Audiovisual Presentation Research Articles

How to do the boutonniere Elastoplast splint technique (BEST) for the management of mallet deformities

The applications of a simple technique are invaluable. I have used the boutonniere (button-hole) Elastoplast (adhesive dressing) splint technique (BEST) throughout my hand surgical career for simple and complicated injuries. With patients with fractures over 30 per cent of the articular surface of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) this technique avoids open intervention and open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Unsuccessful conservative management where the treatment sometimes extends over eight months also can be successfully handled by this technique. The accompanying audiovisual presentation is the basis of this teaching tool. Slides are supplemented by voiceover descriptions explaining the intricacies of this three-layered Elastoplast technique creating a boutonniere reduction position which needs to be reapplied with fresh Elastoplast weekly over a three week period. This produces an excellent outcome. I have included perspectives from patients in the video presentation where the details of the technique are discussed and the patient’s satisfaction is evident.

How to do the boutonniere Elastoplast splint technique (BEST) for the management of mallet deformities

The applications of a simple technique are invaluable. I have used the boutonniere (button-hole) Elastoplast (adhesive dressing) splint technique (BEST) throughout my hand surgical career for simple and complicated injuries. With patients with fractures over 30 per cent of the articular surface of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) this technique avoids open intervention and open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Unsuccessful conservative management where the treatment sometimes extends over eight months also can be successfully handled by this technique. The accompanying audiovisual presentation is the basis of this teaching tool. Slides are supplemented by voiceover descriptions explaining the intricacies of this three-layered Elastoplast technique creating a boutonniere reduction position which needs to be reapplied with fresh Elastoplast weekly over a three week period. This produces an excellent outcome. I have included perspectives from patients in the video presentation where the details of the technique are discussed and the patient’s satisfaction is evident.

Multimedia Technologies for Teaching Musical Art Under Present-day Conditions

The processes of society's informatization and digitalization necessitate the widespread use of new pedagogical technologies. Through these technologies, comprehensive disclosure of didactic functions of new methods of educational activity and the realization of the potential and creative potential. The use of information and computer multimedia technologies in teaching music art is especially relevant in the intensification of the development of interactive technologies, the transition to mixed forms of learning, and a period of socio-economic and socio-political upheavals. The study aims to substantiate the theoretical and applied principles of the analysis of multimedia technology learning musical art in modern conditions and assess the status and trends in their use in conducting educational activities. The study uses general scientific and unique methods of economic analysis, in particular, analysis and synthesis, analogy and comparison, generalization and systematization, and graphic ways. Regarding the results of the study of multimedia technologies for teaching musical art in current conditions, it was found that they contribute to the development of the seeker's creative, creative, and cognitive activity, have a positive impact on learning material, and diversify the educational process. Multimedia technologies such as presentations, programs for watching a video, listening to audio, music and singing karaoke, electronic encyclopedias, and Internet resources are proven to be the most used in music education. They have several qualitative and quantitative advantages, manifested in the possibilities of audio-visual presentation of educational material and significantly higher information density. It is suggested to strengthen the use of such computer programs as Microsoft Word, Ahead Nero, Finale, Adobe Audition, Sound Forge, and Microsoft PowerPoint for musical art classes.

A functional magnetic resonance imaging examination of audiovisual observation of a point-light string quartet using intersubject correlation and physical feature analysis.

We use functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to explore synchronized neural responses between observers of audiovisual presentation of a string quartet performance during free viewing. Audio presentation was accompanied by visual presentation of the string quartet as stick figures observed from a static viewpoint. Brain data from 18 musical novices were obtained during audiovisual presentation of a 116 s performance of the allegro of String Quartet, No. 14 in D minor by Schubert played by the ‘Quartetto di Cremona.’ These data were analyzed using intersubject correlation (ISC). Results showed extensive ISC in auditory and visual areas as well as parietal cortex, frontal cortex and subcortical areas including the medial geniculate and basal ganglia (putamen). These results from a single fixed viewpoint of multiple musicians are greater than previous reports of ISC from unstructured group activity but are broadly consistent with related research that used ISC to explore listening to music or watching solo dance. A feature analysis examining the relationship between brain activity and physical features of the auditory and visual signals yielded findings of a large proportion of activity related to auditory and visual processing, particularly in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) as well as midbrain areas. Motor areas were also involved, potentially as a result of watching motion from the stick figure display of musicians in the string quartet. These results reveal involvement of areas such as the putamen in processing complex musical performance and highlight the potential of using brief naturalistic stimuli to localize distinct brain areas and elucidate potential mechanisms underlying multisensory integration.

