Atypical Ways Research Articles

Experience in the implementation of minilaparotomy cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis access complicated about cystic infi ltrates

In this paper shows the results of treatment of 47 patients with a cloelithiasis, complicated by an acute cholecystitis and paravesical infi ltrate by using atypical ways of a cholecystectomy from minilaparotomy access. Criteria and indications for performance universally recognized cholecystectomy from minilaparotomy access, from a bottom and by Pribram are showed. Rational receptions of operating and tool maintenance of a hemostasis are detailed at minicholecystectomy in the conditions of dense paravesical infi ltrate. It is shown that frequency of conversion at the acute cholecystitis complicated by dense infi ltrate, at performance of atypical ways minicholecystectomy, makes 4,2 % that is statistically authentic more low, than at performance standard minicholecystectomy at which frequency of conversion reaches 15 %. Introduction of atypical ways of minicholecystectomy at destructive forms of the acute cholecystitis complicated by dense paravesical infi ltrate, reduces risk of damage of anatomic formations of a hepatoduodenal ligament, and number of intra and postoperative complications from 12,7 to 2,1 %.

Difference Not Deficit: Reconceptualizing Mathematical Learning Disabilities (Reprint)

Mathematical learning disability (MLD) research often conflates low achievement with disabilities and focuses exclusively on deficits of students with MLDs. In this study I adopt an alternative approach using a response-to-intervention MLD classification model and identify the resources students draw upon rather than the skills they lack. The intervention model involved videotaped one-on-one fraction tutoring sessions implemented with students with low mathematics achievement. This article presents case studies of two students who did not benefit from the tutoring sessions. Detailed diagnostic analyses of the sessions revealed that the students understood mathematical representations in atypical ways and that this directly contributed to the persistent difficulties they experienced. Implications for screening and remediation approaches are discussed.

Intraoperative prognostic factors and atypical patterns of recurrence in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma treated with laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy

Objective The aims of this study were to identify clinical, intraoperative and pathological prognostic factors for predicting extraurothelial recurrence and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) who had undergone laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (LRNU), and to investigate the site-specific patterns of recurrence and the associated outcomes. Materials and methods A retrospective revision was undertaken of 117 consecutive patients who had undergone transperitoneal LRNU for UTUC between 2007 and 2012. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify prognostic factors and Kaplan–Meier was used to estimate CSS. Results With a median follow-up of 20 months, 36 patients (30%) developed extraurothelial recurrence (local and/or distant). In the multivariate analysis, entering the urinary tract during LRNU was related to local recurrence (p = 0.04), management of the distal ureter to CSS (p = 0.003), pathological stage and positive margins to local (p = 0.001, p = 0.013), distant (p = 0.028, p = 0.009) and global recurrence (p = 0.05, p = 0.012) and CSS (p = 0.011, p = 0.042), and multifocality to distant recurrence (p = 0.024). Median time to recurrence was 11.4 months after LRNU. Of 36 patients with progression, 23 (64%) had simultaneous local and distant recurrence and eight had atypical metastases: two port-site metastases, five peritoneal, two subcutaneous and two abdominal wall implants. The 5 year CSS was 61% for all patients with UTUC and 9% for those with recurrence. Conclusions Intraoperative events could have a negative impact on the oncological outcomes of patients with UTUC treated with LRNU. The use of laparoscopy for advanced UTUC may be related to atypical ways of spreading.

Do Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder Process Own- and Other-Race Faces Differently?

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) process human faces in atypical ways according to previous literature. We investigated whether individuals with ASD can process face race information and respond to own- and other-race faces differentially. Chinese individuals with ASD (n = 24), typically developing (TD) individuals (n = 28), and individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID, n = 26) were asked to recognize Chinese and Caucasian faces in an old-new face paradigm using eye tracking. In terms of recognition, the ASD and ID groups did not perform differently and displayed superior own-race recognition compared with other-race faces; TD participants displayed similar recognition of the two types of faces. In terms of eye tracking, the TD, ASD, and ID groups displayed more looking on the eyes and less looking on the nose and mouth of Caucasian faces relative to Chinese faces. Overall, individuals with ASD manifested a behavioral other-race effect and displayed the same type of cross-racial differentiation in face scanning observed in TD individuals. The findings suggest that as is the case with TD individuals, face processing of individuals with ASD is influenced by differences in visual experience with different face categories.

