Augmented Reality Services Research Articles

Integrating AR services for the masses: geotagged POI transformation platform

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose the platform for effective transformation of points of interests (POIs) into augmented reality (AR), specifically into the three major software tools – Junaio, Layar and Wikitude. The objective is to facilitate the creation of POIs for common users of these programs and, thus, encourage the general public to participate in the formation of a new concept of applications using AR and location-based services. Design/methodology/approach The subject of this study was analysis of methods used for POI dynamisation under the context of location-based services. This paper suggests methodology based on database format transformation. It is focused on the creation of platform for automated geotagged POI transformation into AR. Findings The research results in prototype of online platform which is capable to automatically transform geotagged POI to three major AR applications. It discusses also the model implementation of this platform in Czech national tourist authority. Research limitations/implications The paper presents a proof-of-concept of dynamisation and transformation of an unspecified number of POIs stored in a simple table database and their transformation into the AR. Practical implications Services of AR are brought for the masses to effectively dynamise tourist information. Social implications Results could make the process of multimedialising data (POIs) more suitable for masses. Originality/value This paper presents a proof-of-concept of dynamisation and transformation of an unspecified number of POIs stored in a simple table database and their transfer into the three major AR applications.

Fast and automatic city-scale environment modelling using hard and/or weak constrained bundle adjustments

To provide high-quality augmented reality service in a car navigation system, accurate 6 degrees of freedom (DoF) localization is required. To ensure such accuracy, most current vision-based solutions rely on an off-line large-scale modelling of the environment. Nevertheless, while existing solutions to model the environment require expensive equipments and/or a prohibitive computation time, we propose in this paper a complete framework that automatically builds an accurate large-scale database of landmarks using only a standard camera, a low-cost global positioning system (GPS) and a geographic information system (GIS). As illustrated in the experiments, only few minutes are required to model large-scale environments. The resulting databases can then be used by an on-line localization algorithm to ensure high-quality augmented reality experiences.

Adaptive Cloud Offloading of Augmented Reality Applications on Smart Devices for Minimum Energy Consumption

The accuracy of an augmented reality (AR) application is highly dependent on the resolution of the object’s image and the device’s computational processing capability. Naturally, a mobile smart device equipped with a high-resolution camera becomes the best platform for portable AR services. AR applications require significant energy consumption and very fast response time, which are big burdens to the smart device. However, there are very few ways to overcome these burdens. Computation offloading via mobile cloud computing has the potential to provide energy savings and enhance the performance of applications executed on smart devices. Therefore, in this paper, adaptive mobile computation offloading of mobile AR applications is considered in order to determine optimal offloading points that satisfy the required quality of experience (QoE) while consuming minimum energy of the smart device. AR feature extraction based on SURF algorithm is partitioned into sub-stages in order to determine the optimal AR cloud computational offloading point based on conditions of the smart device, wireless and wired networks, and AR service cloud servers. Tradeoffs in energy savings and processing time are explored also taking network congestion and server load conditions into account.

IBeacon을 이용한 스마트 디바이스 분실 방지 시스템

Todays, the rapid technical progress of smart device has been used for various social (wall-fare) services in our lives. Especially, most of these services are based on the Local-based Services (LBS) and this technology is getting popular more and more compared with before. Basically, LBS is able to support various types of geographical services such as vehicles’ navigation services, Augmented reality services as using extensional local information such as GPS. However, LBS has serious mathematical vulnerability on the services frequently because of its miscalculated GPS data under interior and ambiguous geographical environment such like shadowed area. So, to overcome this limitation, iBeacon, which would be able to mitigate LBS miscalculation process, has been proposed recently among network experts. Compared with other wireless technologies, iBeacon is able to determine the accurate geographical data of certain local positions easily because it is not only designed based on low-powered data transmitting technology, but also, it can be much easy to be deployed. As users’ dependency of smart devices are getting higher and higher and the use of smart device is also getting complex more and more, the users prefer to use various types of smart devices at one time. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the loss prevention system that is able to interwork smart devices networks as using iBeacon technology for users’ better conveniences. ☞ keyword : Smart Device, Loss Prevention, iBeacon, Android

