunsets, mountains, snow, the northern lights). Each page has its own colour theme and a specific colour is always mentioned (e.g., “yellow salmonberries", “purple sea stars”, “sunset red”). There are textured images allowing children to touch and feel something on every page. The book is printed on thick board pages, making it resistant to wear and tear and easier for young readers to flip through on their own. The colours and illustrations are vivid and are engaging for both children and adults. Most of the vocabulary is appropriate for younger readers, while the more difficult words serve as an opportunity to learn the names of west coast plants and animals, the names of different colours and the use of adjectives. In addition, the book has an abundance of words that start with the letter “s” which makes it a valuable resource for children who need practice producing the “s” sound. This book is recommended for teaching children, as young as two, about nature, and it should be available in school and public libraries.
 Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Stephanie Borle
 Stephanie Borle is a University of Alberta graduate student of Speech-Language Pathology who enjoys working with adults and children. She is particularly interested in working with bilingual children and new immigrants in the area of developmental and acquired language disorders.

In the Sky at Nighttime by L. Deal

Deal, Laura. In the Sky at Nighttime. Iqaluit, NU: Inhabit Media, 2019.
 This illustrated poem shows what a polar village looks like at night and what is in the night sky. In the Arctic, winter nights are long, and it is dark as people go about their daily lives, so many people are familiar with the night sky. Tamara Campeau’s illustrations, each of which fill two facing pages, are in deep blue and purple hues, with the sky prominent in them. The text is overprinted on the artwork. Campeau’s rendering of the village has accurate details. Some of the houses have heating oil tanks outside. Paths to the doors have snow heaped alongside them. Power lines, attached to wooden power poles with insulators and transformers, loop through the village. The yellow light from electric lighting shines out through the windows of the houses. At the beginning of the book Laura Deal describes observable things in the sky: stars, falling snow, northern lights, ravens. Towards the end she becomes more figurative, introducing a mother’s song and dreams swirling in the sky.
 The text is a six verse poem, each verse beginning with the phrase “In the sky at night time.” The structure of the poem is reminiscent of Stephen Eaton Hume’s 1992 picture book, Midnight on the Farm, which also uses six verses, each beginning with a repeating phrase, to describe a nighttime world, however the two landscapes are distinct.
 Because this is an illustrated poem in the form of a picture book, rather than a picture book with text, some of the words are more difficult than one would expect in books for young children. For example, the dreams are “magical and extraordinary.” As a result, this text, simple as it is, will need some explanation. In the Sky at Nighttime is highly recommended for public libraries and elementary school libraries.
 Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Sandy Campbell
 Sandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines. Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.

Influence of the polar light cycle on seasonal dynamics of an Antarctic lake microbial community

BackgroundCold environments dominate the Earth’s biosphere and microbial activity drives ecosystem processes thereby contributing greatly to global biogeochemical cycles. Polar environments differ to all other cold environments by experiencing 24-h sunlight in summer and no sunlight in winter. The Vestfold Hills in East Antarctica contains hundreds of lakes that have evolved from a marine origin only 3000–7000 years ago. Ace Lake is a meromictic (stratified) lake from this region that has been intensively studied since the 1970s. Here, a total of 120 metagenomes representing a seasonal cycle and four summers spanning a 10-year period were analyzed to determine the effects of the polar light cycle on microbial-driven nutrient cycles.ResultsThe lake system is characterized by complex sulfur and hydrogen cycling, especially in the anoxic layers, with multiple mechanisms for the breakdown of biopolymers present throughout the water column. The two most abundant taxa are phototrophs (green sulfur bacteria and cyanobacteria) that are highly influenced by the seasonal availability of sunlight. The extent of the Chlorobium biomass thriving at the interface in summer was captured in underwater video footage. The Chlorobium abundance dropped from up to 83% in summer to 6% in winter and 1% in spring, before rebounding to high levels. Predicted Chlorobium viruses and cyanophage were also abundant, but their levels did not negatively correlate with their hosts.ConclusionOver-wintering expeditions in Antarctica are logistically challenging, meaning insight into winter processes has been inferred from limited data. Here, we found that in contrast to chemolithoautotrophic carbon fixation potential of Southern Ocean Thaumarchaeota, this marine-derived lake evolved a reliance on photosynthesis. While viruses associated with phototrophs also have high seasonal abundance, the negative impact of viral infection on host growth appeared to be limited. The microbial community as a whole appears to have developed a capacity to generate biomass and remineralize nutrients, sufficient to sustain itself between two rounds of sunlight-driven summer-activity. In addition, this unique metagenome dataset provides considerable opportunity for future interrogation of eukaryotes and their viruses, abundant uncharacterized taxa (i.e. dark matter), and for testing hypotheses about endemic species in polar aquatic ecosystems.3rEAa4a8EPvdQSJ1TDqSyzVideo

