August 23rd Research Articles

Herbert Spencer and Meiji Japan

This pager intends to examine the correspondence between Kaneko Kentaro and Herbert Spencer during Kaneko's stay in London in August 1892. Duncan's “Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer” includes three letters of Spencer to Kaneko dated 21st, 23rd and 26th of August, 1892, and London University Library holds a letter of Kaneko to Spencer dated 24th of August, 1892.In these letters, Spencer gave Kaneko very conservative advices, for example, house holder's suffrage, restriction of the National Assembly's function to the non-coercive advice to the government and to prohibition of the foreigner's rights to hold land, to work mines and to engage the coasting trade. He even declared that Japanese government gave “too large an instalment of freedom.” Though it seems curious that Spencer whose books inspired the people's rights movement gave to the Japanese Statesman such a “conservative advice”, it seems to be possible to imagine that Spencer was influenced by the opinion of Mori Arinori, who was intimate with him as a Japanese minister. Mori's draft of Japanese constitution written in 1884 includes some conservative views which Spencer advised to Kaneko eight years later. This paper aims to prove this estimation by examining Mori's views on constitution. Spencer was not a unconditional liberalist, but a gradualist who believed that a political institutions ought to fit to the each stage of social evolution. It seems possible to believe that when he was told by Mori on the low stage of Japanese social evolution, his conservative advices to Japanese government. naturally followed.This paper also includes an examination of the political thought of Baba Tatsui who as an ardent Spencerian, tried to utilize Spencer's theory of social evolution to support the people's rights movement, and a reference to the comments on Spencer's letters by Lafcadio Hearn, who heartly agreed with Spencer's advices to Kaneko.

Eighth International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste held in Melbourne, Australia, August 23rd–26th, 1983

Eighth International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste held in Melbourne, Australia, August 23rd–26th, 1983

The changing nature of entomological collections: Uses, functions, growth and management

AbstractThe Informal Conference on entomological collections was held in Section 1, of the XVth International Congress of Entomology, Washington, D.C., USA on August 23rd, 1976. Participants discussed various aspects of entomological collections and systematic activities associated with such collections. The speakers represented six countries and a wide spectrum of professional areas. They provided a broader view of the more critical problems facing the world's entomological collections. The functions and uses of entomological collections were reviewed and aspects of computer applications related to the collections discussed. Also, legal and international aspects of the collecting, depository, and exchange of the insect materials were discussed. Dr Elizabeth N. Marke, President of the Entomological Society of Australia explained the events that led to the present Australian legislation on exportation of insect specimens, and pointed out the difficulties of this stringent law and of the effort by the society to repeal the law. This conference agreed to propose a resolution for the Congress on "Scientific Collecting, Exchange and Transfer of the Entomological Specimens" which was drafted by J. C. M. Carvalho, K. C. Kim (Chairman), L. V. Knutson, and C. W. Sabrosky. This resolution, with a minor modification, was passed unanimously by the XVth International Congress of Entomology at the Closing Plenary Session after approval by the Permanent Committee.

びわ湖にＤＯ４％のところがある

When the determinations of the vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen were done in Lake Biwa on August 23rd, 1973, there was found greatly diminished DO as small quantity as 4% in saturation in the bottom water at a depth of 93m off the island of Chikubushima (Table 1, Fig. 2). There was probably present a depression of small area on the bottom. At the two other stations, 85m and 76m deep respectively, east of the above station of 93m deep, oxygen deficiency in the hypolimnion was also observed. The results may indicate a present status of progressed eutrophication in Lake Biwa, which has been known to be in an oligotrophic condition.

Formula omitted] August 12th – August 23rd [formula omitted

formula omitted] August 12th – August 23rd [formula omitted

1963 August 12th – August 23rd Aarhus, Denmark: Summer school on phonons and phonon interactions

1963 August 12th – August 23rd Aarhus, Denmark: Summer school on phonons and phonon interactions

Social behaviour of a colony of the yellow-bellied marmot ( Marmota flaviventris)