24-Month-Olds' Selective Learning Is Not an All-or-None Phenomenon.

Evidence that children maintain some memories of labels that are unlikely to be shared by the broader linguistic community suggests that children’s selective learning is not an all-or-none phenomenon. Across three experiments, we examine the contexts in which 24-month-olds show selective learning and whether they adjust their selective learning if provided with cues of in-context relevance. In each experiment, toddlers were first familiarized with a source who acted on familiar objects in either typical or atypical ways (e.g., used a car to mimic driving or hop like a rabbit) or labeled familiar objects incorrectly (e.g., called a spoon a “brush”). The source then labeled unfamiliar objects using either a novel word (e.g., fep; Experiment 1) or sound (e.g., ring; Experiments 2 and 3). Results indicated that toddlers learnt words from the typical source but not from the atypical or inaccurate source. In contrast, toddlers extended sound labels only when a source who had previously acted atypically provided the sound labels. Thus, toddlers, like preschoolers, avoid forming semantic representations of new object labels that are unlikely to be relevant in the broader community, but will form event-based memories of such labels if they have reason to suspect such labels will have in-context relevance.

Aging-Related Issues in Adults With Mental Disabilities

Aging-Related Issues in Adults With Mental Disabilities

Music Therapy in the Bereavement of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: A Clinical Report

According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, intellectual disability (ID) is defined as disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive behavior, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18 (American Association on Intellectual and Development Disabilities, 2012). Due to changes in healthcare in the past 40-70 years, life expectancy has increased for almost all people, including persons with intellectual disabilities. Deinstitutionalization and the civil rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s led to better treatment of persons with ID; less restrictive environments and inclusion in school, work, and living arrangements; and protection from harm that often occurred in large institutions (Doka & Lavin, 2003; World Health Organization, 2000). In 1930, the life expectancy of persons with ID was 18.5 years, and the expected age has increased by over 350% since that time (McCallion & Nickle, 2008). The longer people live, the more opportunities they have to form meaningful relationships and, in turn, experience significant losses.Grief, Loss, and Adults with Intellectual DisabilitiesThe experience of loss is often associated with, but not limited to, the death of a loved one. Treatment of individuals with ID experiencing bereavement may include counseling, changes in environment, and social work techniques (Dowling, Hubert, White, & Hollins, 2006; LoConto & JonesPruett, 2008; Stoddart, Burke, & Temple, 2002; Summers & Witts, 2003). For nearly all people, the experience of a significant loss creates feelings of sadness, grief, and guilt and may seem devastating and unbearable. Although persons with ID experience grief, they may grieve in atypical ways and have difficulty expressing their feelings due to communication impairments. Persons with ID are often well aware of the loss and can experience grief to the same extent as someone without ID, but may not be able to communicate that experience in the same way as the typically developed adult (Kauffman, 1994). This difficulty in communication may contribute to negative behaviors and subsequent frustration for, or misdiagnosis by, caregivers and therapists (Clements, Focht-New, & Faulkner, 2004; MacHale & Carey, 2002). Moreover, persons with ID have limited close relationships and thus fewer identities on which to rely when one of those relationships is ended (LoConto & Jones-Pruett, 2008).In the event of a death, the person with ID may be given incorrect information and/or may not be involved in the funeral process. The explanations for why people leave are often minimized or misrepresented to the person with ID for fear the person with ID would not understand the situation (Clements, Focht-New, & Faulkner, 2004) or because people are often hesitant to give people with ID information that might upset them (Brickell & Munir, 2008, p. 6). This may lead to ineffective or delayed grieving (Clements, Focht-New, & Faulkner, 2004). Clements, Focht-New, and Faulkner suggested that persons with ID may benefit from straightforward explanations when experiencing loss. Persons with ID are sometimes excluded from bereavement rituals due to concerns that they will behave inappropriately, display too much emotion, or interfere with the rituals. A study of funeral directors revealed a lack of knowledge and experience of inclusion of persons with ID in funeral rituals (Raji, Hollins, & Drennan, 2003).Treatment of Bereaved Individuals with Intellectual DisabilitiesResearchers and clinicians have recently begun to explore and understand the implications of grief and bereavement on individuals with ID (Dowling, Hubert, White, & Hollins, 2006; LoConto & jones-Pruett, 2008; Stoddart, Burke, & Temple, 2002; Summers & Witts, 2003). …

Do individuals with autism spectrum disorder process own- and other-race faces differently?

