Dimensions Of Trust Research Articles

Is Epistemic Trust relevant for Vaccine Hesitancy? A study during the Covid-19 pandemic

Vaccine hesitancy and conspiracy beliefs are social issues of growing concern which have arisen particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the multifaceted relationship between a hesitant attitude towards vaccination, conspiracy thinking, fear of infection, and the dimensions of epistemic trust, mistrust, and credulity. 297 Italian adult participants completed an online survey during the pan-demic time frame which included self-report questionnaires that measured the variables of interest. Group differences pertaining to prior vaccination behavior in scores of con-spiracy beliefs about vaccines and vaccine hesitancy were explored. A negative associa-tion was found between years of education and both vaccine hesitancy and conspiracy beliefs about vaccines, and a positive one with epistemic trust; higher education may protect the individual from misinformation and help in discerning between real knowledge and fake or imprecise news. A mediation model was developed between ep-istemic stance, vaccine conspiracy belief, vaccine hesitancy, and COVID-19-specific variables: the affective dimension (fear of contagion) and the behavioral one (number of vaccine doses). The model demonstrates how certain structural characteristics, such as epistemic credulity and skepticism towards vaccine benefits, may indirectly affect the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses taken through fear of contracting the virus. The re-sults support the value of exploring vaccine hesitancy and conspiracy beliefs in relation to epistemic trust dimensions, specifically in the post-pandemic era, and are discussed in light of the recent literature.

Gender and task effects of human – machine communication on trusting a Korean intelligent virtual assistant

ABSTRACT This study investigated the impact of task types (functional vs. social) and the gendered voices (female vs. male) of Siri, an intelligent virtual assistant (IVA), on social presence and trust perceptions toward the IVA. In an online experiment involving 172 participants, individuals were randomly assigned to one of four conditions, interacting with Siri on their iPhones for various task inquiries. Results from multivariate analyses of covariances revealed significant differences in trust levels based on the type of task. Trust was found to be higher for functional tasks when assisted by Siri, compared to social tasks. However, there was no significant difference in trust based on Siri's gendered voices. Post-hoc analyses indicated significant interactions between the gender match of participants and Siri's gendered voices in two dimensions of trust. Men tended to trust the male-voiced Siri more than the female-voiced Siri, while women did not exhibit a preference for the female voice over the male voice. This study successfully replicated the task effect observed in prior research but did not replicate the gender effect. Key distinctions between the current study and previous ones include language and the participants' nationality, with this study focusing on Korean participants interacting with Korean Siri.

Affect-based dimensions of trust: a study of buyer-supplier relationships in Thai manufacturing

PurposeTrust is an important facilitator of successful B2B relationships. The purpose of this study is to investigate affect-based antecedents of both interpersonal and interorganizational trust, and their impact on the performance of buyer–supplier relationships. The authors ask two research questions: (1) What are affect-based dimensions of interpersonal and interorganizational trust? (2) How do interpersonal and interorganizational trust influence buyers’ operational performance?Design/methodology/approachThe authors use data from an original survey of 156 buyer–supplier relationships between multinational enterprise subsidiaries and local suppliers in the Thai manufacturing sector to develop a structural model in which the authors test the hypotheses.FindingsConsistent with social exchange theory and social psychology, the empirical analysis shows that affect-based dimensions at the individual level, namely, likeability, similarity and frequent social contact, and at the organizational level, namely, supplier firm willingness to customize and institutionalization of cooperation, are important for establishing trust. In addition, interpersonal trust enhances buyers’ operational performance indirectly via interorganizational trust.Practical implicationsBuying and selling firms may develop organizational trust by developing processes that enhance organizational trust. Individuals with purchasing or sales responsibilities may enhance trust in their personal relationship. However, such interpersonal trust needs to be translated to the organizational level to benefit organizational performance.Originality/valueThe findings contribute to the literature on affect-based antecedents and outcomes of trust. Specifically, the authors offer theory and empirical evidence regarding the contribution of salespersons toward affect-based dimensions of trust and its impact on buyer’s operational performance.