Jupiter's X-ray aurorae

Abstract Affelia Wibisono and colleagues report on XMM-Newton and Juno observations of Jupiter's magnetosphere and polar aurorae. This won the Rishbeth Prize for best student talk at the MIST session, NAM 2019.

Creating a Gendered Transnational and Multigenerational Trauma Narrative in Márta Mészáros’s Film, Északi fény [‘Aurora Borealis’

In this paper, Schwartz offers a gendered analysis of Mészáros’s most recent feature film [‘Aurora Borealis’]. She argues that the film presents a transnational narrative about repressed traumatic memories as they pertain to sexual and political violence dating back to the early 1950s. The film explores the effects of postmemory (Hirsch) through three generations across Hungary, Austria, Russia (the former Soviet Union), and present-day Spain. With the help of theories of trauma (Herman, Kaplan, Caruth, LaCapra) and through a close reading of the symbols and colors used in the film, Schwartz reflects on the healing potential of narrative recovery together with the role children born as a result of armed conflict can play in rethinking narratives of war and in exploring their own transnational bridge-building potential in the twenty-first century.

Historical aurora borealis catalog for Anatolia and Constantinople (hABcAC) during the Eastern Roman Empire period: implications for past solar activity

Abstract. Herein, Anatolian aurorae are reviewed based on the existing catalogs to establish a relationship between the aurora observations and past solar activity during the Medieval period. For this purpose, historical aurora catalogs for Constantinople and Anatolia are compiled based on the existing catalogs and compared with those in the Middle East region. The available catalogs in the literature are mostly related to the records observed in Europe, Japan, China, Russia, and the Middle East. There is no study dealing only with the historical aurora observations recorded in Anatolia and Constantinople. The data of the catalog show that there is a considerable relationship between the aurora activity and past strong solar activity. High auroral activity around the extreme solar particle storm in 774/775 and the Medieval grand maximum in the 1100s in Anatolia and the Middle East is quite consistent with the past solar variability reported in other scientific literature.

The Evolution of Long‐Duration Cusp Spot Emission During Lobe Reconnection With Respect to Field‐Aligned Currents

AbstractWe track a remarkably bright and persistent auroral cusp spot emission in the high‐latitude Northern Hemisphere polar cap, well inside the main auroral oval, for approximately 11 hr on 16 and 17 June 2012. The auroral emissions are presented in both the Lyman‐α and Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield bands, as observed by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager on board two of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Programme spacecraft, and supported by detections of precipitating particles by the same spacecraft. The auroral observations are accompanied by patterns of field aligned currents, obtained from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment, along with ionospheric convection patterns from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network. These data provide unprecedented coverage of a cusp spot, unusually seen in both electron and proton aurora. The location and movement of the auroral emissions, current systems, and ionospheric convection patterns are extremely distorted under the northward to Y‐component‐dominated interplanetary magnetic field. The cusp spot emission region is associated with the sunward flow region of the ionosphere. Ion dispersion signatures are detected on traversal of the region of brightest proton auroral emissions. Proton‐excited Lyman‐α emissions are most evident following impulses of high solar wind density. The auroral emissions, field‐aligned current patterns, and ionospheric convection are consistent with a model of a compressed magnetosphere under strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field, following an impact of an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection and associated magnetic cloud at the magnetopause, inducing high‐latitude lobe reconnection that progresses increasingly tailward during the presented interval.

