Atypical Elements Research Articles

PROFILING OVERVIEW IN FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS

The profiling investigation has great applicability in the field of forensics, providing relevant information regarding the psycho-behavioral interpretation of the criminal, in the context of the dynamics of the criminal act. In order to interpret criminal behavior and outline the psychological profile, the exploratory skills of the lawman stand out on the "game board", in a direct confrontation with the criminal. Although, from a legal point of view, in the criminal legislation in Romania, profiling is not found among the means of evidence, this investigative tool is mainly used in crimes of great violence, which present atypical elements

A quality index for detection of atypical elements (outliers)

A quality index for detection of atypical elements (outliers)

신종전형계약의 민법전 편입 방법론에 관한 연구

The expansion of the ‘typical’ contract of korean civil code means the expansion of the freedom of contract. Therefore, the incorporation of new contracts into the Civil Code due to changes in society is more than welcome. Based on the discussion at the time of working on the civil law amendment in 2014, which didn’t succeed, this paper explored the meaning of incorporating new contracts into the civil law after examining the kind of methodology of legislation, typology of new contracts, and types and solutions of mixed contracts etc.
 First of all, the incorporation criteria at the time of working on the civil law revision in 2014, such as it’s utilization in daily life, frequency in court decisions, validity based on comparative legal research, it’s independency as a type of contract and normality, are still considered valid. As a legislative method, the legislative process is important, but the pre-legislative evaluation is also important, and legislative policy decisions must be made carefully. It was emphasized that the so-called salami legislative strategy has limitations and that the system and unity of civil law can be improved through a full amendment. This paper urges people to be alert to the phenomenon that contract types closely related to the daily life of the people are settled outside the civil law (excessive expansion of special privatel law) and to accept them back inside the civil code. At least, it is necessary to always keep in mind the interpretation of systematic harmony with the basic principles and rules of civil law. Travel contracts, brokerage contracts, and medical contracts were discussed only to the extent necessary in relation to the subject of this paper. The characteristics of typology (openness, totality, hierarchicality, clarity, and flexibility) were examined through examples of transaction-typical contracts. The key is to detect the difference between “subsumtion” and “classification (to type)”. In addition, the types of mixed contracts and their solutions were explored by leaning on some Supreme Court's precedents. The worth-evaluating, meaning-centered, and overall observation methods, which are characteristic of typology, generally present specific and valid solutions to the issues, but this is also the result of enduring some uncertainty of typology. Research and reflection on the solution of mixed contracts are also meaningful in the discussion on the incorporation of new contracts into the Korean Civil Code. When legislating a typical case in which the combination solution is judged as reasonable, appropriate methods (e.g., applying mutatis mutandis to each typical contract or applying specific regulations to them each) are used, and the legal requirements by legislation are more strictly defined in cases where an absorption solution is valid (e.g., using rule-exception regulations). The theory of interpretation follows accordingly. Furthermore, in the case of a contract that includes 'atypical elements', it is necessary to be careful in the analogical application of the relevant contract regulations or laws within the scope of such 'atypical elements'. The study of modern contract types is, in the end, an exploration of 'structural types of contracts’ - as can be seen in the contract structure theory and non-performance structure theory or case structure theory. And the normative power of those structures types comes from the empirical foundation of the practice and the broad approval of related organizations such as academia. In the type of structure, existence and justification are not separated. They communicate with each other. And as this communication is repeated, orderly(structure-oriented) regulating of ever-changing reality can be achieved. As a result, a more realistic 'normative structure type' is to be found.

Капитализм заканчивается, а

This article attempts to answer the question: is the description of Modernity in terms of “capitalism” justified? The author shows that during the history of the 20th‑21st centuries, the pictures of capitalism drawn by theorists got more and more atypical elements. Among these are the theories of imperialism, dependent development, a single industrial society, and especially the world-system analysis. Also noteworthy is the description “modern” applied to the societies of this period. A situation has arisen where many phenomena fit into the concept of “capitalism”, or “capitalism with numerous prefixes”. Thus, “capitalism” in various guises becomes “too much”. Eventually, capitalism itself has come down to the universal phenomena of violence, inequality and exploitation. The productivity of discussing modernity in a paradigm revolving around the notion of “capitalism” is becoming less and less obvious. Too wide range of practices has become associated with “capitalism with prefixes”, which forced a number of researchers to refuse to identify modernity with capitalism in favor of various concepts based on retro-metaphors (“neo-feudalism”). Numerous concepts of “post-capitalism” have also emerged. The author substantiates that at the theory layer, the difference between the types of what is still interpreted as “capitalism” or already as “post-capitalism” does not have a qualitative character. Of all the aforesaid, the marxian concept of human “prehistory” becomes relevant as a more universal paradigmatic frame for comprehending modern trends. Therefore, the concept of communism will still remain a worldview horizon that gives a meaning to this “prehistory”. In a situation where capitalism ends, but “prehistory” does not, this will make it possible to single out social relations that determine the “prehistory” nature by themselves, and not through the prism of denouncing or apologizing (which is “capitalism” initially) of their political discourses.

CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE VOCABULARY OF POPULAR AND ACADEMIC SCIENTIFIC PAPERS IN THE FIELD OF THEOLOGY IN THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

Prvky atypičnosti v organizaci veřejné správy

The paper deals with atypical elements in the organization of public administration in the Czech Republic. It seeks to define the essence and possible causes of organizational “atypicality” (deviations, exceptions, asymmetries) and assess its impact, not only on the functionality of public administration itself, but also on the doctrinal methodology and theory of administrative law. In addition to general considerations, the text also deals with specific examples of atypical subjects (carriers) and bodies (authorities) of public administration in the Czech Republic.

Recommendations for Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology. A Review Article

The description of cytological findings in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very inconsistent in the literature since no generally recognized uniform classification of these findings has been proposed to date. The need for developing such a classification system becomes quite obvious against the background of renaissance CSF cytology is currently experiencing in our country. A precondition sine qua non for developing a uniform classification system is its general applicability and recognition as well as a capacity to establish, using precisely formulated conclusions, the aetiological diagnosis, something quite impossible with today's terminology. Our draft classification is that used by a team of physicians working previously in the CSF Laboratory of the Department of Neurology of Charles University School of Medicine I in Prague. The classification employed there is based on monitoring pathology in the cytological picture both according to the presence of the prevailing cellular population in CSF and to the presence of activation in elements of lymphocyte and monocyte lines. We were able to combine both criteria into a single viable system expressing the current status of cellular response in CSF. The presence of a pathological cytological finding provides the basis for defining individual cytological CSF syndromes closely related to the etiological diagnosis of the patient, which in the great majority of cases make it possible to formulate the diagnostic conclusion. The classification employed allows to establish the diagnosis in diseases manifesting themselves by at least a mild alteration of the cytological picture. In general, it is useful for classifying inflammatory, neoplastic diseases, inter-meningeal haemorrhage and morphological manifestations of CNS tissue destruction. A distinct advantage is the plausible classification of cytological findings in oligo-cellular CSF specimens which to date has been difficult to make due to the low numbers of cellular elements detected in samples. In cytological examination of CSF, the parameters evaluated include, in addition to the number of elements, qualitative representation of individual cellular lines. (1-Monografie). When evaluating the monocyte-macrophage system and/or the reticuloendothelial system, attention is focused on the proportions of activated monocytes and, particularly, on the presence of macrophages showing a specific substrate of phagocytosis. It is according to this substrate that macrophages are further divided into erythron-phages, sidero-phages, lipo-phages, lympho-phages, leuko-phages or myco-phages, etc. To visualize a substrate, it is often necessary to use additional staining e.g., staining by Oil Red for lipids, Berlin Blue for iron, etc. If inter-meningeal haemorrhage is suspected, monitoring of the phagocytosis of red blood cells and haematogenic pigments allows us to determine the approximate age and course of the bleeding. Monitoring of lipo-phagocytosis visualizing the scavenging response on CNS parenchymal damage also has a number of potential applications. As the number of CSF examinations increases, proportionately increasing numbers of cells are being detected. This is true especially of diseases involving the presence of primary or secondary neoplastic processes right in the CNS or in the vicinity of CSF pathways. The currently employed cytological methods of CSF examination, whenever malignant elements were detected, have made it possible to establish the presence of a tumor disease in general only. For instance, monitoring of the functional status of nucleoli, PAS positivity, or the presence of adipose droplets in the cytoplasm suggest only indirectly an increased metabolic activity of the cells monitored. Other morphological markers of atypical cells (polymorphism of cells, nuclei, polynuclear elements, cytoplasm basophilia, atypical mitoses, etc.,) may only raise suspicion of the presence of a tumorous process, but not identify the cellular system the belong to. Another problem which by no means is negligible is the low number of cells detected. As a result, we started to study the mode of reaction of atypical elements with certain monoclonal antibody binding to individual antigens, tumor markers specific for the respective cellular populations. Moreover, the method can be used to determine the degree of their maturity, presence of individual receptors, state of activation in the course of their cellular cycle.