Disentangling trust of patients with rare cancer in their healthcare professionals and the healthcare system: a qualitative interview study.

Patients with a rare cancer face challenges, e.g., delayed diagnosis, that may affect trust in the healthcare system and the healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved. This study aimed to explore trust of patients with a rare cancer in their HCPs and the healthcare system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 purposively sampled patients with a rare cancer. The interview guide included topics related to trust, including level, development, barriers and facilitators, importance, and trust dimensions. Thematic analysis was conducted with use of Atlas.ti. The mean age of patients was 50years, 60% were female, and 70% were highly educated. Three themes were constructed: (1) "Confirmed expertise is a prerequisite of trust." Patients need confirmation of their HCPs' expertise, as it could not be assumed due to the rarity of their cancer; (2) "Trust depends on the adequacy of information and how it is provided." Limited information about rare cancer reduced patients' trust in health care, whereas interpersonal trust was mainly affected by how HCPs provided information; and (3) "Trust is built on properly coordinated and supportive care." Proper organization and cooperation within and between hospitals, and integration of supportive care, enhanced trust. Patients with a rare cancer experience challenges that influence trust in HCPs and the healthcare system. Further research should examine trust among subgroups of patients with a rare cancer, to enable development of tailored interventions. HCPs may improve trust by focusing on expertise, effective information provision, proper coordination of care, and provision of adequate supportive care.

Trust in Medicine: A Scoping Review of the Instruments Designed to Measure Trust in Medical Care Studies.

This scoping review study was conducted with the aim of identifying dimensions of trust in medical care, common trust subjects, and medical trust correlates among available instruments. We carried out a scoping review of literature through Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar engine, and various information sources of grey literature, to identify eligible studies up to 2023. We merely included psychometric studies in these areas. Non-psychometrics studies were excluded. Two assessors independently and carefully chose papers and abstracted records for qualitative exploration. Fifty-two studies (n=37228 participants) were included in the review. The majority of the participants 67 % (24943) were adults (≥18). One-dimensionality trust was found in 36 % (19) of trust in medical care studies, while multidimensionality was identified in 64 % (33) of the studies. Ten categories of trust in medicine correlates or associates were identified. In terms of trust scales subjects, about 71 % (37) of the scales measured trust in healthcare professions, 14 % (7) health care systems, and the rest were about emergency department, trauma care emergency department, health care team, technology, authorities, telemedicine, insurer, COVID-19 prevention policies, performance, and general trust. Various tools have been developed and validated in the field of trust in healthcare, and several domains have been identified. Trust in medicine is correlated by a variety of factors such as patient characteristics, healthcare provider factors, healthcare organization features, health conditions, and social influences. It is suggested that researchers pay more attention to the most commonly known dimensions in preparing tools.

Supply chain job and vocational fit: links to supervisor ability, benevolence and integrity

PurposeSupply chain has long faced a persistent workforce shortage. To help both organizations and the field create environments that are more conducive to employee retention, the authors investigate the outcomes of supply chain employee trust in their supervisor.Design/methodology/approachApplying person-environment fit theory, the authors evaluate the well-established antecedents to trust in supervisor ability, benevolence and integrity (ABI) relative to person-job (P-J) fit and person-vocation (P-V) fit of US supply chain employees.FindingsConfirmatory factor analysis indicates that ABI is best modeled as dimensions of a second-order formative trust construct rather than as its antecedents. However, PLS-SEM provides somewhat unconvincing support for the impacts of ABI-trust. Instead, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) delineates that all three ABI dimensions are not always needed for P-J and P-V fit in supply chain. Some employees respond to affective-based (i.e. benevolence) trust and others to cognitive-based (i.e. ability and integrity) trust.Practical implicationsThe QCA results offer specific recommendations for supply chain organizations to enhance employee trust in supervisors to succeed in the struggle for labor.Originality/valueThe results counter extant trust theory, encouraging scholars to consider ABI as distinct dimensions of trust. The study also demonstrates the importance of considering QCA in supply chain research to meaningfully expand contributions to theory and practice.