Oxygen Atom Escape from the Martian Atmosphere during Proton Auroral Events

We present the model calculation results of the atomic oxygen loss rate from the Martian atmosphere induced by precipitation of high-energy protons and hydrogen atoms (H/H+) from the solar wind plasma. Penetration of energetic protons and hydrogen atoms from the solar wind plasma to the upper atmosphere of Mars at altitudes of 100−250 km is accompanied by the momentum and energy transfer in collisions with the main component, atomic oxygen. This process is considered as atmospheric gas sputtering during proton auroral events, which is accompanied by formation of the suprathermal hydrogen and oxygen atom fluxes escaping from the atmosphere. When calculating the formation rate of suprathermal atoms, the modified Monto Carlo kinetic model was used. This model was earlier developed to analyze the data of the Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) and the Solar Wind Ion Analyzer (SWIA) onboard the Mars Express (MEX) and the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft, respectively. We study the processes of kinetics and transport of hot oxygen atoms in the transition zone (from the thermosphere to the exosphere) of Mars’ upper atmosphere. The kinetic energy distribution functions for suprathermal oxygen atoms were calculated. It has been shown that, during proton auroral events on Mars, the exosphere is populated with a significant number of suprathermal oxygen atoms, the kinetic energy of which reaches the escape energy, 2 eV. In addition to photochemical sources, a hot fraction is formed in the oxygen corona; and a nonthermal flux of atomic oxygen escaping from the Martian atmosphere is produced during proton aurora events. Proton aurorae are sporadic auroral events. Consequently, according to the estimates obtained from the recent MAVEN observations the magnitude of the precipitation-induced escaping flux of hot oxygen atoms may become prevailing over the photochemical sources under conditions of the extreme solar events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections.

Detection of green line emission in the dayside atmosphere of Mars from NOMAD-TGO observations

The oxygen emission at 557.7 nm is a ubiquitous component of the spectrum of the terrestrial polar aurora and the reason for its usual green colour1. It is also observed as a thin layer of glow surrounding the Earth near 90 km altitude in the dayside atmosphere2,3 but it has so far eluded detection in other planets. Here we report dayglow observations of the green line outside the Earth. They have been performed with the Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery ultraviolet and visible spectrometer instrument on board the European Space Agency’s ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Using a special observation mode, scans of the dayside limb provide the altitude distribution of the intensity of the 557.7 nm line and its variability. Two intensity peaks are observed near 80 and 120 km altitude, corresponding to photodissociation of CO2 by solar Lyman α and extreme ultraviolet radiation, respectively. A weaker emission, originating from the same upper level of the oxygen atom, is observed in the near ultraviolet at 297.2 nm. These simultaneous measurements of both oxygen lines make it possible to directly derive a ratio of 16.5 between the visible and ultraviolet emissions, and thereby clarify a controversy between discordant ab initio calculations and atmospheric measurements that has persisted despite multiple efforts. This ratio is considered a standard for measurements connecting the ultraviolet and visible spectral regions. This result has consequences for the study of auroral and airglow processes and for spectral calibration. The oxygen emission at 557.7 nm, responsible for the green colour of auroras on Earth, is present in two layers at 80 and 120 km altitude on the dayside atmosphere of Mars. Simultaneous observations of the oxygen both in this visible line and in the ultraviolet could also constrain the elusive visible/ultraviolet intensity ratio of the auroral emission to a value of 16.5.

