Audit Opinion Research Articles

Unveiling the driving forces behind high non-performing loans in zombie enterprises: an executive-centric study

PurposeExcessive borrowing significantly contributes to pushing businesses towards default and their transition into zombie enterprises. Despite government efforts to implement deleveraging policies and guide bank credit flows, it’s essential to delve into the internal dynamics that steer the borrowing behavior of these zombie enterprises at a micro level. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the issue, this study focuses on examining the incentives that drive corporate executives of zombie enterprises to consistently engage in large-scale borrowing from banks.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, panel data analysis is utilized, incorporating firm-, industry- and year-fixed effects. Drawing from data pertaining to listed companies in China spanning from 2007 to 2020, we employ a one-by-one identification method to pinpoint zombie enterprises. Ultimately, a total of 2,533 samples of zombie enterprises were obtained.FindingsThe results indicate that as bank loans to zombie enterprises increase, executive monetary compensation decreases, while on-the-job consumption by executives increases, and they are less likely to be forced into rotation. Mechanism testing reveals that corporate performance partially mediates the relationship between bank loans and executive monetary compensation, but this mediation is ineffective for on-the-job consumption and job rotation. Further investigation suggests that the property rights nature of central enterprises and modified audit opinions can exacerbate the adverse impact of bank loans on the monetary compensation of zombie corporate executives, without significantly affecting on-the-job consumption or job rotation. Conversely, executive power does not enhance the positive effects of bank loans on monetary compensation or on-the-job consumption, but it diminishes the negative impact of bank loans on the forced rotation of zombie executives.Research limitations/implicationsThese results indicate that while bank loans may have a negative impact on corporate value, they function as safeguards for the positions and interests of executives. As a result, bank loans serve as incentives for executives of zombie enterprises.Originality/valueThis study holds theoretical significance as it explores the motivations behind non-performing loans in high-borrowing enterprises, sheds light on corporate governance challenges encountered by zombie enterprises and provides policy insights aimed at addressing the underlying causes of persistent non-performing loans in high-borrowing enterprises, including zombie enterprises.

Pengaruh Kualitas Audit, dan Opinion Shopping Terhadap Penerimaan Opini Audit Going Concern (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) Periode 2017-2020)

This study aims to examine the effect of audit quality and opinion shopping on acceptance of going concern audit opinions in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2017-2020 period. The research sample consisted of 15 companies. The method used was purposive sampling, the number of observations was 193 manufacturing companies listed on the IDX for the 2017-2020 period. Annual report data obtained by indo-exchange file(IDX). In this research, the analytical method used is logistic statistics with SPSS Version 21 for windows software. The results of this study indicate that audit quality and opinion shopping have no partial effect on acceptance of going-concern audit opinions. The results of the omnibus test (f test) show that audit quality and opinion shopping simultaneously influence acceptance of going-concern audit opinions.

The Negative Effect of Regional Banking Competition on Audit Quality: Evidence from China

ABSTRACT Using Chinese A-share listed data from 2007 to 2020, we reveal that increased competition in the banking system impairs the audit quality of banks’ credit clients, which is attributed to the loss of bank supervision. For firms with poor corporate governance or information quality, firms that hire auditors with low independence or high catering motivation, or firms in an immature external environment, such negative effect is more prominent. Furthermore, we indicate that firms are prone to shop for favorable audit opinions under high banking competition. Overall, we illustrate the negative effect of banking competition on auditors and provide meaningful implications.