Trust in adolescence and depression and anxiety symptoms in young adulthood: findings from a Swedish cohort

ObjectiveTrust and health are both fundamental elements of a socially sustainable society. While much research has shown that trust is associated with better mental health outcomes in adults, studies of young people are relatively scarce, despite the fact that mental health problems are common in young ages. In particular, there are few longitudinal studies that cover different dimensions of trust. Building on a previous study on trust and psychosomatic complaints in adolescents, the aim was to examine the links between generalised and institutional trust in adolescence and depression and anxiety symptoms in young adulthood. Data was obtained from a Swedish cohort study with self-reported information on generalised and institutional trust at ages 15–16 and 17–18 and depression and anxiety symptoms at age 20–21 (n = 2,668). Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics and indicators of prior mental health status.ResultsBinary logistic and linear regressions showed that higher levels of generalised trust at ages 15–16 and 17–18 were inversely associated with depression and anxiety symptoms at age 20–21. Institutional trust was however not linked with subsequent depression and anxiety symptoms when adjusting for generalised trust and covariates. The findings indicate that generalised trust is a social determinant for mental health in young people.

A comprehensive decision assessment for trust evaluation in wireless sensor networks

Objective: This study endeavors to tackle the pressing issue of network security within Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) through the introduction of an innovative integrated Pythagorean fuzzy-based method for evaluating network nodes. The primary aim is to enrich decision making frameworks within WSNs by furnishing a robust methodology for identifying and eradicating malevolent nodes. Methods: investigation employs an integrated Pythagorean fuzzy-based methodology to appraise network nodes by scrutinizing specific trust attributes. Comparative assessment with alternative contemporary Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) trust models is conducted to gauge the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Results: The results underscore the efficacy of the integrated Pythagorean fuzzy-based approach in bolstering network security through the precise identification and elimination of malicious nodes. Comparative analysis with other MCDM trust models highlights the superiority of the proposed approach in evaluating network nodes based on trust attributes. Recommendations: In light of the findings, it is advised to integrate fuzzy decision analysis methodologies into decision making systems for WSNs to enhance network security. Additionally, future research endeavors could concentrate on refining and expanding upon the proposed methodology to effectively address emerging security challenges within WSNs.

Exploring the influence of Chinese online patient trust on telemedicine behavior: insights into perceived risk and behavior intention.

As a supplement to medical services, telemedicine is of great significance to alleviate the shortage of health resources in China. Based on the traditional consumer behavior measurement model the Technology Acceptance Mode/Theory of Planned Behavior (TAM/TPB), this paper divides online patient trust into six dimensions: perceived risk, personal trust tendency, doctors' credibility, hospitals' credibility, websites' credibility, and system guarantee. On this basis, a structural equation model (SEM) was used to explore the influence of each dimension of online patient trust on online patient intention, behavior choice, and pre-factors. A total of 582 valid questionnaires were distributed to selected patients with experience in using mobile healthcare services in the vicinity of hospitals and communities, as well as to users who shared their experiences in the discussion forums of mobile healthcare websites. The results show that online patient trust has a significant positive impact on telemedicine behavior intention selection, with a standardized path coefficient being as high as 0.866. Doctors' credibility, system guarantee, and website credibility have significant positive effects on online patient trust, with standardized path coefficients of 0.401, 0.260, and 0.226, respectively. Hospital trustworthiness and personal trust propensity have no significant effect on online patient trust. Perceived risk has a significant negative effect on online patient trust, with a standardized path coefficient of -0.118. The research findings suggest that health departments and mobile healthcare providers can enhance mobile healthcare services by considering the patients' perspectives, elevate their online trust levels, and foster a deeper understanding, safety consciousness, and confidence in telehealth services. On this basis, it can be concluded that only the participation of government, medical subjects, and online patients can effectively reduce perceived risks, improve perceived characteristics of online patients, enhance online patient trust, and promote the real willingness and behavior choice for online medical services, effectively improving the positive role of telemedicine in increasing health benefits to people.