The social behaviour of a colony of yellow-bellied marmots was studied from June 18th to August 30th, 1955; July 12th to August 24th, 1956; June 10th to August 23rd, 1957; and June 14th to August 21st, 1961. The colony is located along a river terrace near the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park on the east side of the Snake River slightly south of the junction of the Lewis and Snake Rivers. The home-burrow is where the young are reared, where an animal normally spends the night, and where an animal goes when an alarm call is given. Auxiliary burrows are used temporarily as a place of refuge. The burrows are connected by a trail system that directs the movements of the animals. The distribution of adults and litters indicated a preference for burrows in the central part of the colony. Patterns of home range were of three types, those with no overlap, those with slight overlap and those with major overlap. Animals which utilized the same home range frequently avoided one another. The shape of the home range depended primarily on the nearness of the feeding area. Agonistic behaviour modified both size and shape of home ranges. Some home ranges were larger when the population was more dense or when agonistic behaviour was more frequent. Patterns of home range tended to change during the first two weeks of August when some animals hibernated. Changes in home range from year to year were correlated with changes in the individuals occupying home-burrows. The animals emerged from their burrows at about sunrise. There was a morning peak of activity followed by a midday low with a subsequent second peak of activity in the late afternoon. All the animals entered their burrows by 30 minutes after sunset. Communication between marmots involved the senses of sight, smell, touch, and, most importantly, hearing. The alarm call was given in response to any kind of intrusion into the life of the colony. No particular animal acted as a sentinel. Olfactory communication consisted of the “greeting” in which two animals sniffed each other's cheeks. One or two animals were dominant. Several tended to be submissive to all with which they had contact. Females with young may be aggressive in the vicinity of their home-burrows toward other animals, but may be submissive in other parts of the colony. Other relationships seem best characterized by a kind of neutrality in which each of the two animals avoids the other. Dominance is characterized by independence of action, tail flagging and grooming. Submissiveness is characterized by avoidance of other animals, slinking posture with tail down and submission to being groomed. Territorial behaviour does not seem to occur in the yellow-bellied marmot. Hibernation began in the second week of August. Conflicts and alert calls were less numerous and activity in general greatly decreased. Increased wandering was shown by some adults. It is postulated that agonistic behaviour is one of the factors that limits the number of marmots on a colony site.

TABLES FOR COMPUTING DECIMAL FRACTIONS OF A YEAR

A research worker who concerns himself with exact proportions of a year between, for example, a subject's birthday and the day that subject was measured for mental or physical growth must usually consult both his calendar and his calculator in order to be precise. The Pearl and Miner table (i) is helpful as an alternative procedure, but it does not always yield greater than two-place accuracy. It has been the writer's experience that three-place accuracy is often necessary. The accompanying tables are designed to give exact decimal equivalents of a year to four places between any two dates. In addition to the greater accuracy achieved by these tables, there is another attraction for those who dislike adding and subtracting fractions. All necessary arithmetic is accomplished in Table I with whole numbers-days-and the results are referred to Table 2 for conversion to fractional equivalents of a year. Table I presents each day of a 365-day year in terms of its number within the year (elapsed time since December 31) and in terms of the number of days remaining in the year after that day. To find the number of days elapsed between two dates within a calendar year, it is only necessary to subtract the number of the earlier day from the number of the later. For example, elapsed time between May i6th and August 23rd is found by subtracting 136 from 235, i.e., 99 days. To find elapsed time between days in different years, such as July 15, 1958 and February io, 1961, it is necessary to find the number of days remaining in the year after the first date and add to that number the number of days since December 31st to the second date, allowing of course for any complete years between the two dates. In this example, 169 days remained in 1958 after July i5th; two years and 41 days more had elapsed to the Ioth of February, 1961. So between the first date and the second a total of two years and 21o days had elapsed.

凝結高度の分布と雷の發生

A set of maps representing the topography of condensation level in space and time during the period from the 1st to the 23rd of August, 1938, has been constructed. The materials used in the maps are obtained from surface observations of 70 or more stations. It can be tentatively inferred that thundery conditions will occur if the condensation level of surface air is lower than the level 700 mm Hg. (about 600-700 m height). The set of maps, Fig. 1 and 2, represents the topography over Kyusyu District on the 20th of August at 9h and 12h. It appears reasonable to suppose that the low condensation level was actually responsible for the severe thunderstorm on that day. Fig. 4 represents the topography on the 12th of August at 12h. An examination of Fig. 4 indicates that on that day would not have occured by the ascent of surface air, the condensation below a level of about 700 mm Hg. On that day the thunderstorm actually did not originate over Kyusyu. It is, of course, impossible to draw any definite conclusions from the maps on rainy days. On rainy days, even if conditions of low condensation level appear quite favourable for a thunderstorm, any thunderstorm may not actually happen.

Report on the International Geographical Congress at Warsaw, August 23rd to 31st 1934

Report on the International Geographical Congress at Warsaw, August 23rd to 31st 1934

On the Diurnal Variation of the Distribution of Air Temperature in the town of Ômati and i_??_s Vicinity, Nagano Prefecture

Since I investigated the air temperature difference between the city of Tokyo and its suburb in No. 7, Vol. 7 1931 of this journal, I have been willing to research the diurnal variation of the distribution of air temperature in a certain town and its vicinity. This summer, in my staying at Ômati, Nagano Prefecture, I tried to make the microclimatic observations of air temperatures, driving an authomobile in and around the town and observing air temperatures with the whirling thermometer, which was sheltered with plated metal for the purpose of preventing from the direct sunshine. The town of Ômati (some 720m above the sea) is situated at the eastern foot of the Japanese Northern Alps, rising to the sky in the northwestern border of Nagano Prefecture, and this town has its population of about ten thousands. Fig. 3 and 4 show the distributions of air temperatures at 5 a.m. and at 2 p.m. of August 22nd, 1931 respectively aud Fig. 5 represents that 11 p.m. of August 23rd, 1931. Fig. 6 is the map, showing the distribution of the isotherms of the equal ranges, comparing the temperatures of 5 a.m. with that of 2 p.m. of the day, August 22nd, 1931. From these maps we can understand that the cultural landscape has much to do with forming the microclimate as well as the natural landscape. The effect of the distribution of air temperature in such a restricted district may be unnecessary to the study in pure meteorology, but I believe that this kind of research is absolutely necessary from the agricultural and hygienic points of view.