SAT0164 MC2-03 (CICLOSPORIN EYEDROPS) IMPROVES TEAR PRODUCTION IN SJÖGREN’S PATIENTS WITH MODERATE-TO-SEVERE KERATITIS: RESULTS FROM A PHASE 2B RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIAL

Background:Sjögren Syndrome (SS) is a multifaceted disease with variable symptoms, but the SS associated keratoconjunctivitis is one of the most frequent disease manifestations of the syndrome and the manifestation that has the greatest impact on the quality of life for these patients.Objectives:To report the clinical efficacy of MC2-03 eyedrops in Sjögren’s patients with moderate-to-severe keratitis from a 6-month trial looking at the Schirmer score which assess the tear production by the lacrimal gland. A Schirmer score of ≤5mm/5 min is one of the criteria used in the 2016 final classification of ACR/EULAR to diagnose Sjögren`s syndrome.Methods:The NORTHERN LIGHTS trial is a randomized, double masked, controlled multicentre European trial that assessed MC2-03 eyedrops (ciclosporin 0.03% and 0.06%) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe dry eye disease in 255 patients having corneal fluorescein staining score 3 or 4 at baseline. The Schirmer score (per 5 min) was assessed during this trial. A total of 66 patients (25.9%) with medical history of Sjögren’s syndrome were randomized in the trial.Results:Demographics and baseline disease characteristics were comparable between treatment arms: mean age 60.4 years, 90.9% were females (n=60) and the mean Schirmer score in the worst eye was ~3mm (2.8mm – 3.2mm, except for the vehicle, mean Schirmer score of 5.5mm).The mean Schirmer score improved rapidly from baseline to month 1 for MC2-03 0.03% eye drops (+2.4mm) reaching statistical significance versus vehicle (-0.5mm, p=0.028) and lubricant therapy (-0.6mm, p=0.020). This improvement was maintained at month 6 where the change was +2.5mm for MC2-03 0.03% eye drops compared to -1.1mm for vehicle (p=0.028). Statistical significance was also achieved at Month 6 comparing the higher strength MC2-03 0.06% eye drops (+2.8mm) to vehicle (-1.1mm, p=0.005) and lubricant alone (-0.5mm, p=0.009).Three in eleven (27.3%) Sjögren`s patients treated with MC2-03 0.03% eye drops improved from a diagnostically low Schirmer ≤5mm at baseline (10/12, 83.3% ≤5mm) to Schirmer >5mm at month 3 and month 6 (6/11, 54.5% ≤5mm), while on the other hand 1 in 14 (7.1%) patients worsened in the vehicle group. A similar response was seen for MC2-03 eye drops 0.06%.For Sjögren´s patients with Schirmer ≤5mm at baseline, a greater proportion of patients improved ≥3mm at month 6 when treated with MC2-03 eye drops 0.03% (44.4%, 4/9) and 0.06% (53.8%, 7/13) compared to vehicle (0%, 0/9) and lubricant (7.7%, 1/12). At month 6, a statistically significantly higher proportion of patients achieved clinically meaningful improvements in both corneal staining (≥2 grades improvement) and Schirmer score (≥3mm/5 min) when treated with MC2-03 0.03% eye drops (45.5%, 5/11) compared to both vehicle (0%, 0/14, p=0.009) and lubricant (0%, 0/15, p= 0.007). A higher number of patients treated with MC2-03 0.06% was observed without statistical significance.Conclusion:MC2-03 eye drops once daily rapidly increased tear production and further improved corneal staining in Sjögren´s patients with moderate to severe keratitis, which both are objectives included as diagnostic criteria for Sjögren’s disease. MC2-03 eye drops were well tolerated with no unexpected safety findings.Disclosure of Interests: :Frederic Gomez Consultant of: MC2 Therapeutics, Morten Præstegaard Employee of: MC2 Therapeutics, Johan Selmer Employee of: MC2 Therapeutics, Jutta Horwath-Winter Consultant of: CromaPharma, Omnivision, MC2 Therapeutics, Speakers bureau: Allergan, Bausch&Lomb, Cromapharma, Ursapharma, Thea, TRB-Chemedica, Santen, Maite Sainz de la Maza: None declared, Steffen Heegaard Consultant of: Sanofi, MC2 Therapeutics, Speakers bureau: Santen, Sanofi, Thea, Leo

Oil firms to invest in Norway CO2 storage

Equinor, Shell, and Total will invest $695 million in a carbon storage project off the coast of Norway. The Northern Lights facility, scheduled to begin operating in 2024, will store 1.5 million me...