증강방송 메타데이터 설계 및 검증용 테스트 베드 시스템 구현

>? @A BCDEFD'.?@ G HIA#4J@K.LM N?OPQRIA@K.2STU?VWX'LJ4YZ[#$%&' ?Y\VW]. M N'CDEMN ]^Z_?`a#@K.L Y A&Ib@)cI]. dTVefg hieTV jklm, .n/TVkeo?pqrMN Cs/tuvwv x'., lTH.n/TV yzT{'se|}~#ecu€‚'HI]. 'LcYƒYZ[Y\#$%&' L()Y„ †, #$%&' A#9‡*2ˆ, #‰Š‹, 8Œ8|€Ž]. #$%&' e+€[Y\$%&' ‘@’, #@’, lTH“ ”kuGA+,-./012.3€4Y„]. AbstractIn this paper we introduce augmented broadcasting service scenarios which combines augmented reality service with broadcasting environment. As the broadcasting environment is different from mobile service environment, there are many restrictions in developing full AR services in TV. However TV has strong benefit of large screen, high quality contents, advanced user interface for motion and voice, and smart TV applications, which means that they will enhance the possibility of success for augmented broadcasting service. This paper proposes metadata structure containing information for augmentation region, time, augmented contents, and registration information for natural composition. We also implemented test bed system comprised of authoring server, broadcasting server, and user terminal for verifying metadata in broadcasting system.Keyword : Augmented Broadcasting, Metadata, Augmented Reality

Using Augmented Reality Tools to Enhance Children’s Library Services

Augmented reality (AR) has been used and documented for a variety of commercial and educational purposes, and the proliferation of mobile devices has increased the average person’s access to AR systems and tools. However, little research has been done in the area of using AR to supplement traditional library services, specifically for patrons aged six to ten with access to mobile devices. This examination of the current state of AR technologies and accompanying use case examples posits that integrating augmented reality services into a children’s library (school and/or public) can enhance reader’s advisory and reference services where library staffing or time is insufficient to meet the needs of the patrons. In addition, the possibility of integrating an indoor positioning system is discussed as a method for fully implementing augmented reality services/tools to serve the interior navigational needs of young library patrons.

The research of transmedia strategy 2F as the concept of convergence -Focused on augmented reality service-

The research of transmedia strategy 2F as the concept of convergence -Focused on augmented reality service-

Design and Implementation for Interactive Augmented Broadcasting System

In a typical augmented reality (AR), users can rotate, resize, or move AR objects, usually in application programs on handheld devices. In addition, users can instruct them to do an animation. Moreover, various types of application programs are provided and various ways of interactions are tried out for more natural user experience. On the other hand, in regular TV, an AR-applied TV program may be a composite video of original video and AR objects, which was already processed by the transmit side of broadcasting system and thus the TV viewer cannot influence the representation of TV program. Thus, until now, it can be said that an authentic AR service on TV broadcasting is not practically provided. In this paper, a new alternative paradigm of AR service in TV broadcasting is introduced. To provide an interactive AR experience to the viewer, first of all, we propose that the place where the original video and the augmented objects are composited needs to be moved from the transmit side to the TV terminal. Therefore, all augmented objects should be graphically rendered on the TV terminal. Considering the prerequisite, we propose an augmented broadcasting service system based on a hybrid framework that combines the conventional TV broadcasting and the broadband Internet. In the proposed system, the augmented objects are downloaded and rendered in compliance with instructions described in a metadata. The metadata includes the time information to synchronize the representation of the original video images and the rendered augmented-object images. And the metadata is delivered in compliance with MPEG-2 system. Inevitably, the architecture of the MPEG-2 transmission stream multiplexer should be slightly modified to insert the time information for the synchronously compositing. The metadata should be packetized in compliance with the MPEG-2 system. So, we propose a packetized elementary stream format for the metadata. Additionally, we propose an interaction mechanism using a second-screen device that supports touch-screen capability. With second-screen devices, TV viewers can manipulate the augmented objects displayed on TV screen. Moreover, a lot of additive contents synchronized or correlated to TV programs can be automatically popped up on the screen of second-screen device.

Provisioning of Context-Aware Augmented Reality Services Using MPEG-4 BIFS

Since its introduction in the late 90’s, Augmented Reality (AR) has emerged as a killer service in various domains. In contrast to conventional monolithic AR services that do not consider individual user contexts, AR services are currently evolving into their next phase. Two important requirements for next generation AR services include a personalized contextaware presentation of AR information and the provisioning of an enhanced user experience in a more realistic manner. Therefore, in this paper, we present methods for supporting such functionalities using the Binary Format for Scenes (BIFS) technology standardized by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG).

