Augmented Production Research Articles

Improving the SNA: Alternative measures of output, input, income, and productivity

AbstractThe current System of National Accounts (SNA) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) concept does not measure the income generated by the production sector since it includes depreciation and excludes capital gains and losses on assets used in the production sector. The paper suggests an accounting framework that measures the income generated by the production sector of an economy and implements this measure using the Augmented Productivity Database (APDB) developed by Asian Productivity Organization and Keio University for China over the years 1970–2020. Real gross and real net income generated by the Chinese production sector are decomposed into explanatory factors including TFP growth using the framework suggested by Jorgenson and Diewert and Morrison. TFP growth is further decomposed into technical progress and inefficiency components using the nonparametric approach developed by Diewert and Fox. The APDB has estimates for the price and quantity of agricultural, industrial, commercial, and residential land used in China. The paper argues that changes in land use should be treated in the same manner as inventory change and added to the alternative output measures. It turns out that Jorgensonian user costs for land are frequently negative. The problems associated with negative user costs are discussed in the paper.

A review of microbial fuel cell and its diversification in the development of green energy technology

The advancement of microbial fuel cell technology is rapidly growing, with extensive research and well-established methodologies for enhancing structural performance. This terminology attracts researchers to compare the MFC devices on a technological basis. The architectural and scientific successes of MFCs are only possible with the knowledge of engineering and technical fields. This involves the structure of MFCs, using substrates and architectural backbones regarding electrode advancement, separators and system parameter measures. Knowing about the MFCs facilitates the systematic knowledge of engineering and scientific principles. The current situation of rapid urbanization and industrial growth is demanding the augmented engineering goods and production which results in unsolicited burden on traditional wastewater treatment plants. Consequently, posing health hazards and disturbing aquatic veracity due to partial and untreated wastewater. Therefore, it's sensible to evaluate the performance of MFCs as an unconventional treatment method over conventional one to treat the wastewater. However, MFCs some benefits like power generation, stumpy carbon emission and wastewater treatment are the main reasons behind the implementation. Nonetheless, few challenges like low power generation, scaling up are still the major areas needs to be focused so as to make MFCs sustainable one. We have focused on few archetypes which majorities have been laboratory scale in operations. To ensure the efficiency MFCs are needed to integrate and compatible with conventional wastewater treatment schemes. This review intended to explore the diversification in architecture of MFCs, exploration of MFCs ingredients and to provide the foreseen platform for the researchers in one source, so as to establish the channel for scaling up the technology. Further, the present review show that the MFC with different polymer membranes and cathode and anode modification presents significant role for potential commercial applications after change the system form prototype to pilot scale.

Preparation of biogenic silver chloride nanoparticles from microalgae Spirulina Platensis extract: anticancer properties in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells.

Breast carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer related-deaths among women. Given its high incidence and mortality rates, searching for innovative treatments represents a formidable challenge within the medical and pharmaceutical industries. This study delves into the preparation, characterization, and anticancer properties of silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCLNPs) as a novel therapeutic approach for breast cancer cells, employing a biological synthesis method. This investigation, utilized spirulina platensis extract to synthesize silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCLNPs-SP). The formation, size, and structure of the nanoparticles were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray crystallography (XRD), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Additionally, the apoptotic and anticancer properties of AgCLNPs-SP were thoroughly examined. The results, revealed AgCLNPs-SP to exhibit a spherical, morphology with a size range of 40-70nm, primarily silver and chlorine. The dose-dependent response of AgCLNP-SP against MDA-MB231 cells was ascertained using the MTT Assay, with an IC50 value of 34µg/mL. Furthermore, the Annexin V-FITC/ PI apoptosis assay demonstrated a significant proportion of early apoptosis (43.67%) in MDA-MB231 cells. This apoptosis process was substantiated by up-regulation in mRNA expression levels of P53, CAD, and Bax genes, alongside a down-regulation of the of bcl2 gene expression. Additionally, an augmented production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle analysis, Hoechst staining assay, and evaluated levels of Caspase - 3, -8 and - 9 were observed in AgCLNPs-SP-treated MDA_MB231 cancer cells. In conclusion, the results suggest that AgCLNPs-SP may be a promising agent for treating breast cancer.