From scanners to cell phones: neural and real-world responses to social evaluation in adolescent girls.

While expanded use of neuroimaging seemed promising to elucidate typical and atypical elements of social sensitivity, in many ways progress in this space has stalled. This is in part due to a disconnection between neurobiological measurements and behavior outside of the laboratory. The present study uses a developmentally salient fMRI computer task and novel ecological momentary assessment protocol to examine whether early adolescent females (n = 76; ages 11–13) with greater neural reactivity to social rejection actually report greater emotional reactivity following negative interactions with peers in daily life. As hypothesized, associations were found between reactivity to perceived social threat in daily life and neural activity in threat-related brain regions, including the left amygdala and bilateral insula, to peer rejection relative to a control condition. Additionally, daily life reactivity to perceived social threat was associated with functional connectivity between the left amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during rejection feedback. Unexpectedly, daily life social threat reactivity was also related to heightened amygdala and insula activation to peer acceptance relative to a control condition. These findings may inform key brain–behavior associations supporting sensitivity to social evaluation in adolescence.

What's new? A comprehension bias in favor of informativity

Language is used as a channel by which speakers convey, among other things, newsworthy and informative messages, i.e., content that is otherwise unpredictable to the comprehender. We therefore might expect comprehenders to show a preference for such messages. However, comprehension studies tend to emphasize the opposite: i.e., processing ease for situation-predictable content (e.g., chopping carrots with a knife). Comprehenders are known to deploy knowledge about situation plausibility during processing in fine-grained context-sensitive ways. Using self-paced reading, we test whether comprehenders can also deploy this knowledge in favor of newsworthy content to yield informativity-driven effects alongside, or instead of, plausibility-driven effects. We manipulate semantic context (unusual protagonists), syntactic construction (wh- clefts), and the communicative environment (text messages). Reading times (primarily sentence-finally) show facilitation for sentences containing newsworthy content (e.g., chopping carrots with a shovel), where the content is both unpredictable at the situation level because of its atypicality and also unpredictable at the word level because of the large number of atypical elements a speaker could potentially mention. Our studies are the first to show that informativity-driven effects are observable at all, and the results highlight the need for models that distinguish between comprehenders' estimate of content plausibility and their estimate of a speaker's decision to talk about that content.

A munkáltató kártérítési felelőssége az atipikus munkaviszonyokban

"Employers’ liability for damages is an extremely strict, no-fault liability. In practically all cases, employers are liable for employment-related damages suffered by employees. Rules on employers’ liability for damages has been changed in many aspects by the Hungarian code of labour law in the private sector, Act I of 2012 on the Labour Code (hereinafter referred to as Labour Code). These changes have introduced some, generally private law institutions into the assessment of liability, such as the foreseeability clause. The application of these rules raises a lot of questions even in typical employment relationships, while for atypical employment relationships it is especially true. We must realize that the system of the employers’ liability for damages has been designed for conventional employment relationships. The purpose of this presentation and study is to review to what extent the rules governing employers’ liability for damages may be applied for atypical employment relationships unobjectionably, e.g. remote working, or for atypical elements of typical employment such as home office."

Atypical Cellular Elements of Unknown Origin in the Subbasal Nerve Plexus of a Diabetic Cornea Diagnosed by Large-Area Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.

In vivo large-area confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the human eye using EyeGuidance technology allows a large-scale morphometric assessment of the corneal subbasal nerve plexus (SNP). Here, the SNP of a patient suffering from diabetes and associated late complications was analyzed. The SNP contained multiple clusters of large hyperintense, stellate-shaped, cellular-like structures. Comparable structures were not observed in control corneas from healthy volunteers. Two hypotheses regarding the origin of these atypical structures are proposed. First, these structures might be keratocyte-derived myofibroblasts that entered the epithelium from the underlying stroma through breaks in Bowman’s layer. Second, these structures could be proliferating Schwann cells that entered the epithelium in association with subbasal nerves. The nature and pathophysiological significance of these atypical cellular structures, and whether they are a direct consequence of the patient’s diabetic neuropathy/or a non-specific secondary effect of associated inflammatory processes, are unknown.