Looking Back.: FROM THE LANCET, SATURDAY, August 23rd, 1828

Looking Back.: FROM THE LANCET, SATURDAY, August 23rd, 1828

REMARKS ON PSOROPHORA CILIATA, WITH NOTES ON ITS EARLY STAGES

Psorophora ciliata, Fabr., is the only species of the genus Psorophora known to occur in the United States. It is a widespread species and is known to the writer to occur in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Vilginia, Kentucky, Illinois, Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas, Nebraska, Texas and California. It is, however, rare in its northern range and seems to be a lower austral form. It may have a tropical range, but among many mosquitoes received by the writer during the past year from Mexico, Nicaragua and Cuba, this species does not occur. In his “Notes on the Mosquitoes of the United States” (Bulletin 25, New Series, Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture), published August 23rd, 1900, the writer calls attention to the fact that Psorophora and Megarhinus have not been studied by investigators engaged in working upon the transfer of Haematamoebæ by mosquitoes, and urges that physicians and bacteriologists in our Southern States pay some attention to the mosquitoes of these genera.

The British Association

SOUTHAMPTON is to have the honour this year (as no doubt most of our readers are already aware) of receiving the British Association for the Advancement of Science during its fifty second Annual Meeting, which will take place between the 23rd of August and the 1st of September. The selection of Southampton for this purpose is happy in many respects. The town has a history, and is in itself attractive. It is near the sea, it is well-built, it has beautiful surroundings; its Public Parks and its Common are no mean objects of interest, it has superior hotel, boarding and lodging accommodation, and, above all, it is excellently supplied, as we shall see below, with Public and other Buildings in which to hold the General and Sectional Meetings of the Association.

On the character of the storm of the 21st–23rd of August, 1868, over the British Isles

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological SocietyVolume 1, Issue 6 p. 168-170 Article On the character of the storm of the 21st–23rd of August, 1868, over the British Isles Captain T. O. Watson, Captain T. O. WatsonSearch for more papers by this authorR. H. Scott F.R.S., R. H. Scott F.R.S.Search for more papers by this author Captain T. O. Watson, Captain T. O. WatsonSearch for more papers by this authorR. H. Scott F.R.S., R. H. Scott F.R.S.Search for more papers by this author First published: 1873 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4970010609AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume1, Issue61873Pages 168-170 RelatedInformation

On the means of facilitating the observation of distant stations in geodætical operations

In consequence of the Report of a Select Committee of the House of Commons in June 1824, it was resolved that a new survey of Ireland should be undertaken; and the author was directed by Colonel Colby to consider the most effective means of rendering distant stations observable in the prevalent hazy state of that country. After adverting to some of the usual means resorted to in such cases, and showing their inefficiency for his present purpose, and after noticing some unsatisfactory trials of brilliant pyrotechnical preparations, and of the combustion of phosphorus in oxygen gas, the author attempted applying to the purpose in view the brilliant light emanating from intensely heated quicklime. To obtain the requisite temperature, he passed a stream of oxygen through the flame of alcohol; and this jet being directed upon a small spherical piece of quicklime placed in the focus of a proper reflector, the light which it emitted was found to have 83 times the intensity of the brightest part of the flame of an Argand burner. Other substances, such as zirconia, magnesia, and oxide of zinc, were tried as substitutes, but were found very inferior as sources of light, when ignited, to quicklime from chalk, which moreover admits of being conveniently turned in a lathe into focal balls of any requisite dimensions. Mr. Drummond proceeds to detail the necessary application of this system to a case of considerable difficulty that occurred at the end of last season. Slieve Snaght, the highest hill of Innishowen (2100 feet), and 15 miles North of Londonderry, forms an important point in the triangulation connecting the North of Ireland with the Western Isles of Scotland. On the 23rd of August a conspicuous object was placed upon its summit, that it might be observed from Divvis Hill, near Belfast; but till the 26th of October it remained so enveloped in fog, as to frustrate all efforts at observation, the distance between the stations being 661/2 miles. On the 27th of October the author proceeded to the hill; and after some delay from tempestuous weather, brought the new instrument into use, which was brilliantly visible at the other station, and thus successfully terminated the observations.