Augmented Reality Markers Research Articles

Development of a Real-Time Radiation Exposure Estimation Method Using a Depth Camera for Radiation Protection Education

X-ray fluoroscopy causes relatively high radiation exposure to physicians, radiation professionals, and patients. Understanding the behavior of scattered radiation is crucial for reducing occupational exposure. We developed a system for estimating radiation exposure during fluoroscopy by monitoring the position of the physician using a depth camera for radiation protection education. The dose distribution of scattered radiation in an X-ray room was simulated using Monte Carlo code. The data were displayed using augmented reality markers, and the dose at each joint point location was estimated using body tracking. Additional functions were created, such as displaying arbitrary two-dimensional cross-sections. The system performance ranged from 9.0 to 11.0 FPS with or without motion and a protective apron. The estimated doses were 0.93 to 1.21 times the measured doses for all joint points, except for the chest and pelvis. The estimated doses for the chest and pelvis were lower than the measured dose, with the minimum values being 0.72 and 0.60 times lower for the chest and pelvis, respectively. The system provides valuable insight into the estimation of radiation dose at joint points based on the physician’s position and movements, the physician’s optimal fluoroscopy location, and warning of dangerous exposure doses.

Tourism Guide Application for Heritage Sites in Surabaya Based on Augmented Reality and GPS Gamification

One of the most important revenue streams for the nation's economy and development is tourism. The COVID-19 pandemic is, however, causing a reduction in tourism in Indonesia; Surabaya, the country's second-largest city, has seen a drop in visitors from 6.5 million to 500 thousand. To solve this problem, an innovation is required to boost the number of visitors to Indonesia's heritage sites who use contemporary technology, specifically smartphone with interactive media (with AR and GPS for instance). The author will develop an app that, depending on the user's location, will let them visit several Surabaya heritage sites and provide them with comprehensive details and instructions. Indonesia can stimulate its economy and return visitors to its heritage sites by employing this interactive gamification apps. However, on the examination to the user, we found a good implementation in detecting and measuring the nearest destination to the current user position, and how to parse into google map and guiding the destination to that heritage site. But we have some distraction when pointing the apps to the Augmented Reality (AR) marker on the site, since various historical places have various lighting, some devices are unable to take a clear picture of the marker due to its lack of lighting and abnormal size or form. Thus, it will be effective when the user points his smartphone camera to the AR marker, he/she supposed to use the smartphone lighting as well.

Exploring the Materiality of Augmented Reality Markers through Arts-Led Cocreation: Drawing, Weaving, and Tiling

Abstract This article explores the use of arts-led approaches to augmented reality (AR) marker design through the presentation of four commissioned projects featuring AR markers created using traditional techniques including drawing, hand weaving, and tiling. The physical-to-digital process to convert artworks into AR markers produces opportunities for cocreation with diverse participants and for materiality to shape the AR experience. Reflecting on the materiality of the different techniques in relation to the temporal, spatial, and social settings of each project (arts festivals, a summer school, and workshops on heat wave-risk communication), the authors argue for a responsive approach to integrating multimodal dynamic markers.

Game-based augmented reality learning of Sarawak history in enhancing cultural heritage preservation

The augmented reality (AR) technology had been proliferating for years. However, the implementation of AR technology still has room to be explored, especially in the form of cultural heritage preservation. The aim of this study is to enhance AR technology in game-based cultural heritage and history preservation in Sarawak, as well as supplement the gamified experiences in learning James Brooke’s history. Three research objectives are proposed: to design an AR game prototype for the history of James Brooke; to develop an AR game prototype with a collaborative learning element; and to evaluate an AR game prototype for enhancing cultural heritage preservation. This study proposes a game-based prototype that contains AR markers to assign each with different game features. Furthermore, collaborative learning theory is enhanced through AR experiences with multiplayer support. The game-based prototype is evaluated by a group of participants through prototype measuring and testing. The participants feel mediocre about the challenge and knowledge factors of the prototype. Overall, this study highlights the enhancement of cultural heritage preservation through AR game-based experiences intensively learned from James Brooke’s history in Sarawak. These implementations have an apparent promising contribution to make in protecting the available cultural heritage in Sarawak and extensively to the country’s cultural heritage preservation.

Development of Augmented Reality Vision for Osteosynthesis Using a 3D Camera.