A Fundamental Study for Designing Digital Engagement with Mobile Augmented Reality

Since its significant expansion of smart phone in the late 2000s, digital devices are shifting media environment. Within next five years, users using AR are estimated to grow 10 times than the current, and present major contributors will be moved from North American and Europe to Asia-Pacific. At this point, this research aims to investigate the current situation of Augmented Reality (AR), see the potential framework more in education for non-familiar user with digital device, and discuss possible design attributes in the area. Offering intuitive and rich interactive experience, AR is able to aid users to achieve educational goal with ease. However, current AR applications are designed for smart users who are familiar with digital technology. This research notes that the intuitiveness offered by AR can attract users who are non-familiar with digital devices and easily lead them to more various opportunities. In this sense, this research argues the effective educational aspect of AR technology for non-familiar users with digital device and current AR services need to re-target its users. For this purpose, this research investigates current situation and trends of AR applications, categorizes existed representative cases as its characteristics. Under the study and focus group interview with users who are strongly familiar with digital technology including AR, this research discusses its pros and cons of AR trying to reveal the reason why current applications are in static or declined use. Through this, the research states demanding of re-position of AR and the potential attributes in design realm for future study.

Augmented reality services

We assume that one of the key reasons is in the difference between a standalone application and a web service. Both architectures have some advantages and disadvantages. The Standalone application (e.g. Nokia/OVI Maps) provides the required functionality. From the user point of view, main asset of this “offline” approach is network connectivity independence. However, this kind of applications must be upgraded manually. Moreover, it is hard to get any data about the application usage because it requires additional actions from the user – data are usually acquired through conventional ways, such as email or web forms.The online service such as Google Maps (including its mobile application) can offer the same functionality as the offline application. Nevertheless, a permanent connection to provider servers is necessary. This can be taken as a drawback. On the other hand, usage data collection is easier and can be done without the user intervention. The data collection provides a valuable analysis basis of the user habits and needs. This analysis is necessary for design of a complex “user” based solutions such as Google Now.Augmented reality applications are usually based on the first mentioned approach. In this article, we describe our model of augmented reality as a service and compare its features with standalone solutions. Further, other important key aspects for large emergence of augmented reality services in a mainstream market are discussed.

모바일 AR에서 효율적인 연속 공간 질의를 위한 프리패칭 기법

최근 모바일 장치의 성능이 가속화됨으로써, 고성능 연산처리 기능을 요구하는 기술들을 이용한 다양한 컨텐츠들이 생산되고 있다. 이동하는 사용자가 자신의 위치를 기반으로 여러 정보를 검색하는 이동정보 서비스들이 증강현실 서비스와 결합하여 많은 서비스들이 생산되고 있다. 이동정보 서비스는 사용자가 새로운 위치로 이동했을 때 정보를 새로이 알아야하는 특성이 있다. 이러한 이동정보 서비스의 특성은 사용자가 위치를 변경하고 새로운 검색을 하였을 때 많은 통신횟수를 요구한다. 이 단점을 보완하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 속도 및 시야각 기반 프리패칭 기법을 제안한다. 기존의 프리패칭 기법은 사용자의 이동 속도와 이동 방향을 고려를 하여 다음 위치에 대한 검색을 하였다. AR에서 화면에 보이는 데이터는 모바일 장치의 시야각에 제한을 받는다는 특징이 있다. 이러한 특징 때문에 기존의 프리패칭 기법은 실제 필요한 데이터보다 훨씬 더 많은 데이터를 검색한다는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 모바일 장치의 시야각을 이용하는 AR에서 더 효율적인 검색 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법은 사용자의 속도, 방향, 시야각을 이용하여 필요 없는 공간에 대한 검색을 줄여준다. 줄어든 검색 범위만큼 검색되는 데이터가 더 작아지기 때문에 검색의 효율 또한 기존의 방법들 보다 우수하다. Recently various contents have been produced using the techniques that require high-performance computing process. A lot of services have been being producted as AR(Augmented Reality) service being combined with mobile information service that a moving user search various information based on one's location with. Mobile information service has a characteristic that it needs to get new information according to the location an user moves to. The characteristic requires a lot of communications when user search information moving to a different location. In order to make up for this drawback, we propose a prefetching technique based on speed and viewing angle in this paper. Existing prefetching techniques retrieve the following location of users considering moving speed and direction of the users. The data showed on the screen in AR is limited by the viewing angle of the mobile device. Due to the problems we discussed above, existing prefetching techniques have a demerit that they retrieve a lot more data than needed actually. We propose more efficient way of retrieving data with AR using the viewing angle of the mobile device. The method we propose reduces retrieval of unnecessary location using the users' speed, direction and viewing angle. This method is more efficient than the existing ways of retrieval because we don't need as many data.