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) process human faces in atypical ways according to previous literature. We investigated whether individuals with ASD can process face race information and respond to own- and other-race faces differentially. Chinese individuals with ASD (n=24), typically developing (TD) individuals (n=28), and individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID, n=26) were asked to recognize Chinese and Caucasian faces in an old-new face paradigm using eye tracking. In terms of recognition, the ASD and ID groups did not perform differently and displayed superior own-race recognition compared with other-race faces; TD participants displayed similar recognition of the two types of faces. In terms of eye tracking, the TD, ASD, and ID groups displayed more looking on the eyes and less looking on the nose and mouth of Caucasian faces relative to Chinese faces. Overall, individuals with ASD manifested a behavioral other-race effect and displayed the same type of cross-racial differentiation in face scanning observed in TD individuals. The findings suggest that as is the case with TD individuals, face processing of individuals with ASD is influenced by differences in visual experience with different face categories.

Look at those two!: The precuneus role in unattended third-person perspective of social interactions.

Human beings often observe other people's social interactions without being a part of them. Whereas the implications of some brain regions (e.g. amygdala) have been extensively examined, the implication of the precuneus remains yet to be determined. Here we examined the implication of the precuneus in third-person perspective of social interaction using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants performed a socially irrelevant task while watching the biological motion of two agents acting in either typical (congruent to social conventions) or atypical (incongruent to social conventions) ways. When compared to typical displays, the atypical displays elicited greater activation in the central and posterior bilateral precuneus, and in frontoparietal and occipital regions. Whereas the right precuneus responded with greater activation also to upside down than upright displays, the left precuneus did not. Correlations and effective connectivity analysis added consistent evidence of an interhemispheric asymmetry between the right and left precuneus. These findings suggest that the precuneus reacts to violations of social expectations, and plays a crucial role in third-person perspective of others' interaction even when the social context is unattended.

Difference Not Deficit: Reconceptualizing Mathematical Learning Disabilities

Mathematical learning disability (MLD) research often conflates low achievement with disabilities and focuses exclusively on deficits of students with MLDs. In this study, the author adopts an alternative approach using a response-to-intervention MLD classification model to identify the resources students draw on rather than the skills they lack. Detailed diagnostic analyses of the sessions revealed that the students understood mathematical representations in atypical ways and that this directly contributed to the persistent difficulties they experienced. Implications for screening and remediation approaches are discussed.

The Zong: A Massacre, the Law, and the End of Slavery by James Walvin (review)