We developed a 3D camera system to track motion in a surgical field. This system has the potential to introduce augmented reality (AR) systems non-invasively, eliminating the need for the invasive AR markers conventionally required. The present study was performed to verify the real-time tracking accuracy of this system, assess the feasibility of integrating this system into the surgical workflow, and establish its potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of orthopedic procedures. To evaluate the accuracy of AR technology using a 3D camera, a forearm bone model was created. The forearm model was depicted using a 3D camera, and its accuracy was verified in terms of the positional relationship with a 3D bone model created from previously imaged CT data. Images of the surgical field (capturing the actual forearm) were taken and saved in nine poses by rotating the forearm from pronation to supination. The alignment of the reference points was computed at the three points of CT versus the three points of the 3D camera, yielding a 3D rotation matrix representing the positional relationship. In the original system, a stereo vision-based 3D camera, with a depth image resolution of 1280×720 pixels, 30 frames per second, and a lens field of view of 64 specifications, with a baseline of 3 cm, capable of optimally acquiring real-time 3D data at a distance of 40-60 cm from the subject was used. In the modified system, the following modifications were made to improve tracking performance: (1) color filter processing was changed from HSV to RGB, (2) positional detection accuracy was modified with supporting marker sizes of 8 mm in diameter, and (3) the detection of marker positions was stabilized by calculating the marker position for each frame. Tracking accuracy was examined with the original system and modified system for the following parameters: differences in the rotation matrix, maximum and minimum inter-reference point errors between CT-based and camera-based 3D data, and the average error for the three reference points. In the original system, the average difference in rotation matrices was 5.51±2.68 mm. Average minimum and maximum errors were 1.10±0.61 and 15.53±12.51 mm, respectively. The average error of reference points was 6.26±4.49 mm. In the modified system, the average difference in rotation matrices was 4.22±1.73 mm. Average minimum and maximum errors were 0.79±0.49 and 1.94±0.87 mm, respectively. The average error of reference points was 1.41±0.58 mm. In the original system, once tracking failed, it was difficult to recover tracking accuracy. This resulted in a large maximum error in supination positions. These issues were resolved by the modified system. Significant improvements were achieved in maximum errors and average errors using the modified system (P<0.05). AR technology using a 3D camera was developed. This system allows direct comparisons of 3D data from preoperative CT scans with 3D data acquired from the surgical field using a 3D camera. This method has the advantage of introducing AR into the surgical field without invasive markers.

Improving Chemical Literacy Skills: Integrated Socio-Scientific Issues Content in Augmented Reality Mobile

This research aims to develop socio-scientific issues (SSI) content on chemical bonding material and is used to measure students’ chemical literacy abilities. Currently, the chemistry literacy level of high school students is still relatively low, so a process of reconstructing the structure of chemistry learning content that is linked to real-life contexts is needed. One way to develop this material is to include SSI content in learning. SSI content includes articles containing reading and images as augmented reality (AR) markers, which will later be linked to AR technology on smartphones so that students’ chemical literacy can increase. This study uses the R&amp;D method with the ADDIE design. Research instruments used include material validation, media validation, student response tests, and chemical literacy pre- and post-test instruments. The results of SSI content validation have been declared feasible for use in learning (91.58% material validation; 91.33% media validation; 91.57% student responses). The implementation results show that SSI content has a significantly positive effect on students’ level of chemical literacy skills. Student responses also show that the SSI content developed is easy to understand and motivates students to learn.

AR EXPLORATION OF THE PERSPECTIVE/ARCHITECTURAL SPACE PAINTED BY PERUGINO

Abstract. The perspective study of one of the panels from the cycle of San Bernardino attributed to Perugino has revealed a contracted space in depth, represented three-dimensionally by the objective model. In contrast, the ideal model eliminates the contraction and maintains the proportions dictated by the architectural interpretation. The contribution presents an advancement in the perspective study aimed at developing an augmented reality (AR) application. It is designed to be experienced at the museum housing the artwork, serving as an in-depth exploration that explains to visitors the nature of the perspective space and the architectural space represented. The case study of the painting by Perugino becomes an opportunity to define and experiment with a workflow aimed at creating AR applications focused on the visualisation of architectural models derived from the perspective restitution of pictorial works. The description of the adopted method focuses on the following aspects: the use of the pictorial image as an AR marker and the relationship between the perspective picture plane and the 3D model; the optimisation of 3D models for AR visualisation purposes; the issue of the landscape; scene lighting; and the user interface for multilayer interaction.