The way you listen to music: effect of swiping direction and album arts on adoption of music streaming application

ABSTRACT Digital music is a multi-billion-dollar industry, and online streaming is the significant contributor to this revenue pie. Major streaming service providers, e.g. Spotify, Apple music, Deezer etc. are operating with the almost same number of songs and price propositions. With all these options available, which one is better to choose when there is no price differentiation? This study investigates how to bring differentiation that will increase the likelihood of adoption of music streaming applications through delivering user-centric experiential design to consumers with two features, swiping direction and album arts. Specifically, this research examines whether swiping direction affects adoption and also investigates the combination of album arts and swiping direction that is fluent to process and increase the likelihood of adoption. We built our hypotheses upon the theory of processing fluency and formulated the proposition that atypical design is fluent comparing to typical design for adoption. Two online experimental studies and a field study were adopted. Across all the three studies, the results revealed support for atypical design that increases the likelihood of adoption of music streaming applications. Our findings have implications for streaming providers to differentiate their products through atypical experiential design elements that increase both usability and adoption.

Hybride Kriegsführung und die Hinwendung zur Resilienz: Zurück zum Kalten Krieg?

The concept of “hybrid warfare” has become increasingly en vogue in international security debates and has also garnered attention from the perspective of international law. It is frequently understood to signify a combination of “traditional” forms of warfare with atypical elements like disinformation campaigns, sowing doubts about attribution and the spreading of “fake news”. Yet, doubts remain as to whether it is a coherent concept and whether it can offer new insights into current forms of warfare. This contribution critically analyses the notion of hybrid warfare and the prominent role in policy documents of international organisations like NATO or the EU. The contribution also assesses the possible ramifications of hybrid warfare for the doctrinal operation of international law. Most attempts to deal with this phenomenon so far have ended up either breaking down hybrid warfare into its component parts or making wide-ranging policy suggestions to develop a “robust and resilient international law”. This latter call is analysed critically in this contribution, especially in the light of parallel Cold War histories where Western states tried to defend the free flow of information vis-a-vis a Soviet conception of non-intervention.

Президентская или парламентская система: что препятствует этническому конфликту?

Ethnic conflict management includes a set of institutional and noninstitutional features for preventing and resolving ethnic conflicts. Among the large number of measures of national states and other political actors, one can especially figure out – the optimal organization of government system, which can calm ethnically colored conflicts, up to violence, armed warfare and civil wars. This article discusses the problem of the relationship between forms of government, on the one hand, and ethnic conflicts, on the other. That causation received small attention in political science. The authors answer the question of which form of government – presidential or parliamentary – creates risks of ethnic conflict. The purpose of the article is to identify institutional elements that pose a threat to ethnic peace and harmony, as well as show the positive features of presidentialism and parliamentarism that to calm ethnic conflicts. The authors chose neoinstitutionalism as the main methodological approach, which determines the central place of political institutions in explaining the nature of ethnic conflicts. The authors' conclusions are based on a comparative analysis of the theoretical and empirical results of studies of ethnic conflicts. The authors conclude that the presidential system creates more favorable conditions for calming ethnic conflicts that the parliamentary system do. In order to “smooth out” the negative consequences of the presidential and parliamentary systems, national governments conduct institutional “experiments” to modernize classical institutional models. The article discusses atypical systems and atypical elements of systems that help solve problems inherent in a “pure” presidential and “pure” parliamentary system. The article also assesses empirical studies that providing research on causation between government and ethnic conflicts.

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor of the uterus: currently available diagnostic methods, determining an effective treatment strategy (case report)

Gestational trophoblastic disease is a group of pathological conditions of the trophoblast, which includes both benign and malignant forms. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor is one of the rare malignant trophoblastic tumors. The tumor develops from intermediate trophoblastic cells and is characterized by the absence of villi and presence of clusters of atypical mononuclear trophoblastic cells and elements of syncytiotrophoblast, similar to epithelial cells in their appearance. Patients with epithelioid trophoblastic tumors usually have extragenital tumor foci with no pathology detected in the uterus. Pelvic ultrasound is an essential stage of such patients' examination. Conventional ultrasound and Doppler ultrasonography are informative, reliable, easy to use, and non-invasive diagnostic procedures that provide wide opportunities of dynamic evaluation of the disease during the course of anticancer therapy and subsequent follow up. Comprehensive diagnostics enables timely detection of a rare morphological variant of a malignant trophoblastic tumor and ensures right decision on the treatment strategy, which is the key to a favorable outcome with preserved reproductive function.