위치기반 서비스 및 증강현실을 이용한 유비쿼터스 박물관(U-Seum)의 설계 및 구현

본 논문에서는 LBS(Location Based Service)와 모바일 증강현실 기술을 적용한 U-seum(유비쿼터스 박물관) 시스템의 설계 및 구현 결과를 제시하였다. 유비쿼터스 환경의 스마트 공간에서의 모바일 서비스는 다양한 분야로 확장되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 LBS 기반의 Wi-Fi를 이용한 위치 추적기술과 모바일 증강현실 기술을 활용한 모바일 기반 박물관 관람 서비스인 U-seum을 설계 개발하였다. 위치추적에 널리 사용되는 GPS 기술은 송신자와 수신자 사이에 Line-of-Sight를 요구하기 때문에 박물관과 같은 실내에서는 사용하기 어렵다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 실내 위치추적에 적합한 Wi-Fi 신호의 세기를 이용한 거리를 측정을 적용하여 세계적인 유네스코 문화유산인 화성 박물관 내에서 실시간 체험형 관광 서비스를 개발하고 실제 필드에서 성능 테스트를 수행하였다. U-Seum은 박물관내에서 스마트폰 사용자가 특정 지점에 다다르면 AP를 통한 푸시 서비스를 통하여 박물관내 유물을 설명하는 모바일 증강현실 서비스, 게임 서비스 및 관광 통계정보 등을 제공한다. U-Seum은 화성문화재단의 협조를 받아 화성 박물관에서 실제 구현 실행되었으며 개발된 서비스의 우수성 및 확장성을 입증하였다. This paper presents a design and implementation of U-Seum(Ubiquitous Museum) system based on the LBS(Location Based Service) and mobile augmented reality technique. The mobile services under the smart space of the ubiquitous environments have been expanded in the various fields. In this study, we introduce U-Seum which supports tourists in the museum. U-Seum is developed by use of the position tracking technique based on Wi-Fi and mobile augmented reality. The GPS which is widely used in the position tracking has a difficulty to be utilized in the inside of the building because it requires the Line-of-Sight between a sender and a receiver. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a realtime tour-supported service through experience and evaluate the performance of the system in the world famous UNESCO's Hwa-Seong Museum by measuring the distance from the Wi-Fi signal which is suitable to track the position interior of the museum. U-Seum provides various push services such as mobile augmented reality service for explanation of the artifacts of the museum, game services and the statistics information of the tourist when the tourist approach a specific AP. U-Seum is developed in the Haw-Seong Museum by the support of the Swon Haw-Seong Cultural Foundation. With a field test, we prove that the excellence and expandability of the system.

회전식 라인 카메라로 획득한 실내 전방위 영상의 지오레퍼런싱

회전식 라인 카메라로 취득한 전방위 영상을 실내 공간정보 서비스에 활용하려면 취득한 영상을 실내 좌표계를 기준으로 정교하게 참조할 수 있어야 한다. 이에 본 연구는 실내 전방위 영상의 외부표정요소 - 취득한 시점의 카메라의 위치와 자세를 정확하게 추정 할 수 있는 지오레퍼런싱 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위하여 먼저 회전식 라인 카메라를 기하학적으로 모델링하여 전방위 영상에 대한 공선방정식을 유도한다. 실내 기준점을 공선방정식에 적용하여 실내 전방위 영상의 외부표정요소를 추정한다. 실측데이터에 적용한 결과 외부표정요소의 위치는 1.4mm의 정밀도로, 자세는 <TEX>$0.05^{\circ}$</TEX>의 정밀도로 추정할 수 있었다. 수평방향으로 약3픽셀, 수직방향으로 약 10픽셀 정도의 잔차가 남아 있었다. 특히 수직방향으로는 렌즈의 왜곡에 의한 시스템적 오차가 포함되어 있는 것으로 분석되었고 이는 카메라 캘리브레이션을 통해 제거되야 할 것으로 판단된다. 제시된 방법을 이용하여 정밀하게 지오레퍼런싱된 전방위 영상으로부터 고해상도 실내 3차원 모델을 생성하고 이에 기반한 정교한 증강현실 서비스가 가능할 것으로 기대된다. To utilize omni-directional images acquired by a rotating line camera for indoor spatial information services, we should register precisely the images with respect to an indoor coordinate system. In this study, we thus develop a georeferencing method to estimate the exterior orientation parameters of an omni-directional image - the position and attitude of the camera at the acquisition time. First, we derive the collinearity equations for the omni-directional image by geometrically modeling the rotating line camera. We then estimate the exterior orientation parameters using the collinearity equations with indoor control points. The experimental results from the application to real data indicate that the exterior orientation parameters is estimated with the precision of 1.4 mm and <TEX>$0.05^{\circ}$</TEX> for the position and attitude, respectively. The residuals are within 3 and 10 pixels in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Particularly, the residuals in the vertical direction retain systematic errors mainly due to the lens distortion, which should be eliminated through a camera calibration process. Using omni-directional images georeferenced precisely with the proposed method, we can generate high resolution indoor 3D models and sophisticated augmented reality services based on the models.