Mixed reality in neurosurgery: redefining the paradigm for arteriovenous malformation planning and navigation to improve patient outcomes.

Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) present significant challenges in neurosurgery, requiring detailed planning and execution. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mixed reality (MxR), a synergistic application of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), in the surgical management of AVMs. A retrospective review was conducted on 10 patients who underwent AVM resection between 2021 and 2023. Preoperative planning used patient-specific 360° VR models, while intraoperative guidance used AR markers for targeted disconnection of arterial feeders. Data were analyzed for surgical duration, blood loss, and postoperative outcomes, stratified by Spetzler-Martin (SM) and supplemented Spetzler-Martin (Supp-SM) grades. In 10 patients with cerebral AVMs, MxR significantly facilitated the identification of 21 arterial feeders, including challenging deep feeders. MxR-assisted surgeries demonstrated efficient identification and disconnection of arterial feeders, contributing to precise AVM resection. The mean surgical duration was approximately 5 hours 11 minutes, with a mean intraoperative blood loss of 507.5 ml. Statistically significant variations in surgical duration and blood loss were observed based on SM and supplemented Supp-SM grades. Two patients experienced worsened postoperative neurological deficits, underscoring the inherent risks of AVM surgeries. The marked difference in hospital stays between patients with ruptured and those with unruptured AVMs, particularly for SM grade III, highlights the significant impact of rupture status on postoperative recovery. In this study, the authors delineated a novel paradigm using MxR for the surgical intervention of AVMs. Using 3D VR for preoperative planning and AR for intraoperative guidance, they achieved unparalleled precision and efficiency in targeting deep arterial feeders. While the results are promising, larger studies are needed to further validate this approach.

Digitalisasi Prasasti dan Pelinggih Desa Baturan Gianyar Berbasis Augmented Reality Based Marker

Digitalization of the inscriptions and shrines of Batuan Gianyar Village based on Augmented Reality (AR) Markers is an innovative project that aims to preserve, promote and revive the cultural and historical heritage of Baturan Village, Gianyar, Indonesia, through the application of Augmented Reality technology. Baturan Village is known to have inscriptions and pelinggih which have high historical value. This research uses AR Marker technology to connect the physical world with digital content. The inscriptions and shrines of Baturan Village are marked with AR markers which allow users to access additional information about these objects via mobile devices. This AR application provides an immersive and interactive experience, allowing users to explore the history and meaning of inscriptions and shrines. The method used in developing this AR application is R &amp; D. The results of this research after testing loading time using four different smartphones, Xiaomi Note8 Pro and iPhone 13, have a faster average loading time response compared to other smartphones.

Web-Based Online Exhibition by Implementing Virtual and Augmented Reality to Visualize Architecture Building Design

Web-based online exhibition using immersive technology, namely Virtual Reality &amp; Augmented Reality, has a major effect on the efficiency of time, place, and cost in providing visitors with an understanding of building architecture. Interaction in understanding architectural modeling is also assisted by a technology called Avatar Mediated Communication (AMC) which is the scope of interaction with other visitors in a Virtual Environment created by Virtual Reality technology. Technology that is able to support all website-based reality activities is made with the Laravel &amp; Express Js framework (Website), Spoke Mozilla Hubs (Virtual Reality Environment), and Library AR Js (Augmented Reality Marker Based). The technology is selected, built, and combined in the stages of the Research &amp; Development (R&amp;D) method, the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) model in examining the development stages and user responses to web-based Virtual &amp; Augmented Reality development products. The results of the responses obtained are based on 6 categories in the UEQ (User Experience Questionnaire) instrument. The result showed that the three largest categories that give a positive response are stimulation, attractiveness, and novelty. Meanwhile, the three categories below are efficiency, perspicuity, and dependability. This indicates that the online exhibition in the support of immersive visualization is able to increase user curiosity in trying to enter the virtual reality room presented in web-based Virtual &amp; Augmented Reality.

Reprojection Error Analysis and Algorithm Optimization of Hand-Eye Calibration for Manipulator System.