The activity of of vitexicarpin and artemetin in inhibiting hyperpigmentation: an in silico study

Hyperpigmentation, characterized by increased skin darkening, is primarily attributed to augmented melanin production, often exacerbated by UV ray exposure. Inhibiting melanogenesis enzymes, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, and d-dopachrome tautomerase, is a recognized strategy for managing hyperpigmentation. Flavonoid compounds, namely vitexicarpin and artemetin, have emerged as potential antihyperpigmentation agents. This study explores the inhibitory capabilities of vitexicarpin and artemetin on melanogenesis enzymes through in silico molecular docking. The process involved optimization of test compounds using HyperChem 8, target protein preparation with Chimera 1.11, method validation, and docking employing AutoDockTools 1.5.6, which integrates Autodock4 and Autogrid4 programs. The validity of the molecular docking method was confirmed with an RMSD value of ≤3 Å. The findings demonstrate that vitexicarpin and artemetin exhibit higher affinity towards tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, and d-dopachrome tautomerase than the native ligands. Interaction models between the compounds and target proteins include hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic bonds, with the most visually identifiable hydrogen bonds. These results suggest that vitexicarpine and artemetin have promising potential as antihyperpigmentation agents by inhibiting melanogenesis enzymes, as evidenced by the molecular docking approach.

Web-Based Online Exhibition by Implementing Virtual and Augmented Reality to Visualize Architecture Building Design

Web-based online exhibition using immersive technology, namely Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality, has a major effect on the efficiency of time, place, and cost in providing visitors with an understanding of building architecture. Interaction in understanding architectural modeling is also assisted by a technology called Avatar Mediated Communication (AMC) which is the scope of interaction with other visitors in a Virtual Environment created by Virtual Reality technology. Technology that is able to support all website-based reality activities is made with the Laravel & Express Js framework (Website), Spoke Mozilla Hubs (Virtual Reality Environment), and Library AR Js (Augmented Reality Marker Based). The technology is selected, built, and combined in the stages of the Research & Development (R&D) method, the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) model in examining the development stages and user responses to web-based Virtual & Augmented Reality development products. The results of the responses obtained are based on 6 categories in the UEQ (User Experience Questionnaire) instrument. The result showed that the three largest categories that give a positive response are stimulation, attractiveness, and novelty. Meanwhile, the three categories below are efficiency, perspicuity, and dependability. This indicates that the online exhibition in the support of immersive visualization is able to increase user curiosity in trying to enter the virtual reality room presented in web-based Virtual & Augmented Reality.

Synthesis of sulfur-encapsulated mullite structure Bi0/Fe0-Rich Bi2Fe4O9−x framework by advanced probe sonic approach applied for augmented electroactive hydrogen production, storage and photoactive degradation studies

A new series of dual Bi0/Fe0-rich in sulfur-encapsulated BFNPs (SBFNPs-framework) with a sulfur content ranging from 1.0% to 3.0% were prepared using an advanced probe-sonic approach. The SBFNPs-framework with a sulfur content of 2.0% exhibited a maximum methylene-blue (MB) photo-degradability of 84.20% at 120 min of visible-light exposure. The MB degradation rate of the SBFNPs-framework (0.00839 min−1) was faster than that of pure-BFNPs (0.00308 min−1). Furthermore, the electro-catalyst of SBFNPs-framework demonstrated remarkable hydrogen-production activity, as indicated by a low over-potential (204 mV), a small Tafel-slope (69 mV/dec), a higher double-layer-capacitance (142.0 mF/cm2), a larger electro-chemically-active-surface-area (40.6 cm2), a plentiful presence of catalytic-active-sites (5.65 ×10−7 mol/cm2), and excellent stability, respectively. Also, the hydrogen-storage capacity of the SBFNPs-framework exhibited a maximum discharge capacity of 717.35 mAhg−1 and a hydrogen-storage capacity of 2.66 wt% at a 2.0% sulfur content. These findings have great potential implications for future energy storage and environmental applications.