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) burden in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (RR-DLBCL) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (RR-NHL).

e20070 Background: CAR T therapy is being investigated as 2nd line therapy in RR-DLBCL. To evaluate its impact on patients’ HRQOL, it is essential to understand the HRQOL of patients receiving current standard of care (SOC) therapy for DLBCL and NHL patients. Methods: A systematic literature review (SLR) of studies reporting HRQOL in RR-DLBCL patients was conducted in March 2019 (updated to include RR-NHL in May 2019) using EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane (all from 2007), Northern Light and International Society for Quality of Life Research abstracts (both from 2017). A targeted literature review (TLR) for untreated or 1st line patients was conducted in July 2019 using PubMed. Search terms included diseases, lines of therapy and patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. Abstracts and publications were screened for eligibility and data were extracted. Results: Of the 977 publications screened for the SLR, 26 met the inclusion criteria. Another 18 studies were included from the TLR. The most commonly used PRO measures were the SF-36 (10 studies), EORTC QLQ-C30 and FACT-Lym (8 studies each). The EORTC QLQ-C30 showed statistically significant or clinically meaningful changes in a greater number of domains (86%) than the FACT-Lym (75%) and SF-36 (62%). Additional results in table. Conclusions: While research is limited, RR-DLBCL patients receiving current SOC therapy report decreases in HRQOL and health utility. Further research is needed on how existing and future therapies may affect HRQOL among RR-DLBCL patients. [Table: see text]

Immune related adverse effects (IRAEs) in patients with cancer who received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): A single center experience from rural Maine.

e19265 Background: ICIs are used for a variety of malignancies and have shown to improve survival, but they are associated with IRAEs. We aim to identify the frequency and severity of new IRAEs and flares of preexisting autoimmune (AI) disorders excluding thyroid disorders in cancer patients treated with ICIs at our institution. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review analysis of all cancer patients who received ICIs: nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab and durvalumab at the Northern Light Cancer Institute from June 2015 to March 2019. We excluded patients who received ipilimumab. We then studied those who developed IRAEs. Results: Out of 465 who received ICIs, 115(24.7%) developed IRAEs. 83 out of 298 (27.9%) nivolumab recipients, 20/121 (15.7%) pembrolizumab recipients, 5/26 (19.2%) atezolizumab and 7/20 (35%) durvalumab recipients developed IRAEs. Some patients had multiple toxicities. Median age at cancer diagnosis was 66 years, evenly split among males and females. Majority (63%) were treated for Lung cancer, followed by melanoma (20%) and genitourinary cancers (12%). Summary of new IRAEs are as noted in the table below. In patients with new IRAEs treatment was held in 29(6%) for a median duration of 7.2 wks. Upon rechallenge with the same ICI in 27 patients, 20(74%) tolerated and 7 did not leading to permanent discontinuation. Majority were treated with steroids and some required immunomodulators. Interestingly 39(8%) patients with underlying AI condition received ICIs. Of these 11(28.2%) developed flares, resulting in permanent discontinuation of drug in 4. The majority tolerated the treatment well. Treatment was permanently discontinued in 70(15%), 26(6%) required hospital admission for IRAEs. Pneumonitis was the most common toxicity necessitating treatment discontinuation and hospital stay. Conclusions: In real world setting the frequency and severity of IRAEs was more than the reported literature data, leading to higher rates of permanent discontinuation of treatment. [Table: see text]

Artist's Statement: Northern Lights


 
 
 Artist's Statement for the cover art of IJPS volume 7, issue 1: Northern Lights, acrylic on watercolor paper.
 