The Euclidean distance error of calibration results cannot be calculated during the hand-eye calibration process of a manipulator because the true values of the hand-eye conversion matrix cannot be obtained. In this study, a new method for error analysis and algorithm optimization is presented. An error analysis of the method is carried out using a priori knowledge that the location of the augmented reality markers is fixed during the calibration process. The coordinates of the AR marker center point are reprojected onto the pixel coordinate system and then compared with the true pixel coordinates of the AR marker center point obtained by corner detection or manual labeling to obtain the Euclidean distance between the two coordinates as the basis for the error analysis. We then fine-tune the results of the hand-eye calibration algorithm to obtain the smallest reprojection error, thereby obtaining higher-precision calibration results. The experimental results show that, compared with the Tsai-Lenz algorithm, the optimized algorithm in this study reduces the average reprojection error by 44.43% and the average visual positioning error by 50.63%. Therefore, the proposed optimization method can significantly improve the accuracy of hand-eye calibration results.

Interactive Hand Gesture Control System for Augmented Reality-based Games

This research paper presents the development of an innovative 2D augmented reality (AR) car game utilizing Python, OpenCV, and Pygame. The primary objective of the game is to provide an interactive platform for individuals with motor skill challenges, such as Parkinson’s disease, to enhance their hand and gesture control abilities. The game involves controlling a virtual car superimposed onto the real-world environment using an AR marker. Hand gestures captured by a webcam control the car's movements, creating a novel and accessible gaming experience. The implementation incorporates computer vision techniques from the OpenCV library to detect an AR marker, interpret hand gestures, and map them to specific actions within the game. The Pygame library facilitates the creation of an engaging gaming environment, where users can employ intuitive hand movements to navigate the virtual car. The system's performance is evaluated in varying lighting conditions, and the results demonstrate a promising accuracy rate in gesture detection. The limitations and potential improvements are discussed, emphasizing the system's application in assisting individuals with motor impairments and its broader implications for human-computer interaction. This research provides insights into the intersection of augmented reality, computer vision, and assistive technology, offering a foundation for further advancements in accessible gaming experiences. Keywords: Augmented Reality, Hand Gesture Control, Computer Vision, Game Interaction, Assistive Technology

Learn History Using the Rupiah Currency Utilizing Augmented Reality Technology

Studying history may be very boring for students. This is what makes history learning less effective. Education is an effort aimed at developing personality and abilities for life. In education, students are individuals who are different from other people in a class. This explanation can be seen in terms of ability. Every country must have a national identityTraditional dances in Indonesia are very diverse and have their characteristics. This is because the ethnic groups in Indonesia are very numerous and diverse. With advances in technology, it can be used as an alternative learning solution that is more creative and efficient. Therefore, it is the basis for expanding the application of learning about the history of heroes and dances on rupiah banknotes using the Augmented Reality Marker Training method. It is important to have a useful means of displaying and introducing each national hero featured on a particular currency By utilizing these technological Advances we can visualize images more realistically and in real-time, this is what will attract the interest of users, especially students, to use this application as a medium for learning the history of heroes and introducing regional dances found on the rupiah currency

APLIKASI PENGENALAN OBJEK WISATA KOTA BATAM MENGGUNAKAN MARKER AUGMENTED REALITY

Batam City is an island in the north of Indonesia because it is at the crossroads between countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand, so Batam City is a business and tourist destination. To increase domestic and international tourist visits, the Batam City Government has carried out promotions in various ways such as promotions through the Batam City Culture and Tourism Office website, social media. But there is no application to promote tourist attractions in Batam City, it is necessary to build an application for recognizing tourist objects in Batam City which includes visualization of tourist objects in 3D and information about tourist objects to make it easier for tourists to choose tourist objects according to their wishes. This research developed an application to recognize tourism objects in Batam City using augmented reality markers with the application of the SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) Waterfall model method. The augmented reality (AR) technology tracking method used in this study is marker-based tracking. Based on the results of functional testing, shows that the application functions properly. The results of the user satisfaction test gave a good value so the results found that the application was very well received by users.

An Easy Snowpack Depth Evaluation Using Smartphone, Bluetooth Device, and Augmented Reality Marker of Open Computer Vision Package

An easy method to evaluate a remote place’s snowpack depth has been discussed for helping later-stage elderly persons’ life. The method of using a smartphone camera and an augmented reality marker (AR marker) has been investigated. The general smartphone with a high image resolution camera was used to observe snowpack depth in remote places and remote control the robot via Bluetooth device. And image processing using artificially integrated technology (AI technology) was adapted for detecting the AR markers and for evaluating the snowpack depth.