Construction of Interactive Virtual Reality Simulation Digital Media System Based on Cross-Media Resources.

The combination of video and music is the most typical combination form in interactive multimedia works, which focuses on the audio-visual presentation characteristics of interactive art. Since both creative practice and theoretical research are still in the development stage, we focus on the creation of audio-visual integration in interactive multimedia works. Theoretical achievements are still very rare, and the guidance of creation theory plays an important role in the improvement of the aesthetic level of works. Therefore, for the development of interactive multimedia works creation, creating a new audio-visual relationship research path has important theoretical value and application value. It also has a certain historical significance for promoting the maturity of this art form. Through interactive virtual reality technology, this paper conducts an in-depth discussion on the simulation of digital media system across media resources. It is more suitable for the user's preference than the PC machine side. From technical means to artistic aesthetic characteristics and practical application, the application field and industry influence of digital media art carried by virtual reality are expounded, and the problems and solutions faced at this stage are proposed. By analyzing the application of virtual reality aesthetics in interaction design, the relationship between the visual level and the experience level of virtual reality aesthetics is discussed. Starting from the basic concepts of virtual reality aesthetics and interaction design, this paper analyzes the virtual reality space architecture and aesthetic dimension of interaction design in the era of artificial intelligence, and the value of virtual reality aesthetics in interaction design. Most interactive multimedia works rely on the open programming environment and have highly open creation tools to realize cross-media creation. The interactive integration of multimedia art and visual communication is the trend in design development. It follows the law of formal beauty and uses visual language to guide the content. Visual communication adapts to the needs of multiplatform media communication, adds multimedia art elements, and promotes the integration of scientific and technological progress and artistic development.

Students’ Responses toward the Implementation of PowToon in EFL Classroom at a Remote Area

The development of technology in this contemporary world was undoubtedly able to support the teaching-learning process. Meanwhile, various types of applications are being used as media. For instance, PowToon. PowToon is categorized as an audiovisual presentation that provides alternative animation, picture, sound, voice, and music. PowToon videos have been used all over the world. However, this would be different for students in remote areas who are hardly taught using technology. This study revealed students' responses in a small area towards implementing PowToon in the EFL Classroom. Regarding this research, the case study was used as a research design. In collecting the data, both semi-structured interviews and close-ended questionnaires were applied. The result showed students' responses on implementing PowToon in the EFL classroom were: First, PowToon could assist students in learning English. Second, PowToon was an exciting application or media in learning, and the last PowToon increased students' creativity and motivation in learning English as Foreign Language.

Revealing the Secret Sounds and Movements

The article examines how public and audio-visual media presentations of Alevi-Bektashi ritual music and semahs in Bulgaria act as a bridge between the community and outsider audience. Special attention is paid to the advantages of using the innovative format of the virtual tour for revealing a little known and still somewhat closed ethno-religious minority that is apprehensive about outside scrutiny.

A Study of Awareness about Biomedical Waste Management among Health Care Personnel

Introduction: Enormous amounts of hazardous and infectious waste are produced in hospitals across the world in the course of various biomedical procedures. India produces approximately 2kg/bed/day. India has well established protocols for handling and management of biomedical waste, namely, the BMW (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2000. These rules mandate healthcare facilities to segregate disinfect and dispose biomedical wastes in a manner which protects the safety of healthcare professionals as well as that of the environment. Aims and Objectives: To find out the levels and areas of gaps in knowledge, attitudes and practices towards BMW management among various health care personnel. Material and Methods: A before and after interventional study was carried out on 150 participants from J.A.H. group of Hospitals, Gwalior. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was prepared and used for data collection. A Planned teaching and audiovisual presentation for the biomedical waste management was prepared and applied for assessment. Results: Out of 150 participants, before the educational intervention the level of knowledge about bio medical waste management among senior doctors and junior doctors were 70.0% and 65.0 respectively and significantly (p<0.05) excellent in comparison to nursing and sanitary staff. Educational intervention had significantly improved BW management knowledge in all group studied. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that there are fair levels of knowledge and awareness about BM waste generation hazards, legislation and management among health care personnel in J.A group of hospitals. Regular monitoring and training is required at all levels to fill up the lacunae in knowledge.