Informal Institutions and Audit Pricing: Cross-Country Evidence of National Culture and Audit Fees

Synopsis The research problem In this study, we examined the effect of an important informal institution, namely, national culture, on audit fees in an international context. Motivation In recent years, extant literature has increasingly focused on country-level differences in the audit environment, as these might have a significant influence on how financial statement audits are conducted across the globe. We contribute to this stream of literature by investigating the impact of national culture on audit fees. The test hypotheses Based on the demand- and supply-side perspectives of audit fees, we hypothesized that national culture dimensions — namely, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity — affect audit fees. Target population We used a sample of 27,670 firm-year observations across 22 countries over the 2002–2019 period. Adopted methodology We used ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions as baseline technique and entropy-balanced method (EBM) and system-generalized method of moments (GMM) to address endogeneity concerns. Analyses We examined the impact of Hofstede’s four national culture dimensions — uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity — on audit fees. We also tested the robustness of results using alternative measures of national culture, subsample analyses, and additional firm-level factors. Findings Consistent with our hypotheses, we find that audit fees are higher (lower) in countries with higher uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity (power distance) scores. Our further analyses reveal that earnings management proxied by abnormal accruals does not impact the relationship; however, country-level creditor rights influence audit fees in high power distance and masculine cultures. We also note that national culture influences auditor choice and audit opinion. Our main findings are robust to alternate proxies and subsample analysis, as well as to address potential endogeneity concerns. Overall, our findings offer important implications for firms operating in global markets and for the audit profession.

Modelling business bankruptcy for audit purposes

To facilitate informed decision-making and foster transparency, stakeholders require access to reliable financial information. Financial audits serve the purpose of assisting companies in achieving success by assuring the accuracy and transparency of their financial statements. However, due to the evolving and increasingly competitive nature of markets, companies may exhibit indicators of financial vulnerability, commonly referred to as "red flags." These warning signs could potentially lead to business failure and bankruptcy. To mitigate such risks, predictive models for assessing the likelihood of business failure have been developed. Such models offer valuable decision-making support for auditors, enabling them to identify and mitigate risks associated with financial distress. The primary objective of this study is to develop a predictive model based on logistic regression and compare its effectiveness with traditional audit opinions. The sample comprises Portuguese small and medium-sized enterprises from the textile sector. Data were collected from the SABI database (Iberian Balance Analysis System). For the years 2017 and 2018, 371 insolvent SMEs and 2412 active SMEs were obtained. Through empirical analysis, it was found that regression models possess greater predictive capability compared to conventional audits. The application of these models significantly enhances the accuracy of assessing a company's financial status, thereby enabling professionals to provide more informed and appropriate opinions.

PENGARUH REPUTASI KAP DAN OPINI AUDIT TAHUN SEBELUMNYA TERHADAP OPINI AUDIT GOING CONCERN DENGAN FINANCIAL DISTRESS SEBAGAI MODERASI (STUDI EMPIRIS DILAKUKAN PADA PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR PROPERTY DAN REAL ESTATE YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2018-2022)

This study aims to analyze and provide empirical evidence of the influence of KAP reputation and previous year's audit opinion on going concern audit opinion with financial distress as a moderating variable. The type of research used is a quantitative approach with associative methods. The population in this research are property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2018-2022. The sampling technique in this research was purposive sampling and obtained research samples of 34 companies with observations for 5 years, a total of 170 research samples were obtained. The data analysis technique used is logistic regression using E-views version 9 software. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the KAP's reputation and the previous year's audit opinion simultaneously influence the going concern audit opinion. Partially, KAP's reputation has no effect on going concern audit opinion, while the previous year's audit opinion has an effect on going concern audit opinion. The results of logistic regression analysis (MRA) show that financial distress cannot moderate KAP reputation and the previous year's audit opinion on going concern audit opinion.

Auditors’ Response to Controlling Shareholders’ Share Pledging: Evidence from Audit Opinions and Audit Fees

Auditors’ Response to Controlling Shareholders’ Share Pledging: Evidence from Audit Opinions and Audit Fees

Pengaruh Profitabilitas dan Likuiditas terhadap Opini Audit Going Concern

This research aims to find out how Profitability and Liquidity influence Going Concern Audit Opinions in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2021–2023 period. The population in this study are manufacturing companies in the Consumer Goods Industry sector listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the 2021–2023 period. Sampling was carried out using the Purposive Sampling method. The type of data used is secondary data. The results of this research show that the Profitability variable has a significant negative effect on the Going Concern Audit Opinion, while the Liquidity variable does not have a significant effect on the Going Concern Audit Opinion. However, the variables Profitability and Liquidity simultaneously have a significant effect on the Going Concern Audit Opinion.