Precision Landing of a Quadcopter Drone by Smartphone Video Guidance Sensor in a GPS-Denied Environment.

This paper describes the deployment, integration, and demonstration of a Smartphone Video Guidance Sensor (SVGS) as a novel technology for autonomous 6-DOF proximity maneuvers and precision landing of a quadcopter drone. The proposed approach uses a vision-based photogrammetric position and attitude sensor (SVGS) to estimate the position of a landing target after video capture. A visual inertial odometry sensor (VIO) is used to provide position estimates of the UAV in a ground coordinate system during flight on a GPS-denied environment. The integration of both SVGS and VIO sensors enables the accurate updating of position setpoints during landing, providing improved performance compared with VIO-only landing, as shown in landing experiments. The proposed technique also shows significant operational advantages compared with state-of-the-art sensors for indoor landing, such as those based on augmented reality (AR) markers.

EXPLORING THE CONTENTS OF OLD NEWSPAPERS USING AN AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATION

Newspapers are necessary for daily living because they provide information on a variety of topics, including the economy, trade, business, sports, and entertainment. Reading the news broadens one's perspectives and increases knowledge. Readers may interact with the information through digital elements including movies, animations, and other content with the use of an augmented reality application. A variety of augmented reality components, including buttons for videos, links, YouTube, and 3D models, can be utilised to increase the variety of information available in physical newspapers. Computers can identify and project things over the newspaper with the help of an augmented reality marker. A newspaper can set itself apart from other publications by using a marker and a smartphone with a non-standalone software that can recognise the marker, such as QR codes or photos. In an effort to make a newspaper more user-friendly, researchers are experimenting with the Vuforia Engine tool and Augmented Reality Tools.

Strategic navigation for robotic wheelchair based on geometrical information of augmented reality markers

Strategic navigation for robotic wheelchair based on geometrical information of augmented reality markers

Preserving Indonesian Culture in the Digital Age: Implementing Augmented Reality to Address Cultural Appropriation Issue

Abstract—Cultural appropriation is a complex issue that can lead to the loss of a nation's cultural identity. With the widespread adoption of mobile phones in Indonesia, there is an opportunity to use technology, specifically augmented reality (AR). To address this issue, our user-friendly AR app allows users to interact with Indonesian culture in a virtual environment. Through AR technology, users can engage with Indonesian culture in an immersive and fun way. Our target market is the younger generation, and our app provides a user-friendly interface that allows users to scan AR markers to access different cultural settings. Users can choose from two cultural regions, Bali and Papua. Once a region is selected, a scene showcases the desired region's iconic places and objects accompanied by a traditional folk song. In developing the AR app, we used the agile software development method for approximately two months with four developers. At the end of the development phase, we conduct four testing aspects of the application—namely, angle testing, functionally testing, usability testing, and hardware testing. The testing revealed that the application could perform well under various testing conditions. Through our AR solution, we aim to raise awareness of the importance of Indonesian culture and provide an educational experience that can inspire users to take ownership of their cultural heritage.

Smart Eye: An Application for In Situ Accessibility to “Invisible” Heritage Sites

The Smart Eye Application is an augmented reality app for mobile devices that enables the in-situ 3D visualization of underground and inaccessible to the public archaeological sites and monuments. Accessibility to excavated archaeological sites and monuments is often hindered for reasons of preservation or urban development. Portable finds are transferred and, in some cases, exhibited in local museums, but the non-portable remains of ancient structures become eventually effaced from the landscape and the collective memory of local communities. The Smart Eye app provides an “x-ray” type view of excavation sites that have been backfilled and are now invisible. While common practice in heritage sites’ digital dissemination to the general public uses 2D or 3D reconstructions in augmented or virtual reality environments, the Smart Eye app presents archaeological remains in the shape and form they were found in by archaeologists supplemented with augmented reality markers that provide simplified textual and visual information aimed toward a non-scholarly public. The aim is to re-instate these heritage sites into the interactive relationship that people have with their landscape and their history. The present paper discusses the chaîne-opératoire of developing the app, from the acquisition of primary documentation data of the excavation sites to the methodology used for the production of the 3D models of the archaeological sites and the development of the app itself and the technical equipment used. Finally, we discuss the results of the preliminary evaluation of the application and future steps to improve it before final testing by the local communities where the archaeological sites are located.