Understanding the impact of augmented reality product presentation on diagnosticity, cognitive load, and product sales

Augmented reality (AR) enhances consumers’ sensory responses to online product presentations, providing a more immersive experience. In online marketplaces, the utilization of various sensory modalities for product representation proves valuable for consumers’ evaluations. To investigate the impact of AR interfaces on human cognition, we developed a mobile AR app and conducted an experiment. Subjects tested the app, equipped with AR capabilities, alongside traditional two-dimensional (2D) representations for various product types. Our findings reveal that, in comparison to conventional 2D presentations, AR affordances significantly enhance consumers’ perceived product diagnosticity. Notably, this effect is more pronounced for technology products. Additionally, our research indicates that AR interfaces may contribute to an increased perceived cognitive load. In a second study, we conducted a natural experiment using AR-enabled Amazon products to explore the influence of AR interfaces on purchase decisions. For technology products, we observed a substantial increase in product sales when utilizing AR for online presentations. This research makes a valuable contribution to the mobile commerce literature, offering insights to retailers about the efficacy of AR interfaces in the realm of mobile shopping.

Continuous production of high-concentrated ammonia broth through fermentation

Being considered as a valuable resource and energy carrier, extensive research is going on to efficiently extract ammonia (NH3) from anaerobic digestate. However, due to the well-known NH3 inhibition on methanogens, the total NH3 nitrogen (TAN) concentration is typically limited to 1–4 g N/L in digestate, making the NH3 extraction process energy-consumptive. Here, NH3 fermentation, specifically targeting augmented NH3 production through biological reaction, was performed in a continuous mode. With the increase of gelatin input (10 to 150 g COD/L), NH3 concentration and volumetric productivity gradually increased, reaching 12.0 g TAN-N/L and 36.0 g NH3-N/L/d, which were the highest values ever reported. The stepwise increase in NH3 exposure prompted a shift in microbial dominance towards Hathewaya (from 1 % to 68 %), a critical factor for having high NH3 tolerance. Finally, NH3 stripping results suggested that highly concentrated broth could reduce the specific energy consumption for NH3 extraction to 1/3.

A wideband stacked microstrip patch antenna design with augmented gain-bandwidth product for 5G wireless applications

A wideband stacked microstrip patch antenna design with augmented gain-bandwidth product for 5G wireless applications

Augmented reality implementation as a media for product promotion to reduce paper use

The use of paper as a media for product promotion is still widely used by companies in introducing their products. Promotional media used include brochures and flyers which are indeed printed to be distributed to potential customers. This way of promotion has an impact on the large number of paper-based promotional media which are then discarded after viewing. As it is known that paper comes from trees, currently, there are many environmental problems originating from illegal logging of forest trees and deforestation, which have an impact on ecosystems and the natural environment. During the current use of technology, the use of product introduction promotional media can use Augmented Reality (AR) technology. With AR, potential consumers can see 3D objects from products being marketed so that paper use can be reduced. In building AR, we use Game Engine Unity and Vuforia to be able to display 3-dimensional objects. This research is also based on Android as the base of the operating system. For the case study, we use four furniture products such as tables, chairs, and sofas as a subject of implementation. The purpose of this research is to reduce the use of paper as a medium for product promotion. The results of the research are in the form of media applications for promotion of Augmented Reality-based furniture products. Testing uses black box testing to test the performance of the AR along with testing various marker conditions, such as in low light and high light condition.

In Situ Synthesis of Ru/TiO2- x @TiCN Ternary Heterojunctions for Enhanced Sonodynamic and Nanocatalytic Cancer Therapy.

Albeit nanozymes-based tumor catalytic therapy (NCT) relies on endogenous chemical reactions that could achieve tumor microenvironment (TME)-specialized reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the unsatisfactory catalytic activity of nanozymes accompanied by complex TME poses a barrier to the therapeutic effect of NCT. Herein, a one-step in situ synthesis strategy is reported to construct ternary Ru/TiO2- x @TiCN heterojunctions through oxidative conversion of TiCN nanosheets (NSs) to TiO2- x NSs and reductive deposition of Ru3+ to Ru nanoparticles. The narrow bandgap and existence of heterojunctions enhance the ultrasound-activated ROS generation of Ru/TiO2- x @TiCN because of the accelerated electron transfer and inhibits electron-hole pair recombination. The augmented ROS production efficiency is achieved by Ru/TiO2- x @TiCN with triple enzyme-like activities, which amplifies the ROS levels in a cascade manner through the catalytic decomposition of endogenous H2 O2 to relieve hypoxia and heterojunction-mediated NCT, as well as depletion of overexpressed glutathione. The satisfactory therapeutic effects of Ru/TiO2- x @TiCN heterojunctions are achieved through synergetic sonodynamic therapy and NCT, which achieve the complete elimination of tumors without recurrence. This strategy highlights the potential of in situ synthesis of semiconductor heterojunctions as enhanced sonosensitizers and nanozymes for efficient tumor therapy.