Measuring trust in one's physician: A scoping review.

Trust in one's physician drives positive health practices. However, the conceptualization and subsequent operationalization of trust have become clouded due to the multitude of approaches that have resulted in several different measures with varied dimensions and indicators. The objectives of this scoping review were: 1) to discover any new developments in the measurement of trust, 2) to identify those measures of trust, whether newly created or refined in the last ten years, that have known reliability and validity, and 3) to compare those instruments' conceptualizations, dimensions, and indicators. This researcher conducted an electronic search of three databases (PubMed, SOCAB, and PsycINFO). Two reviewers screened those selected studies and identified the following six key measurement tools, of which three had shorter, more abbreviated derivatives: the Trust in Physician Scale and its modification, the Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale and its short form, the Health Care Relationship Trust Scale and its refinement, the Trust in Oncologist Scale and its shortened form, the Trust in Health Care Providers Scale, and the Trust in My Doctor Scale. Of these six distinct tools, only the Trust in Oncologist Scale was developed and validated in non-US populations. Also identified were ten dimensions of trust: fidelity, technical competence, communicative competence, interpersonal competence (i.e., caring), honesty, confidentiality, global, behavioral, fairness, and system trust/accountability. Interpersonal competence and fairness emerged as newer dimensions that deserve further study. A comparative analysis of the indicators of these trust dimensions revealed some discrepancies that deserve theoretical and psychometric attention. In addition, incorporating item-response theory to assess measurement invariance has enhanced the assessment of external validity. This review provides a resource for researchers that will lead to a more uniform understanding of trust, thereby setting the basis for future theoretical integration and measurement development.

SPOR EĞİTİMİ VEREN KURUMLARDAKİ AKADEMİSYENLERİN ÖRGÜTSEL SOSYAL SERMAYE, ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞME VE ÖRGÜTSEL GÜVEN DÜZEYLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ

This study was conducted to reveal whether there is a relationship between the organizational social capital and organizational identification perceptions of academics in institutions providing sports education and their levels of organizational trust. In the analysis of the data,in order to reveal the relationship between the organizational social capital, organizational identification and organizational trust levels of academicians, the Pearson Moments Product Correlation Coefficient (r) technique was used. As a result of the research, it was found that the highest perceptions of the academicians in institutions providing sports education about social capital are bridging social capital, the lowest organizational social capital is followed by unifying social capital and linking social capital dimensions; In general, it was judged that academicians' perceptions of bridging, unifying and bonding social capital regarding their institutions are at a "moderate" level, that is, they are not satisfied with their communication in these dimensions of organizational social capital (linking, linking, bridging). It was determined that the highest perceptions of the academicians in sports education institutions regarding organizational identification are in the emotional organizational identification dimension, followed by the cognitive organizational identification dimension, in general, the emotional identification of the academicians about their institutions is high, and their cognitive identification is at the "medium" level. It has been determined that the highest perceptions of the academicians in institutions providing sports education about organizational trust are trust in the manager, followed by the trust in the organization dimension, and the dimensions of trust in the administrator and trust in the organization, in general, are at the "medium" level. It has been determined that there are medium and high-level positive relationships between the dimensions of the academicians in institutions providing sports education, organizational social capital, organizational identification and organizational trust in general.

The Effect of Different Dimensions of Trust on Employee’s Performance: Fuzzy Logic Model

The Effect of Different Dimensions of Trust on Employee’s Performance: Fuzzy Logic Model

Explaining Chinese Consumers' Continuous Consumption Intention toward Prepared Dishes: The Role of Perceived Risk and Trust.