Is auditor financial decision-making affected by prior audit report information? A behavioral approach

The role of financial experts is to provide their professional judgments with an opinion included in the financial reports after reviewing an entity's financial information, following a specific audit process. We investigate whether confirmation bias (through prior audit opinions) occurs among auditors during the audit process and decision-making, and whether experience mitigates this effect. A total of 175 non-experienced auditors run a 2x4 between-subjects experiment (experiment 1) studying how financial information (IV with two levels: negative and neutral/positive) and previous audit report (IV with four levels: absence, negative, moderately negative, and positive) might influence the issuance of the subsequent decision-making (DV). In addition, a total of 32 junior level 1 auditors (less than one year of experience), 31 junior level 2 auditors (up to 3 years of experience) and 20 senior auditors (more than 3 years of experience) run a 2 × 4 × 3 between-subjects experiment (experiment 2) analyzing if experience (IV with three levels of experience: less than one-year, between one and three years, more than three years) mitigates this effect (experiment 2). Results confirm that the previous-year audit report affect auditors' current assessment, showing that positive and negative prior opinions persuade auditors when suggesting the next one. This finding is relevant as auditors' opinions could be conditioned by prior opinions instead of their own expertise. Our evidence also suggests that professional experience mitigates this influence on auditors' assessments. Consequently, this study has relevant implications for partners, audit professionals and audit firm recruiters. A general implication is that auditor training courses should reinforce the auditor's own expertise and criteria based on the deep analysis of financial and economic data rather than on the work of previous auditors.

Determinant of Audit Delays: An Empirical Analysis of Manufacturing Companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

The purpose of this study is to obtain direct details about how the impact of audit opinion, audit committee, company size, and solvency on audit delay. This research was conducted on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2020-2023 period. The sample in this study was obtained using the purposive sampling method, which is a sampling technique based on certain criteria. Based on the predetermined criteria, a sample of 459 samples was obtained. This study uses SPSS tools with the logistic regression analysis method, this study uses secondary data, namely data obtained from the annual financial statements of manufacturing companies accessed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange website. Audit opinion measurement uses dummy variables using code 1 for companies that get an unqualified opinion, and code 0 for other than an unqualified opinion. The audit committee is measured by comparing the number of commissioners with the number of audit committees in a company. Company size is measured by the natural logarithm of total assets and solvency is measured by dividing total debt by total assets of a company. The results of this study identify that the audit committee affects audit delay and company size was also identified as affecting audit delay in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2020-2022. Meanwhile, audit opinion is identified that this variable does not affect audit delay, and solvency is also identified as not affecting audit delay in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2020-2022.

The Effect of Financial Distress, Audit Opinion, Management Turnover, and Profitability on Auditor Switching

This research aimed to provide empirical evidence regarding the effect of financial distress, audit opinion, management turnover, and profitability on auditor switching in the manufacturing sector companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). The research uses logistic regression analysis considering that the dependent variable is dichotomous. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Data on this study were collected using purposive sampling from 39 manufacturing companies with the observation period from 2018 to 2021. The result of the study shows that financial distress and audit opinion affect auditor switching, while management turnover and profitability do not affect auditor switching.

NON-CYCLICAL INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE IN INDONESIA: THE MODERATION OF AUDIT QUALITY

This study aims to analyze the factors of hexagon fraud in detecting financial statement fraud in non-cyclical sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2020-2022. Based on the purposive sampling method, the number of companies sampled in this study was 33 research criteria of non-cyclical companies with a total of 66 observations. The results of this study found that the element of pressure proxied by government projects had a significant effect on fraudulent financial statements. Meanwhile, financial targets, financial stability, changes in directors, ineffective monitoring, change in auditors, frequent number of CEO's pictures, political connections, state-owned enterprises, and audit opinions have no significant effect on fraudulent financial reports in non-cyclicals sector companies listed on the IDX 2020-2021.