Effect of the Preparatory School FAST Stroke Educational Program.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of FAST stroke educational program among all preparatory school students in the state of Qatar. METHODS: The pretest-posttest experimental research design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the FAST educational program in Qatar. A 30-minute audiovisual presentation was given to improve knowledge of stroke. We included grade 7 to 9 students during the academic year 2018-2019. The FAST program consisted of a pretest, an educational intervention, and immediate and long-term posttests at 2 months. RESULTS: A sample of 1244 students completed presurvey and immediate postsurvey, with an average age of 13.5 (1.12) years (range, 11-18 years) and 655 (53%) females. Students had significantly ( P < .01) greater knowledge of stroke signs, symptoms, and risk factors at intermediate posttest (5.9 [2.6] and 6.2 [2.4]) and at 2 months posttest (5.6 [2.8] and 5.6 [2.7]) compared with pretest (4.8 [2.6] and 4.9 [2.6], respectively). Students also had a higher self-efficacy to seek assistance, which was sustained from pretest to long-term posttest. CONCLUSION: The FAST program improved stroke knowledge that was retained at 2 months.

Assessing Sensorimotor Synchronisation in Toddlers Using the Lookit Online Experiment Platform and Automated Movement Extraction.

Adapting gross motor movement to match the tempo of auditory rhythmic stimulation (sensorimotor synchronisation; SMS) is a complex skill with a long developmental trajectory. Drumming tasks have previously been employed with infants and young children to measure the emergence of rhythmic entrainment, and may provide a tool for identification of those with atypical rhythm perception and production. Here we describe a new protocol for measuring infant rhythmic movement that can be employed at scale. In the current study, 50 two-year-olds drummed along with the audiovisual presentation of four steady rhythms, using videos of isochronous drumming at 400, 500, 600, and 700 ms IOI, and provided their spontaneous motor tempo (SMT) by drumming in silence. Toddlers’ drumming is observed from video recordings made in participants’ own homes, obtained via the Lookit platform for online infant studies. We use OpenPose deep-learning model to generate wireframe estimates of hand and body location for each video. The vertical displacement of the hand was extracted, and the power and frequency of infants’ rhythmic entrainment quantified using Fast Fourier Transforms. We find evidence for age-appropriate tempo-flexibility in our sample. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a fully digital approach to measuring rhythmic entrainment from within the participant’s home, from early in development.

What is the best method to ensure informed consent is valid for orthodontic treatment? A trial to assess long-term recall and comprehension.

Design Single-blind randomised controlled trial.Intervention Patient and parent pairs were randomly assigned via a random number generator to Group A or B. Both groups were given ten minutes to read a modified consent document. Group A (rehearsal) were given printouts that showed images of four core and four custom risks with handwritten descriptions of each risk and consequences. Group B were given an audio-visual presentation instead (PowerPoint). Interviews of each group were completed immediately after the informed consent and at six-month follow-up to assess recall and comprehension of information provided.Case selection Patients aged 11-18 years old and their parents attending for comprehensive orthodontic treatment at Ohio State University graduate orthodontic clinic. All subjects needed to be able to communicate in English, have no developmental disabilities or urgent medical conditions and neither the patients or parents or subjects' siblings were to have had orthodontic treatment in the last five years.Data analysis 1) Exploratory analysis to test for differences in demographics and anxiety between the two groups; 2) Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess percentage of accurate responses at baseline and six months and the change between the two different groups, with differing baseline characteristics (p <0.05 was considered statistically significant); and 3) Intra- and inter-rater reliability was assessed using intra-class correlation.Results There were no significant differences in information retention and understanding between the two methods at six-month follow-up. For both groups, recall was significantly lower six months following consent-taking. Specific domains whereby information recall and comprehension are poor include: treatment method, risks, resorption and discomfort.Conclusions There is no superior method of consent-taking to ensure patients' and parents' information retention in the months following commencement of treatment. However, the study highlighted that current consent practices which are considered 'best practice' may be deficient.