With the rapid development and the increasing importance of the consumer market of prepared dishes in China, it is imperative to study the formation mechanism of Chinese consumers' continuous consumption intention (CCI) toward prepared dishes for promoting the sustainable development of Chinese prepared dishes industry. The aim of this study is to study the formation mechanism and the role of perceived risk and trust in it. Based on the Expectation Confirmation Model, this study constructed a model of continuous consumption intention of prepared dishes by introducing perceived risk and trust. 381 adult consumers were surveyed and the data was analyzed by an Exploratory Factor Analysis and the Partial Least Squares Structure Equation Model. The results showed that: (1) The confirmation of expectation had a significant positive impact on trust and satisfaction, a significant negative impact on the perceived risk (PR). Trust and satisfaction had a significant positive, while PR had a significant negative, impact on CCI. (2) The dimensions of PR included social, health, quality, psychological and purchasing risk, among which quality risk had a significant negative impact on CCI. (3) All dimensions of trust (ability, integrity, benevolence and government trust) had a significant positive impact on CCI, among which integrity trust played the most important role. (4) Overall, trust had a significant negative impact on PR. Benevolence trust could mitigate all dimensions of PR, integrity trust could mitigate all dimensions of PR except health risk, and ability trust, government trust could only mitigate quality risk. Therefore, the enterprises should pay high attention to the quality of their products and the establishment and maintenance of consumer trust, and the government should establish an authoritative image.

Trust in the chatbot: a semi-human relationship

Today, the use of chatbots for different functions in various industries has become a very interesting business for companies. Chatbots are promising types of interfaces. It is therefore necessary to understand how customers interact with retailers' interfaces in order to provide them with a better experience. In this study, we mobilise two theories, such as Stimilus-Organism-Response and Social Presence Theory, to formulate our research hypotheses. We have made major contributions to the interactive marketing and artificial intelligence literature by focusing on an emerging interactive technology: text chatbots. Our aim is to test the hedonic attributes of consumer trust in text chatbots by integrating the social and emotional aspects of this interaction. We also want to look at the moderating effects of text chatbot disclosure and task complexity. Based on the responses, we ran a questionnaire survey. A total of 353 people were polled for data. Participants were chosen at random. The structural equation modelling technique was used. First, the findings revealed that empathy and friendliness are major hedonic predictors of consumers' confidence in text chatbots. Second, the results demonstrate that the chatbot's task complexity and disclosure partially affect the empathy-trust relationship and the usability-trust relationship. We have made significant contributions to the field of interactive marketing research and artificial intelligence by focusing on new interactive technologies such as text-based chatbots. Our study is one of the first to look at the hedonic determinants of customer belief in text-based chatbots (1). All previous research has concentrated on the practical application of chatbots for digital customer service. The moderating effects of human-chatbot contact are investigated in our study (2). These two contributions make our research original. The findings give additional information that e-service providers and chatbot developers may utilise to improve their services, understand their effects on user experience, and provide a guide for strategy development and relationship building.

PENGARUH KREDIBILITAS YOUTUBER TERHADAP KETERLIBATAN MAHASISWA

Deddy Corbuzier's YouTube account is growing quite rapidly because of a podcast content that conveys information about the Covid-19 virus. The purpose of this study was to find out how big and important the influence of communicator credibility on student behavior in responding to the Covid-19 virus. The independent variable in this study is the credibility of YouTubers with the dimensions of trust, expertise, and attractiveness. While the dependent variable in this study is student involvement with the dimensions of entertainment, negative emotion related to content, pastime, stimulation, and empowerment. This research is an explanative quantitative type using a survey method. Sampling in this study used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling method. The population used is active students of Communication Studies at Padjadjaran University batch 2020 and 2021 as many as 172 students. The data analysis technique is the analysis of validity, reliability, and linear regression. Based on the results of hypothesis testing using the t-test, youtuber credibility has an influence on student involvement in responding to the Covid-19 pandemic. This is evidenced by the t-count that X (source credibility) shows a significance value of 0.226, which is below 0.005 which means it has a significant influence on student involvement in Deddy Corbuzier's YouTube channel.