OPINI AUDIT GOING CONCERN: SINYAL NEGATIF TERHADAP KEBERLANJUTAN OPERASIONAL PERUSAHAAN (STUDI LITERATUR)

The continuity of a company needs to be considered and maintained, especially in the midst of economic conditions full of intense competition. Companies will frequently have to contend with divergent interests between shareholders and management when maintaining operational shortages. The most effective way to manage such differences of interest is to hire an auditor. The auditor's role is to measure management performance and verify that financial reports are accurate. Furthermore, evaluating the financial statements' equality, auditors take a company's viability into consideration. The purpose of this study is to understanding the drivers that influence going concern audit opinions while evaluating the continuing company’s operations. The research methodology that uses is literature review. The results of the research demonstrate that debt default, earlier opinions, and audit delay all have an impact on the going concern audit opinions. Furthermore, opinion shopping has no impact on whether going concern audit opinions are accepted.

Pengaruh Kondisi Keuangan, Kualitas Audit, Kepemilikan Institusional Dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Opini Audit Going Concern Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Subsektor Metal And Allied Products Tahun 2017-2021

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of profitability on going concern audit opinions in Metal and Allied Products Sub-Sector Manufacturing companies in 2017-2021. The number of research samples is 13 manufacturing companies in the Metal and Allied Products sub-sector. Data analysis technique using logistic regression analysis. The results showed that financial condition and audit quality had a significant negative effect on going concern audit opinion. Institutional ownership and profitability have no significant positive effect on going concern audit opinion. Financial condition, audit quality, institutional ownership, and profitability have a significant effect on going concern audit opinion.

Factors that Influence Auditor Switching in Banks Listed on the BEI

The aim of this research is to examine the impact of going concern audit opinion, financial distress, company complexity, institutional ownership, and company size on auditor switching. And in this research we also added a moderating variable, namely audit fees, to test the role of audit fees in moderating the relationship between factors that influence auditor switching. This research focuses on bank companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2022. The data collection technique uses a purposive sampling method with a total of 164 data, taken from 41 banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research uses multiple linear regression analysis techniques and interaction tests or MRA (Moderated Regression Analysis). This calculation analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS software. The research results show that going concern audit opinion has a positive effect on auditor switching, while company complexity has a negative effect on auditor switching. However, factors such as financial distress, institutional ownership and company size have no influence on auditor change. Apart from that, the size of the audit fee does not moderate the relationship between the factors that influence a company's decision to change auditors.

Investigating Factors Affecting the Investors� Intention to Accept Cryptocurrency Investment in Malaysia

Incidents where external auditors do not issue a going concern audit opinion (GC opinion) to companies having severe financial problems have been reported globally. This issue motivated this study – (i) to investigate the effect of selected auditor characteristics in terms of specialization, tenure, and fee on GC opinion issuance and (ii) to examine the moderating effect of management’s, family’s, and institution’s influence on the relationship between auditor characteristics and GC opinion issuance. The study involves 644 Malaysian financially distressed listed companies in the period 2006 to 2012. The results of a panel logistic regression analysis show that auditor characteristics have no relationship with GC opinion issuance. Influential management - measured as the level of their ownership - can dampen the positive relationship between auditor specialization and auditor tenure with GC opinion issuance. The presence of an influential family, on the other hand, can strengthen the positive relationship between auditor tenure and GC opinion. No evidence about an influential institution’s impact on the GC opinion process could be found. In conclusion, while auditor characteristics do not affect the possibility of a GC opinion issuance, pressure imposed by influential management and family on the auditor during the audit opinion decision process does have an impact

Audit Risks and Prevention Strategies of Corporate Accounting Based on Computer Technology

Business owners use professional auditors to do audits on their companies because auditors are essential partners in the growth of enterprises. Auditors may improve their ability to organize their audit work sensibly and provide accurate audit opinions if they effectively identify the risks associated with the audit. In this day and age of big data and the World Wide Web, businesses produce a significant quantity of data through the normal course of their activities. Using data mining techniques, deep learning, neural networks, and other developing technologies to extract excellent auditing data from the massive amounts of data produced by audited businesses is a significant challenge for auditors. As a result, the purpose of this research is to use computer data mining methods in order to develop an audit risk model. This model will give an example for auditors to use when doing big data analysis and will mine important data, which will ultimately result in an improvement in the audit process's efficiency as well as its correctness.