Nature and the City: Audiovisual interactions in pleasantness and psychophysiological reactions

The presence of natural elements in the urban environment improves wellbeing. Comparisons of different psychophysiological reactions to both auditory and visual perceptions of urban environments are employed as a method for shedding light on the mechanisms involved in audiovisual interaction, by which visual context influences auditory perception, and vice versa. Combining psychophysical and physiological methodologies is likely to improve our understanding of the perceptual consequences of variations in the presence of nature in the city. In the present study, 61 participants, mainly students, were exposed to urban soundscapes accompanied by street scenes. Audio excerpts of bird song or road traffic were paired with images with or without vegetation. Half of the participants (n = 30) were asked to judge the auditory pleasantness after each audiovisual presentation, whereas the other half (n = 31) judged the visual pleasantness of the scene. Heart rate, pupil area, gaze fixations and electromyography of the eyebrow muscle (corrugator supercilii) were concurrently recorded.We demonstrated a strong perceptual audiovisual interaction: auditory pleasantness was higher when accompanied by a natural visual context, and visual pleasantness was higher when accompanied by natural sounds. Electromyography and heart rate were particularly sensitive to the presence of nature in the soundscapes, whereas gaze behavior discriminated only visual nature elements. The natural sounds were associated with lower heart rate and less corrugator supercilii electromyographic activity, whereas natural images were associated with slower gaze behavior. Pupil area was sensitive to both auditory and visual stimulations. The pupil was relatively constricted by all natural stimuli and discriminated different unpleasant traffic noise samples and the modulation of visual pleasantness by these sounds. This suggests a distinctive role of arousal level in the modulation of pupil reactions, which appear well suited to study audiovisual interactions and the perceptual effects of natural elements in urban environments.

Multimodality and pronunciation in ICLHE (Integration of Content and Language in Higher Education) training

ABSTRACT Purpose This paper describes a study carried out within an ICLHE training programme in a Northern Italian university. The paper discusses the way an increased awareness of multimodal resources and the ability to deploy them effectively during lectures could offset language deficits of lecturers and enhance overall communicative competence and pedagogy. Design/methodology/approach Eight mini-lectures given during a microteaching session undertaken as part of a training module were video recorded for analysis. Lectures are a form of multimodal discourse and multimodal analysis was chosen for an examination of spoken language with a particular focus on pronunciation, audiovisual presentations and non-verbal communication, as well as any other didactic material or strategies used by the participants. The video recordings were chosen on the basis of observations and feedback from the trainers with the aim of investigating ICLHE competence. Findings and originality There have been few studies on pronunciation and ICLHE and they tend to be oriented towards investigating students’ pronunciation gains in English-medium Instruction (EMI). The findings of this study suggest that by enhancing multimodal competence and focusing on pronunciation, lecturers can improve their overall communicative competence. Value The results of this study provide some indications of how educational developers can help lecturers increase their awareness of the communicative potential of multi-semiotic modes to support their pronunciation and improve the clarity of their lectures.

‘Animated Sound’: An application of digital technologies and open scores in interdisciplinary collaboration and education

We describe a collaborative project carried out with an ensemble of amateur adult musicians in which a participant created a composition derived from her background as an animator in conjunction with the appropriation of interface elements used in digital animation software. Conceived of during the 2020 quarantine for online performance with an undefined instrumentation of acoustic and electronic sound sources, subsequent versions have been created for film soundtracks, ensemble concerts, live-scoring/coding audio-visual presentations and solo performances. These diverse realizations are analysed through two frameworks. The first, adapted from an analysis of the embodiment of values in digital games, indicates that the community-oriented values present in early ensemble versions are replaced by more typical aesthetic values, such as complexity and virtuosity, as the work evolves from one realization to another. The addition of notational and technical elements presupposing conventional musical training results in a particularly profound shift in the perceived nature of the composition. The second framework addresses this divergence in embodied values by expanding the role of the instructor/facilitator in educational and socially engaged practices, situating artistic control and outcomes alongside functions of learning and inclusivity.