모바일 증강현실 기술을 이용한 역사관광정보 서비스에 관한 연구

정보통신과 IT기술의 발달 특히 스마트폰의 대중화는 정보의 검색과 제공에 큰 가능성을 열었으며 요즘 주목받고 있는 증강현실 기술은 이용자가 실제로 보고 있는 지역의 현장 모습에 추가적인 정보를 제공함으로써 혁신적인 방식의 정보취득을 가능케 하였다. 본 연구에서는 역사관광정보를 스마트폰을 이용하여 효율적으로 전달하기 위한 방안으로 증강현실 기술을 이용한 모바일 어플리케이션 서비스를 설계 및 구현하고 현장에서 테스트하였다. 연구수행결과, 역사관광정보 서비스를 위해서는 수집된 컨텐츠별로 가장 정확하게 정보가 제공될 수 있는 뷰포인트를 찾아야 하고, 이를 효율적으로 제공하는 기능이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구는 스마트폰을 이용하여 일반 업체들에서 연구되고 있는 기술을 공공적인 영역이라고 할 수 있는 지역의 역사관광정보를 제공하는 서비스에 적용하고 구현하여 그 가능성을 탐색하였다는데 의의가 있으며, 이미지 증강 분야에서 향후 더 발달된 증강현실 기술을 적용한 서비스를 제공하기 위한 기초가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Advances in science and technology, especially the increasing popularity of smart phone has opened up infinite possibilities for the information retrieval. And the augmented reality technology which has started getting attention to various fields has allowed us to get an information in an innovative way by providing additional information to a real world before our eyes. The purpose of this study is to suggest and to construct mobile application service which give history-tourism information efficiently based on augmented reality technology. As a result of study, we suggest that it is needed to find the view point that the most accurate information can be provided to the users according to each contents such as maps, pictures, drawings etc. and to provide the function to the users which shows the view points information efficiently. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility whether the technology studied in private sector by using augmented reality based on smart phone can also be applied in public sector for the service of history tourism information. We expect that this study can be the basis for providing the more advanced augmented reality service in the near future.

자동차 정비 e-Training 증강현실 시스템에서의 Marker-less Tracking 방안 연구

e-Training는 체험형, 실습 위주의 교육 훈련으로 기존 e-Learning의 이론형 교육에서 벗어나 학습자에게 실제적 학습, 능동적 학습을 촉진하고 학습적 효과를 향상시킨다. 체험형 훈련 시스템의 대표적인 예로 증강현실을 들 수 있다. 특히 증강현실 시스템이 구축된 환경에서 자동차 정비 훈련자는 자동차 부품의 위치나 정비 순서를 증강 정보를 통해 바로 획득하기 때문에 효과적인 트레이닝을 경험 할 수 있다. 이러한 증강현실 시스템에서 영상 추적(tracking) 기술은 핵심이다. 어떠한 트래킹 기술을 이용하느냐에 따라 증강현실 시스템의 성능이 결정된다. 트래킹 기술은 인식률 및 속도가 중요한데, 이를 위해서는 자동차 정비 e-Training의 특성을 파악하여 그에 적합한 트래킹 기술을 적용해야 한다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 자동차 정비 e-Training 증강현실 시스템에 맞는 알고리즘 및 트래킹 기술을 고안하여 적용하였다. 실험 결과 실제 자동차 정비에 필요한 엔진 장비를 실시간 인식 및 다각도에서도 인식률을 잃지 않았다. e-Training focusing on the experience and practice accelerates actual-active learning and enforces the learning effects against the existing theory based education. The most typical hans-on training system is augmented reality. Especially, in the training field installed augmented reality system, the automobile maintenance trainee experiences effective training with the immediate information, which is indicating the location of parts and the procedure of repairing. The tracking is the core technology of the augmented reality system. The performance of augmented reality system depends on the tracking technology. Therefore, this paper suggests the tracking technology which is proper to the e-Training augmented reality service technology for the car mechanics.