Biovalorizing agro-waste ‘de-oiled rice bran’ for thermostable, alkalophilic and detergent stable α-amylase production with its application as laundry detergent additive and textile desizer

The current research was concerned with the use of abundant agro-waste ‘de-oiled rice bran (DORB)’ as a sustainable substrate to produce α-amylase followed by several targets like process parameter optimization for augmented production and immobilization. In addition, we have also focused on investigating the application of DORB_amy as an efficient laundry detergent additive and textile desizer. The best production was recorded at pH 8.0 at 37 °C after 96 h incubation with 1.5 % (w/v) maltose. The DORB_amy has optimum activity at pH 9.0 at 60 °C with a Km and Vmax of 0.31 mg/mL and 222.22 mg/mL/min respectively. The catalytic performance of DORB_amy was further enhanced after immobilization in 3.0 % calcium alginate beads with 61.95 ± 0.17 % of operational stability after five continuous reaction cycles. The findings showed excellent performance of DORB_amy in cleaning starchy stains. The washing performance of enzyme and detergent together was better than their individual performance which increases the application of α-amylase as a laundry detergent additive. About 17.34 % weight loss or desizing was done by DORB_amy with an 8–9 TEGEWA rating. The reported biochemical features like thermostability, alkalophilic and detergent-stable nature of the DORB_amy make it industrially fit with great significance.

Formation of digital literacy of schoolchildren in the aspect of application of augmented reality technology

In modern school education, the problem of teaching schoolchildren the technology of augmented reality and developing the corresponding components of digital literacy is becoming more urgent. The elective course "The real world with elements of unreality", aimed at developing digital literacy of schoolchildren in the aspect of using augmented reality technology, includes the following modules: "Theoretical basis of augmented reality", "Software and hardware of augmented reality", "Augmented reality browsers", "Development of an augmented reality product". Practical work with AR applications is organized based on the use of blended learning technology "Changing work areas". While going through the route, students get acquainted with the functionality of augmented reality applications in the following subject areas: foreign language, biology, history, geometry, fine arts. The creation of an augmented reality product (stereometric figure) is organized through project activities. Testing of the elective course showed the availability of educational material and a high level of cognitive interest of students in studying augmented reality technology.

Bariatric surgery decreases the capacity of plasma from obese asthmatic subjects to augment airway epithelial cell proinflammatory cytokine production.

Obesity is a risk factor for asthma. Individuals with asthma and obesity often have poor asthma control and do not respond as well to therapies such as inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators. Weight loss improves asthma control, with a 5%-10% loss in body mass necessary and sufficient to lead to clinically relevant improvements. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the pathogenic contribution of adipocytes from obese mice to the augmented production of proinflammatory cytokines from airway epithelial cells and the salutary effects of diet-induced weight loss to decrease these consequences. However, the effects of adipocyte-derived products on airway epithelial function in human obesity remain incompletely understood. We utilized samples collected from a 12-mo longitudinal study of subjects with obesity undergoing weight loss (bariatric) surgery including controls without asthma and subjects with allergic and nonallergic obese asthma. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) samples were collected during bariatric surgery and from recruited normal weight controls without asthma undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Human bronchial epithelial (HBEC3-KT) cells were exposed to plasma or conditioned media from cultured VAT adipocytes with or without agonists. Human bronchial smooth muscle (HBSM) cells were similarly exposed to adipocyte-conditioned media. Proinflammatory cytokines were augmented in supernatants from HBEC3-KT cells exposed to plasma as compared with subsequent visits. Whereas exposure to obese adipocyte-conditioned media induced proinflammatory responses, there were no differences between groups in both HBEC3-KT and HBSM cells. These data show that bariatric surgery and subsequent weight loss beneficially change the circulating factors that augment human airway epithelial and bronchial smooth muscle cell proinflammatory responses.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This longitudinal study following subjects with asthma and obesity reveals that weight loss following bariatric surgery decreases the capacity for plasma to augment proinflammatory cytokine secretion by human bronchial epithelial cells, implicating that circulating but not adipocyte-derived factors are important modulators in obese asthma.