Reviewed by: The Zong: A Massacre, the Law, and the End of Slavery by James Walvin Christine E. Sears The Zong: A Massacre, the Law, and the End of Slavery. By James Walvin. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2011. 304pp. $32.50 (cloth). James Walvin argues that the 1781 Zong tragedy nudged Britons one “nascent step” toward slavery’s abolition (p. 10). His riveting story unfolds from Liverpool’s docks, where slave ships were financed and outfitted, to the African coast, where human cargo was loaded, and back across the Atlantic to Jamaica. Walvin fills his narrative with rich, contextual details that flesh out the business of slaving while explicating how Britons came to perceive the extermination of 132 Africans aboard the Zong not as routine, but as cruel and immoral. His narrative highlights how the Zong came to “represent the depravity and heartless violence of the entire slave system” (p. 2). For Walvin, the Zong represented both normal slaving practices and an extraordinary event that signaled the system’s demise. The Zong’s infamous journey started innocuously enough. Richard Hanley, an English ship captain, purchased the relatively small Dutch ship at Cape Coast Castle on behalf of Liverpool merchant William Gregson [End Page 890] and others. Gregson had long invested in slaving, and, as they had many times before, they bought insurance to cover the slave cargo they would be shipping. Though few particulars are known about the Zong’s shipboard conditions, Walvin deftly uses recent scholarship to reconstruct slave ship circumstances for both crew and the enslaved. Seamen resisted signing on with slavers because of low pay, threat of disease, and need for constant vigilance against revolt. Officers relied on brutality to manage sailors and slaves. In turn, sailors exercised vicious control over the enslaved. Still, officers routinely secured bonuses when they sold healthy enslaved individuals, so why the violence? Scholars have shown how force and violence undergird slavery, and Walvin illustrates how that violence started with slaving, which was a “business of organized brutality and inhuman regimentation of its African victims” (p. 31). Walvin traces how the Zong captured Britons’ attention and drove abolitionist sentiment. The Zong’s voyage suffered several instances of ill fortune, though Walvin indicates that disastrous planning and neglect were more to blame than providence. He lays out how a successful slaving venture depended on an experienced, savvy captain who could manage men and cargo and navigate business situations. Appointing Luke Collingwood, ship’s surgeon, to captain the Zong started a trend of ill-fated decisions. Collingwood had logged nine or ten Atlantic voyages but none as captain. Because the surgeon-turned-captain took command in Africa, he had to assemble his crew and load slaves in atypical ways that Walvin reveals affected the ship’s trajectory. Enticing a crew proved even harder in Africa than in England, where it was no easy task. Worse, Captain Collingwood knew few of his crewmen as he embarked on a potentially dangerous mission. In addition, most captains carefully inspected each slave and loaded small numbers from different coastal points. Collingwood, however, inherited 244 enslaved individuals with the ship. He had not selected these slaves and knew nothing about them. Further, the enslaved had already occupied the ship for months together, a situation captains avoided at all costs. Last, Collingwood was saddled with a passenger, Robert Stubbs, a man with slaving knowledge and familiarity that might offset Collingwood’s greenness. Stubb’s experience perhaps counted for little: Collingwood burdened the 110-ton ship with 459 slaves, though ships this size normally carried only 193 Africans. Walvin unfolds a mystery: how the Zong caused Britons to question the institution of slavery. He shifts readers’ attention to the social meaning assigned this voyage. The ship’s Atlantic passage was beset [End Page 891] with obstacles. First, the crew discovered that water casks had leaked, leaving them critically short. This made their unusually long passage particularly difficult. On average, ships expected 61 days to Jamaica. The Zong cruised for 100 days. Navigational errors may have caused the protracted journey, though the record is not clear. Captain Collingwood fell ill early in the crossing, started hallucinating, and could not command...

Congenital rubella with agenesis of the inferior cerebellar vermis and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage

Congenital rubella infection has been associated with a number of abnormalities including cardiac, central nervous system and placental complications. We present a case with multiple fetal abnormalities detected on prenatal ultrasound, and confirmed postnatally, that included a single umbilical artery, severe tricuspid regurgitation, micrognathia and agenesis of the inferior cerebellar vermis. Postnatal echocardiography additionally revealed unobstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) into the coronary sinus. Placental examination showed signs of placentitis, and polymerase chain reaction on neonatal serum was positive for rubella. Following a multidisciplinary team review, it was decided to provide only supportive care, and the infant died at 6 months of age owing to a respiratory tract infection. To our knowledge, TAPVD and agenesis of the inferior cerebellar vermis have not been reported previously in association with congenital rubella infection. This case illustrates how congenital infection may present in atypical ways and stresses the importance of considering congenital infection in the differential diagnosis of fetal anomalies when multiple features are present.

The relative contribution of rhythm, intonation, and lexical information to the perception of prosodic disorder

Acoustic studies suggest that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) produce atypical rhythm and intonation [Diehl and Paul (2011)]. Behavioral studies indicate that children with ASD combine prosody with lexical content in atypical ways [Peppé et al. (2007)]. The current study assessed the relative contribution of rhythm, intonation, and language context to perception of prosodic disorder. Short excerpts were taken from narratives produced by 18 children with ASD and 18 typically developing controls. Prior study indicated that listeners easily distinguished groups on the basis of these excerpts. Here, the excerpts were resynthesized to control for voice quality and to allow for selective inclusion of F0, duration, intensity, and lexical information. Experiment 1 investigated listeners’ ability to distinguish the groups based on delexicalized samples that preserved only rhythm (duration + intensity), only intonation, or a combination of both. Experiment 2 investigated the contribution of lexical information to the judgments, and the interaction of lexical information with intonation. Results indicated that (1) listeners were less able to distinguish between groups in the Intonation Only condition, and (2) intonation had a negligible effect on performance when lexical content was present. We conclude that rhythm cues and lexical information contribute more to perceived disorder than intonation.