Efficient mobile AR technology using scalable recognition and tracking based on server-client model

Advancements in mobile devices and vision technology have enabled mobile Augmented Reality (AR) to be serviced in real-time using natural features. However, in viewing AR while moving around in the real world, users often encounter new and diverse target objects. Whether the AR system is scalable to the number of target objects is a very crucial issue for mobile AR services in the real world. This scalability, however, has been severely limited because of the small internal storage capacity and memory of the mobile devices. In this paper, a new framework is proposed that achieves scalability for mobile AR. The scalability is achieved with a bag-of-visual-words based recognition module on the server side that is connected to the clients, which are mobile devices, through a conventional Wi-Fi network. On the client side, the coarse-to-fine tracking module enables robust tracking performance with natural features in real-time. In this study, we optimized modules in mobile devices for expediting pose-tracking processing and simultaneously enabled 3D rendering and animation in real-time. We also propose an efficient recognition method in which metadata are provided by the sensors of mobile devices. In the experiment, it takes approximately 0.2s for the cold start of an AR service initiated on a 10K object database with a recognition accuracy of 99.87%, which should be acceptable for a variety of real-world mobile AR applications.

Non-Marker based Mobile Augmented Reality and its Applications using Object Recognition

As the augmented reality technology has become more pervasive and ap- plicable, it is easily seen in our daily lives regardless of fields and scopes. Existing camera vision based augmented reality techniques depend on marker based approaches rather than real world information. The augmented reality technology using marker recognition has limitations in its applicability and provision of proper environment to guarantee user's immersiveness to relevant service application programs. This study aims to implement a smart mobile terminal based augmented reality technology by using a camera built in a terminal device and image and video processing technology without any markers so that users can recognize multimedia objects from real world images and build an augmented reality service, where 3D content connected to objects and relevant information are added to the real world image. Object recognition from a real world image is involved in a process of comparison against preregistered reference information, where operation to measure similarity is reduced for faster running of the application, considering the characteristics of smart mobile devices. Furthermore, the design allows users to interact through touch events on the smart device after 3D content is output onto the terminal screen. Afterward, users can browse object related information on the web. The augmented reality technology appropriate for the smart mobile environment is proposed and tested through several experiments and showed reliable performances in the results.

User evaluation of mobile augmented reality scenarios

Augmented reality (AR) technologies are becoming state-of-the-art in the mobile technology domain. However, developing successful end user services around AR is still in its infancy, which is partially resulting from the lack of user research regarding potential users' expectations and user acceptance in the particular area. In order to identify the most potential use cases and contexts, in which mobile AR could be utilized, it is important to evaluate already the early service concepts with potential end users. This paper reports an online survey for evaluating the user acceptance of five different mobile AR scenarios, as well as for understanding the potential and risks or mobile AR in general. The results show ambivalent attitudes towards mobile AR services but also imply that the scenarios demonstrating pragmatic relevance were valued over pleasure oriented ones. AR was seen to make contextually relevant information easily available and allow novel interaction possibilities with the physical world. Distrust arose with fears of information flood, users' loss of autonomy, and virtual replacing the real. The respondents' level of technological orientation was found to highly affect the overall acceptance of the scenarios. The results help in considering key acceptance issues and potential users' expectations in the development of future mobile AR services.

Expected user experience of mobile augmented reality services: a user study in the context of shopping centres

The technical enablers for mobile augmented reality (MAR) are becoming robust enough to allow the development of MAR services that are truly valuable for consumers. Such services would provide a novel interface to the ubiquitous digital information in the physical world, hence serving in great variety of contexts and everyday human activities. To ensure the acceptance and success of future MAR services, their development should be based on knowledge about potential end users' expectations and requirements. We conducted 16 semi-structured interview sessions with 28 participants in shopping centres, which can be considered as a fruitful context for MAR services. We aimed to elicit new knowledge about (1) the characteristics of the expected user experience and (2) central user requirements related to MAR in such a context. From a pragmatic viewpoint, the participants expected MAR services to catalyse their sense of efficiency, empower them with novel context-sensitive and proactive functionalities and raise their awareness of the information related to their surroundings with an intuitive interface. Emotionally, MAR services were expected to offer stimulating and pleasant experiences, such as playfulness, inspiration, liveliness, collectivity and surprise. The user experience categories and user requirements that were identified can serve as targets for the design of user experience of future MAR services.