IDF21-0015 Can weekly ‘foot alerts’ using a bespoke mobile app improve patient diabetic foot care knowledge and practices in Kuwait

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputation, occurring every 20-secs. An important step in disrupting the pathway to amputation is improving patient awareness and foot care practices. Improvement in short-term knowledge and behaviour following education programs has been reported, but without sustained improvement. Two recent Cochrane reviews reported that not enough high-quality evidence existed to prove the effectiveness of patient education programs on the prevention of DFU, as delivery methods are not evidence-based, nor are the right patients targeted. We propose that patients who receive weekly foot alerts alongside their regular Podiatry appointments will have better foot care knowledge and behaviours at 12-months compared to a control group. Aim: This study aims to determine if targeted weekly diabetic foot alerts improve diabetic foot care behaviour and knowledge in patients with high and moderate diabetic foot risk classification, compared to participants who only receive regular podiatry interventions. Method: This randomized, investigator-blinded, two-armed, study aims to pilot an innovative approach to education delivery. Participants will be included if they have been classified as high or moderate risk of developing DFU using the NICE classification system. Ninety-eight Participants will be randomised to (1) control group, who will receive usual diabetic foot care education, including daily foot inspections, foot hygiene, and footwear advice, supplemented by an information leaflet or (2) intervention group, in addition to the diabetic foot care education and information leaflet given to the control group, participants will receive a 10-minute audio-visual pre-recorded presentation based on the foot care education and an application will be downloaded onto their smart phone. This application will deliver weekly foot alerts based on the presentation, repeating at 12-weekly intervals. Podiatry appointments will be scheduled depending on risk classification. Participants will complete an adapted Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities behaviour questionnaire (SDSCA) and a Foot Care Knowledge questionnaire at first Podiatry appointment and 12-months. Results: The primary outcome measure will compare means of each questionnaire between the two groups. It is anticipated that participants in the intervention group will have improved foot care knowledge and practices. Secondary outcomes will include assessing the association between participants knowledge and behaviour and the number of foot alert engagements, and the number of podiatry appointments. Lastly, the number of new DFUs and change in HbA1c will be compared between the two groups. Discussion: This novel approach to diabetic foot care education could have a significant impact on patients' foot health and quality of life. Moreover, the financial burden to healthcare facilities and governments may be lessened by improving foot care behaviour and reducing DFU frequency.

Introduction to the Dialogues on Afterlives and Different Futures for Latin American Art

What theoretical and political exigencies framed the discussions of Latin American art in the 1970s, and what are the afterlives of those formations today? This Dialogues traces a constellation of curators and scholars that participated in the articulation of the field of modern and contemporary Latin American art, paying attention to experimentation and the ways coloniality haunt its development. Authors analyze episodes in the formation of the field, including a prominent international symposium, an audiovisual display as curatorial intervention, and the redefinition of popular art, as well as troubling the subordination of Black art. George Flaherty and Adele Nelson discuss the intensive questioning that constituted the Austin Symposium in 1975, drawing on the previously understudied audio recordings of the conference. Camila Maroja reconsiders the controversial audiovisual presentation by Ángel Kalenberg at the Tenth Paris Biennial (1977) with a view to the transnational cultural politics of the period. Karen Benezra offers that Ticio Escobar’s multidecade reconception of popular art grants space for art by communities historically excluded from both art and the mestizo nation, notably the Ishir Indigenous people of Paraguay. Eddie Chambers issues a challenge and reflects on the limited degree to which the contributions of African-descended artists have been recognized by historians of Latin American art, focusing on Brazil and Cuba. Together these texts propose that questioning and unresolvability can serve as both tools and reminders of the size and significance of the continued work required of the field of modern and contemporary Latin American art.

Projecting Latin America

What theoretical and political exigencies framed the discussions of Latin American art in the 1970s, and what are the afterlives of those formations today? This Dialogues traces a constellation of curators and scholars that participated in the articulation of the field of modern and contemporary Latin American art, paying attention to experimentation and the ways coloniality haunt its development. Authors analyze episodes in the formation of the field, including a prominent international symposium, an audiovisual display as curatorial intervention, and the redefinition of popular art, as well as troubling the subordination of Black art. George Flaherty and Adele Nelson discuss the intensive questioning that constituted the Austin Symposium in 1975, drawing on the previously understudied audio recordings of the conference. Camila Maroja reconsiders the controversial audiovisual presentation by Ángel Kalenberg at the Tenth Paris Biennial (1977) with a view to the transnational cultural politics of the period. Karen Benezra offers that Ticio Escobar’s multidecade reconception of popular art grants space for art by communities historically excluded from both art and the mestizo nation, notably the Ishir Indigenous people of Paraguay. Eddie Chambers issues a challenge and reflects on the limited degree to which the contributions of African-descended artists have been recognized by historians of Latin American art, focusing on Brazil and Cuba. Together these texts propose that questioning and unresolvability can serve as both tools and reminders of the size and significance of the continued work required of the field of modern and contemporary Latin American art.