Psychological Distress in Women Who Have Experienced Intrauterine Insemination

Despite evidence that psychological distress manifests itself in underreported and atypical ways, few studies have assessed these symptoms in women who have experienced intrauterine insemination (IUI). The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of psychological distress and explore the relationships among psychological distress, various demographic characteristics, and somatic symptoms in women who had received IUI treatment in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study design was used in this study. The 117 participants were recruited from a teaching hospital in northern Taiwan. The brief symptom rating scale (BSRS-5) was used as the measurement instrument, and scores of more than 5 on the BSRS-5 were used to mark the boundary between milder and more severe psychological distress. Demographic characteristics and somatic symptoms of IUI that contributed most significantly to psychological distress were identified from the data. Thirty-eight (32.5%) participants experienced psychological distress. Psychological distress was most common in participants (a) with husbands who were an only son, (b) who had taken medication during the previous week, (c) with an education level below college or university, and (d) who reported feeling faint. The factors studied are important to understand psychological distress in women who have undergone IUI treatment.

Methyltransferase‐Directed Derivatization of 5‐Hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA

Cytosine modification by AdoMet–dependent DNA methyltransferases is part of an epigenetic regulatory network in vertebrates. Here we show that, in the absence of AdoMet, bacterial cytosine-5 methyltransferases can catalyze condensation of aliphatic thiols and selenols to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA yielding 5-chalcogenomethyl derivatives. These new atypical reactions open new ways for sequence-specific derivatization and analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, a recently discovered nucleobase in mammalian DNA

Toddlers view artifact function normatively

When children use objects like adults, are they simply tracking regularities in others’ object use, or are they demonstrating a normatively defined awareness that there are right and wrong ways to act? This study provides the first evidence for the latter possibility. Young 2- and 3-year-olds ( n = 32) learned functions of 6 artifacts, both familiar and novel. A puppet subsequently used the artifacts, sometimes in atypical ways, and children's spontaneous reactions were coded. Children responded normatively to non-designed uses (e.g., protesting, tattling), although the effect was stronger among older children. Reactions were identical for novel and familiar items, underscoring how rapidly tool-function mappings are formed. Results depict toddlers as already sensitive to the uniquely human, normative nature of tool use.

Extending liaison collaboration: partnering with faculty in support of a student learning community

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to describe the successful collaboration between faculty in Eastern Kentucky University Libraries and the University's Occupational Therapy Department in supporting a graduate student learning community, and the benefits of stepping outside of typical liaison activities to play an active role in this new educational paradigm.Design/methodology/approachIn 2006, graduate students and faculty in Occupational Therapy at Eastern Kentucky University, with a librarian and with the support of a national professional organization, facilitated the completion of a graduate thesis through the use of a topic‐based learning community. This team completed an in‐depth, evidence‐based review of occupational therapy journal articles in the context of a regional university environment. This article focuses on the collaboration between faculty and librarian as they facilitated this new learning paradigm, the enhancement of the liaison partnership, and the results of the project especially in terms of student learning outcomes.FindingsCollaborating with faculty to support a student learning community, and supporting students in atypical ways, contribute in valuable ways to strengthening the relationship with academic departments, increasing the perceived value of library services, and promoting student success.Practical implicationsLibrary liaison programs benefit from innovative partnerships with faculty, and from seeking opportunities to participate in new educational models.Originality/valueThis paper addresses the benefits of participating in student learning communities.

DNA polymerases in adaptive immunity

To cope with an unpredictable variety of potential pathogenic insults, the immune system must generate an enormous diversity of recognition structures, and it does so by making stepwise modifications at key genetic loci in each lymphoid cell. These modifications proceed through the action of lymphoid-specific proteins acting together with the general DNA-repair machinery of the cell. Strikingly, these general mechanisms are usually diverted from their normal functions, being used in rather atypical ways in order to privilege diversity over accuracy. In this Review, we focus on the contribution of a set of DNA polymerases discovered in the past decade to these unique DNA transactions.

Thigh abscess mistaken for sarcoma following transobturator tape: A case report and literature review

A 44-year-old female, 1 year status-post ObTape transobturator mid-urethral sling, was evaluated by orthopaedic oncology and urology for persistent thigh pain and a left thigh mass. Multiple muscle biopsies were inconclusive, raising concern for inflammatory sarcoma. After serial débridements of the thigh abscess, sling material was found in the obturator space, which gave the diagnosis. Health care providers, both gynecologic and nongynecologic, need to be aware of serious complications of transobturator slings that may present in atypical ways.

Project Liberty: New York's Crisis Counseling Program Created in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001

Project Liberty: New York's Crisis Counseling Program Created in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001