Features of the space organization of the extreme sports objects and their aesthetic perception on the example of a skate park

The article deals with the problem of the imperfection of designed and built skate parks in Ukraine and abroad, which is the lack of integrity of the skate park space components, which negatively affects the human well-being and its attitude to the environment. The article presents the results of the skate parks study as a set of elements of composition that shape the icon and artistic value for athletes and visitors. The practical importance of the skate park complex organization in the inseparable connection of the aesthetic and functional components is emphasized. It described that lack of sense of attractiveness sports facilities often causes the deviant behavior of visitors and results from the continuation of athletes skating through the streets of cities. The aesthetic component of a skate park is formed by an ensemble of its structural elements that function in an integral way and complement each other. It also shows the downside of the subculture of skateboarders due to their dissatisfaction with the environment, which manifests itself in the application of graffiti on the elements to perform tricks and results from the deterioration of their appearance and performance. The aesthetic and technical advantages of using concrete cover of skate parks are noted. Important in the formation of the skate park is the organic arrangement of the skate park in the urban and natural landscape, which covers the organization of the environment with the possibility of developing a skate park. It is also possible to integrate thematic visual elements such as small architectural forms and outdoor furniture to create the integrity of a skate park. In addition, the use of interesting color solutions, atypical structural elements for skating in the form of sculpture, various types of landscaping, which in the complex helps to create the image of a skate park.

Некоторые аспекты нетипичной занятости (на примере населения г. Новосибирска)

The study discusses several aspects of atypical employment: the economic sector full of atypical elements, the conformity of education to real labor activity, the level of satisfaction with job and working conditions. The author examines three major groups of atypical employed people: official employees involved in day-to-day job, unofficial employed and self-employed people. Job satisfaction, the content of job, duties and their compliance with the desired level are necessary to do the social portrait of each employed group. The study reveals the most common working conditions for atypical employed people. These conditions are ranked on a scale from the most important to the least important ones; the main motivating factors are presented as well. The author concludes that there is a tendency among employees to formal employment that provides guarantees and responsibilities of employers and customers. Despite the human needs for free time, creativity, and a comfortable psychological environment, most people strive for material well-being followed by a sense of stability and security.

DETERMINATION OF THE BALLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS AND THE DAMAGING PROPERTIES OF SELF-MADE LOADING CARTRIDGES OF 7.62*39 CALIBER

In practice of forensic medicine and forensic ballistics there are quite often the cases of different types ofgunshot wounds infliction by atypical damaging elements which were used in illegal independent loading of cartridges to the rifle weapon. The purpose of the researches being performed - studying on a concrete example from criminalistics practice of damaging properties of 7.62 mm rifle bullets of type FMJBT (Full Metal Jacketed Boat Tail) which were used for loading by self-made way cartridges of 7.62 * 39 caliber. Originally, during natural tests in the conditions of a ballistic track the ballistic characteristics of the shot bullets and the value of their ballistic coefficient were established. At the following stage of researches the losses of kinetic energy of rifle bullets on punching blocks of ballistic plasticine with the thickness of 100-140 mm were determined. As a result of tests the character of formation of the damage channel in the thickness of biological tissues simulator is established at the stable and unstable movement of the bullets in the visco elastic medium. Besides, during the researches the values of the parameters necessary for calculations ofpenetration depth of the bullets into a fabric of biological object depending on their speed at the moment of hit in the target, were determined. In particular it was established that at unstable movement of an investigated bullet in thickness of the simulator the value of boundary speed amounts 138.1 m/s, and the value of the medium drag factor - 1.782. Using estimated values offlight speed of the bullets in the trajectory the values of depth wound channels in biological tissues were calculated and the conclusion was drawn on the guaranteed causing of penetrating wounds in all established distances of shooting. Thus, use of the methodfor estimation of damaging properties of investigated bullets, the criterion of which is the length of the wound channel and its boundary value was obviously demonstrated.

Identification of atypical elements by transforming task to supervised form with fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy evaluations

The subject of this paper is a procedure for the identification (detection, discovery) of atypical elements, understood in the sense that they occur rarely. A result of the procedure is the generation of a rating as to whether an examined observation should be classed as atypical, given in classic two-values form (deterministic, sharp), as well as fuzzy or intuitionistic fuzzy. Moreover, the task of identifying atypical elements, unsupervised in its basic formula, can − as a result of the procedure − be brought to a supervised form, which allows well-developed diverse methods of supervised classification to be used. The investigated method is independent of distribution existing in a population and enables the detection of atypical elements not only occurring in the tails, but also − e.g. for multimodal distributions with more distant factors − potentially located inside. The procedure is presented in ready-to-use form and does not require laborious research or literary study. The correctness of its functioning has been examined in practical medical problems.

Identification of atypical (rare) elements—a conditional, distribution-free approach

Identification of atypical (rare) elements—a conditional, distribution-free approach