Ticio Escobar

What theoretical and political exigencies framed the discussions of Latin American art in the 1970s, and what are the afterlives of those formations today? This Dialogues traces a constellation of curators and scholars that participated in the articulation of the field of modern and contemporary Latin American art, paying attention to experimentation and the ways coloniality haunt its development. Authors analyze episodes in the formation of the field, including a prominent international symposium, an audiovisual display as curatorial intervention, and the redefinition of popular art, as well as troubling the subordination of Black art. George Flaherty and Adele Nelson discuss the intensive questioning that constituted the Austin Symposium in 1975, drawing on the previously understudied audio recordings of the conference. Camila Maroja reconsiders the controversial audiovisual presentation by Ángel Kalenberg at the Tenth Paris Biennial (1977) with a view to the transnational cultural politics of the period. Karen Benezra offers that Ticio Escobar’s multidecade reconception of popular art grants space for art by communities historically excluded from both art and the mestizo nation, notably the Ishir Indigenous people of Paraguay. Eddie Chambers issues a challenge and reflects on the limited degree to which the contributions of African-descended artists have been recognized by historians of Latin American art, focusing on Brazil and Cuba. Together these texts propose that questioning and unresolvability can serve as both tools and reminders of the size and significance of the continued work required of the field of modern and contemporary Latin American art.

Accentuating Latin American Art’s African Dimensions

What theoretical and political exigencies framed the discussions of Latin American art in the 1970s, and what are the afterlives of those formations today? This Dialogues traces a constellation of curators and scholars that participated in the articulation of the field of modern and contemporary Latin American art, paying attention to experimentation and the ways coloniality haunt its development. Authors analyze episodes in the formation of the field, including a prominent international symposium, an audiovisual display as curatorial intervention, and the redefinition of popular art, as well as troubling the subordination of Black art. George Flaherty and Adele Nelson discuss the intensive questioning that constituted the Austin Symposium in 1975, drawing on the previously understudied audio recordings of the conference. Camila Maroja reconsiders the controversial audiovisual presentation by Ángel Kalenberg at the Tenth Paris Biennial (1977) with a view to the transnational cultural politics of the period. Karen Benezra offers that Ticio Escobar’s multidecade reconception of popular art grants space for art by communities historically excluded from both art and the mestizo nation, notably the Ishir Indigenous people of Paraguay. Eddie Chambers issues a challenge and reflects on the limited degree to which the contributions of African-descended artists have been recognized by historians of Latin American art, focusing on Brazil and Cuba. Together these texts propose that questioning and unresolvability can serve as both tools and reminders of the size and significance of the continued work required of the field of modern and contemporary Latin American art.

Latin American Art by and for Whom?

What theoretical and political exigencies framed the discussions of Latin American art in the 1970s, and what are the afterlives of those formations today? This Dialogues traces a constellation of curators and scholars that participated in the articulation of the field of modern and contemporary Latin American art, paying attention to experimentation and the ways coloniality haunt its development. Authors analyze episodes in the formation of the field, including a prominent international symposium, an audiovisual display as curatorial intervention, and the redefinition of popular art, as well as troubling the subordination of Black art. George Flaherty and Adele Nelson discuss the intensive questioning that constituted the Austin Symposium in 1975, drawing on the previously understudied audio recordings of the conference. Camila Maroja reconsiders the controversial audiovisual presentation by Ángel Kalenberg at the Tenth Paris Biennial (1977) with a view to the transnational cultural politics of the period. Karen Benezra offers that Ticio Escobar’s multidecade reconception of popular art grants space for art by communities historically excluded from both art and the mestizo nation, notably the Ishir Indigenous people of Paraguay. Eddie Chambers issues a challenge and reflects on the limited degree to which the contributions of African-descended artists have been recognized by historians of Latin American art, focusing on Brazil and Cuba. Together these texts propose that questioning and unresolvability can serve as both tools and reminders of the size and significance of the continued work required of the field of modern and contemporary Latin American art.