Exploring the influence of cement and cement hydration products on strength and interfacial adhesion in emulsified cold recycled mixture: A molecular dynamics and experimental investigation

This study employed experimental methods and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate how cement and its hydration products affect the mechanical strength and interfacial properties of emulsified cold recycled mixtures (ECRM). The effects of cement hydration product characteristics, such as content, number of nucleation sites, calcium-silicon (Ca/Si) ratio, degree of hydration, and types of hydration products, on the adhesion and water resistance of the cement-emulsified asphalt mortar (CEAM)-aggregate interface, were studied. The findings revealed that increasing the cement content by up to 2% improved the ECRM's mechanical strength. However, the mechanical strength decreased beyond a cement content of 2%. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that augmented cement hydration product content fostered greater adhesion at the interface between CEAM and the aggregate. The presence of an adequate number of nucleation sites was crucial for cement hydration products' effectiveness in strengthening the interface adhesion. Moreover, hydration products with higher degrees of hydration or Ca/Si ratios exhibited a more pronounced impact on enhancing interface adhesion. Furthermore, cement hydration products enhanced the interfacial water resistance of the CEAM-aggregate interface. Nonetheless, the extent of this improvement depended on the interfacial water content. When the interfacial water content was high, the water resistance decreased, and the influence of cement hydration products became negligible. These results highlight the important role of cement and its hydration products in determining the mechanical properties and interfacial characteristics of ECRM and provide insights for optimizing the design and application of such materials in engineering practice.

Alendronate augments lipid A‑induced IL‑1β release by ASC‑deficient RAW264 cells via AP‑1 activation.

Alendronate (ALN) is an anti-bone-resorptive drug with inflammatory side effects. ALN upregulates lipid A-induced interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β release by J774.1 cells via apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) activation. The present study examined whether ALN augmented lipid A-induced proinflammatory cytokine production using ASC-deficient mouse macrophage-like RAW264 cells. Pretreatment of RAW264 cells with ALN significantly augmented lipid A-induced IL-1β release, although ALN did not upregulate the expression of Toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and caspase-11. Moreover, pretreatment of caspase-11-deficient RAW264.7 cells with ALN significantly augmented lipid A-induced IL-1β release. Notably, ALN upregulated the activation of FosB, c-Jun or JunD, but not c-Fos or NF-κB in RAW264 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with the activator protein 1 (AP-1) inhibitor SR11302, but not the c-Fos inhibitor T-5224, before addition of ALN inhibited ALN-augmented IL-1β release by lipid A-treated RAW264 cells. SR11302 also reduced ALN-augmented lactate dehydrogenase release by the cells. These findings collectively suggested that ALN augmented lipid A-induced IL-1β release and cell membrane damage in ASC-deficient RAW264 cells via activation of AP-1, but not NF-κB.

Altered T cell development in an animal model of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), leading to demyelination and axonal degeneration. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of MS that has significantly improved our understanding of MS. Studies have observed early thymic involution in MS patients, suggesting the potential involvement of the thymus in CNS autoimmunity. However, our knowledge of the thymus's role in autoimmune disorders affecting the CNS remains limited. In this study, we examined the effects of EAE induction on thymopoiesis and observed alterations in T cell development. These changes were characterized by increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of thymocytes at the EAE peak stage. We also identified a blockade in the transition from CD4−CD8− double-negative thymocytes to CD4+CD8+ double-positive cells, as evidenced by the accumulation of double-negative stage 1 thymocytes at both the EAE onset and peak stages. Furthermore, positive selection was disrupted in the thymus of EAE mice at both stages, leading to an elevated proportion and number of CD4+CD8− and CD4−CD8+ single-positive cells. Meanwhile, we observed an augmented production of regulatory T cells in the thymus of EAE mice. Moreover, peripheral blood analysis of EAE mice at the onset stage showed expanded T cell subsets but not at the peak stage. We also observed altered expression patterns in thymus-derived CD4+CD8− and CD4−CD8+ single-positive cells between MS patients and healthy controls. Our findings demonstrate a modified T cell development in EAE/MS, providing valuable insights into the potential of modulating thymic function as a targeted therapeutic approach to MS/EAE.