 
 

Evaluation of Two Low-Cost Optical Particle Counters for the Measurement of Ambient Aerosol Scattering Coefficient and Ångström Exponent.

The aerosol scattering coefficient and Ångström exponent (AE) are important parameters in the understanding of aerosol optical properties and aerosol direct effect. These parameters are usually measured by a nephelometer network which is under-represented geographically; however, a rapid growth of air-pollution monitoring, using low-cost particle sensors, may extend observation networks. This paper presents the results of co-located measurements of aerosol optical properties, such as the aerosol scattering coefficient and the scattering AE, using low-cost sensors and using a scientific-grade polar Aurora 4000 nephelometer. A high Pearson correlation coefficient (0.94–0.96) between the low-cost particulate matter (PM) mass concentration and the aerosol scattering coefficient was found. For the PM10 mass concentration, the aerosol scattering coefficient relation is linear for the Dfrobot SEN0177 sensor and non-linear for the Alphasense OPC-N2 device. After regression analyses, both low-cost instruments provided the aerosol scattering coefficient with a similar mean square error difference (RMSE) of about 20 Mm−1, which corresponds to about 27% of the mean aerosol scattering coefficient. The relative uncertainty is independent of the pollution level. In addition, the ratio of aerosol number concentration between different bins showed a significant statistical (95% of confidence level) correlation with the scattering AE. For the SEN0177, the ratio of the particle number in bin 1 (radius of 0.15–0.25 µm) to bin 4 (radius of 1.25–2.5 µm) was a linear function of the scattering AE, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.74. In the case of OPC-N2, the best correlation (r = 0.66) was found for the ratio between bin 1 (radius of 0.19–0.27 µm) and bin 2 (radius of 0.27–0.39 µm). Comparisons of an estimated scattering AE from a low-cost sensor with Aurora 4000 are given with the RMSE of 0.23–0.24, which corresponds to 16–19%. In addition, a three-year (2016–2019) observation by SEN0177 indicates that this sensor can be used to determine an annual cycle as well as a short-term variability.

Chasing the Aurora Borealis

Ihad been sitting in a coffee shop in Reykjavik, Iceland, cycling through my photographs of the aurora borealis from the night before in Njardvik, when a man at the next table struck up a conversation. Recognizing his familial ties to the location in my photographs, he began to share stories that his grandfather told him as a child regarding the often-seen, but still mysterious, northern lights. The story I was told that day, and stories shared with me while visiting northern and remote Indigenous communities in Canada, inspired me to write this paper.

Temporal and Spectral Studies by XMM‐Newton of Jupiter's X‐ray Auroras During a Compression Event

AbstractWe report the temporal and spectral results of the first XMM‐Newton observation of Jupiter's X‐ray auroras during a clear magnetospheric compression event on June 2017 as confirmed by data from the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) instrument onboard Juno. The northern and southern auroras were visible twice and thrice respectively as they rotated in and out of view during the ∼23‐hr (almost 2.5 Jupiter rotations) long XMM‐Newton Jovian‐observing campaign. Previous auroral observations by Chandra and XMM‐Newton have shown that the X‐ray auroras sometimes pulse with a regular period. We applied wavelet and fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) on the auroral light curves to show that, following the compression event, the X‐ray auroras exhibited a recurring 23‐ to 27‐min periodicity that lasted over 12.5 hr (longer than a Jupiter rotation). This periodicity was observed from both the northern and southern auroras, suggesting that the emission from both poles was caused by a shared driver. The soft X‐ray component of the auroras is due to charge exchange processes between precipitating ions and neutrals in Jupiter's atmosphere. We utilized the Atomic Charge Exchange (ACX) spectral package to produce solar wind and iogenic plasma models to fit the auroral spectra in order to identify the origins of these ions. For this observation, the iogenic model gave the best fit, which suggests that the precipitating ions are from iogenic plasma in Jupiter's magnetosphere.