The Impact of Transfer Pricing on the Company’s Image. Implications in Audit Work

In an economy strongly marked by globalisation, transfer pricing is at the top of the agenda of taxpayers, tax authorities and regulatory bodies, with its influence manifested primarily in the fiscal area, respectively in the correct determination and proper allocation of the corporate tax base between different jurisdictions or between companies operating within the same jurisdiction. However, transfer pricing transcends the fiscal problematic and significantly influences other aspects of a company's life, one of which is the image reflected in the annual financial statements, including cash flows or financial performance indicators, and through their analysis, the investment decisions of potential users of accounting information. Transfer pricing is, therefore, also a reference point in the audit work carried out at the level of companies part of national or multinational groups and involved in significant intra-group transactions, as compliance or noncompliance with the arm’s length principle directly influences the way in which different elements of income, expenses, results, assets, equity or liabilities are reflected or not in accordance with the true and fair view principle and thus, ultimately, the audit opinion. National and international auditing standards provide recommendations and guidance on how to deal with transfer pricing issues as part of audit engagements, reflecting a continuing concern by professional bodies to develop best practices in this area.

Potential of Tax Avoidance Based on Fraud Hexagon in Manufacturing Companies in BEI in Tax Avoidance Practice

This research aims to determine the influence of pressure, opportunity, rationalization, competence, arrogance and collusion on tax avoidance in manufacturing companies on the IDX in carrying out tax avoidance practices in 2021-2022. This research uses a quantitative descriptive method, with a total of 27 companies as a sample with 54 data used obtained through company annual reports. The results of this study show that the pressure variable proxied by ROA has an effect on tax avoidance, the opportunity variable proxied by the proportion of independent board of commissioners (BDOUT) has no effect on tax avoidance, the rationalization variable proxied by audit opinion has an effect on tax avoidance, the competency variable which is proxied with changes in directors having no effect on tax avoidance, the arrogance variable which is proxied by CEO narcissism has no effect on tax avoidance, the collusion variable which is proxied by political connections has an effect on tax avoidance.

Analisis Pengaruh Manajemen Strategi dan Kepemimpinan pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

This research aims to examine the influence of strategic management and leadership on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). The main focus of the research is on managerial and financial restructuring and the impact of Going Concern Audit Opinions as indicators of bankruptcy risk. This research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of risk mitigation efforts and company strategies in facing difficult financial conditions. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach referring to qualitative research methods. Secondary data was obtained from manufacturing industry financial reports published on the IDX for the period 2015 to 2018 and October 2023. The research sample consisted of 14 manufacturing companies that experienced losses for two consecutive years and received a Going Concern Audit Opinion. This research shows that the Going Concern Audit Opinion can be used as a notification to the company to carry out restructuring, both managerial and financial. Companies that are aware of this risk tend to make changes in managerial structure and strategy, reduce the risk of bankruptcy, and optimize share prices. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact, accelerating changes in management strategies and emphasizing the importance of adaptation in conditions of uncertainty. The conclusion is that the Going Concern Audit Opinion can be used as a notification to the company to carry out restructuring. Collaborative non-financial and financial restructuring can reduce the risk of bankruptcy, with managerial changes as best practice in mitigating bankruptcy. The company's ability to adapt to change, especially during the pandemic, is the key to future success. Keywords: Leadership, Strategic Management, Going Concern Audit Opinion, Restructuring