Disrupting mopAB and mdtB genes affects hydrogen production performance of Rhodobacter capsulatus

In Rhodobacter capsulatus, hydrogen production is predominantly limited by nitrogenase activity and light conversion efficiency. Modifying related genes can potentially mitigate these limitations. In this study, partial deletions of the mopAB and mdtB genes were performed in the R. capsulatus JL1 (WT) genome. Resultant mutants, JL11 (mopAB-) and JL15 (mopAB-, mdtB-), demonstrated favorable growth on MedA in photosynthetic anaerobic conditions. However, the growth of JL12 (mdtB-) was inhibited. Batch fermentation experiments revealed an augmented hydrogen production in JL15, achieving a remarkable 177.89 ± 9.98 mmol L−1. Furthermore, the light conversion efficiencies of JL15 reached 4.6% and 3.3% under 3 ± 0.5 klux and 7 ± 0.5 klux, respectively. In comparison, JL1 (WT) achieved efficiencies of 3.3% and 1.8% with nitrogenase activities of 6.16 ± 0.11 and 6.90 ± 0.30 nmol min−1·mg−1. These findings highlight the promising potential of co-deletion as a strategy for enhancing hydrogen production.

Resource curse or blessings hypothesis in Pakistan: The role of financial development and oil prices in era of globalization

This paper investigated either natural resource curse hypothesis exists in Pakistan by integrating the dynamic role of financial development, globalization and oil prices into augmented production function covering the period of 1972–2021. We applied unit root test, ARDL bounds testing and Granger causality approach by including information of single unknown structural break in the series. Our empirical analysis confirms that natural resources abundance has inverse effect on economic growth i.e. nature resource curse hypothesis is valid. The supply-side effect is confirmed i.e. financial development adds to economic growth. Oil prices are inversely linked with economic growth. Capitalization, globalization and labor stimulate economic growth. The Granger causality analysis indicates the existence of bidirectional causal relationship between natural resources and economic growth. The feedback effect exists between financial development and economic growth. The unidirectional causality is found running oil prices (labor force) to economic growth. Globalization and economic growth are complementary. This paper opens new insights for policy making authorities to utilize natural resources as economic tool to boost economic growth via proper and comprehensive management of natural resources with help of financial development.

Regulation of Microglial Signaling by Lyn and SHIP-1 in the Steady-State Adult Mouse Brain.

Chronic neuroinflammation and glial activation are associated with the development of many neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychological disorders. Recent evidence suggests that the protein tyrosine kinase Lyn and the lipid phosphatase SH2 domain-containing inositol 5' phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1) regulate neuroimmunological responses, but their homeostatic roles remain unclear. The current study investigated the roles of Lyn and SHIP-1 in microglial responses in the steady-state adult mouse brain. Young adult Lyn-/- and SHIP-1-/- mice underwent a series of neurobehavior tests and postmortem brain analyses. The microglial phenotype and activation state were examined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, and neuroimmune responses were assessed using gene expression analysis. Lyn-/- mice had an unaltered behavioral phenotype, neuroimmune response, and microglial phenotype, while SHIP-1-/- mice demonstrated reduced explorative activity and exhibited microglia with elevated activation markers but reduced granularity. In addition, expression of several neuroinflammatory genes was increased in SHIP-1-/- mice. In response to LPS stimulation ex vivo, the microglia from both Lyn-/- and SHIP-1-/- showed evidence of hyper-activity with augmented TNF-α production. Together, these findings demonstrate that both Lyn and SHIP-1 have the propensity to control microglial responses, but only SHIP-1 regulates neuroinflammation and microglial activation in the steady-state adult brain, while Lyn activity appears dispensable for maintaining brain homeostasis.