Pengaruh Dimensi Kredibilitas Influencer: Attractiveness, Trustworthiness Dan Expertise Terhadap Niat Membeli Pada Produk "Safi-Skincare"

This study aims to identify the influence of credibility dimensions (attractiveness, trustworthiness and expertise) of influencers on intention to buy on "Safi-Skincare" products. The type of data used is primary data, which refers to information obtained directly from research subjects through measurement tools or data collection methods. In this study, we obtained data by circulating questionnaires to 250 respondents aged 16 to 35 years, and then this data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results of this research analysis show that there is a positive and significant influence between the dimensions of credibility (attractiveness and expertise) of an influencer on purchase intention, except for the dimension of trust in influencer credibility. There is a positive and significant influence between the dimensions of credibility (attractiveness, trustworthiness and expertise) of an influencer on online customer engagement. There is a positive and significant influence between online customer engagement and purchase intention. This research has the potential to be expanded to present greater variation and increase the validity of existing theories. This can be achieved through the development of research objects, increasing the number of respondents, more in-depth research on various aspects of influencer credibility dimensions, as well as more detailed research on the influence of influencer credibility.

Managing inter-organizational trust and risk perceptions in transboundary fisheries governance networks

Transboundary fishery management represents a significant governance challenge that requires ongoing inter-organizational communication, collaboration, and collective action to ensure sustainability. Previous research suggests that different dimensions of perceived risk, trust, and control interact in complex ways to affect inter-organizational collaborative performance, providing an administrative ‘architecture’ that enables partners to share resources, engage in teamwork, resolve conflict, and coordinate tasks and responsibilities while also allaying their concerns about the alliance. However, the extent to which different control mechanisms influence trust and mitigate the perceived risks of collaboration between the diverse organizations involved in transboundary fisheries management remains unclear. This paper presents the quantitative results of survey research conducted in the Salish Sea of North America, an ecosystem spanning the Canada-US border between British Columbia and Washington State. The survey instrument operationalizes a multi-dimensional trust-control-risk framework considered suitable for studying inter-organizational natural resource management (NRM) networks. The findings support descriptions of the Salish Sea as having fewer nation-to-nation governing bodies resulting in a lack of effective formal controls, high perceived regulatory risk, and low procedural trust attributes that can negatively affect the collaborative performance of the fishery management network. This study represents the first quantitative analysis of the complex relationships between different inter-organizational management strategies, trust dimensions, and perceived risks in transboundary fisheries governance, and offers new directions for future research on NRM collaboration.

Opinion evolution and dynamic trust-driven consensus model in large-scale group decision-making under incomplete information

The shift to a new era of dealing with big data has driven continuous progress and development in computer science, artificial intelligence and machine learning. This change has led to the application of advanced techniques in the realm of decision science, particularly in the area of large-scale group decision-making (LSGDM). However, although these existing techniques have become the core of LSGDM methods, they are still limited in solving problems facing incomplete data. In addition, due to the rise of social media platforms such as Weibo, WeChat and Twitter, which build bridges for communication between decision makers (DMs), this brings new opportunities and challenges for consensus research. To address this set of issues, this study develops a consensus architecture that combines dynamic social network and opinion evolution in the context of an incomplete multi-attribute LSGDM. It is worth mentioning that the proposed consensus framework is a novel decision-making system that can be used to complete the estimation of the missing values and the consensus reaching process (CRP) by simulating the realistic decision-making scenarios. Firstly, considering the size of the trust value and the length of the path, a new trust propagation method is designed to achieve a more reliable estimation of the unknown trust value. Secondly, this paper establishes a missing value estimation method by virtue of the improved DeGroot model, which is able to obtain complete evaluation information by simulating the opinion formation process of DMs. Next, a hierarchical clustering algorithm with stronger robustness is constructed, which not only can adaptively complete the clustering process, but also integrally considers two attributes of trust and opinion similarity. In light of the above research, this study designs an opinion evolution and dynamic trust-driven consensus model, referred to as the DSN-DG-LSGDM model. Finally, the sensitivity analysis and experiments on a real dataset verify the significant superiority of the constructed DSN-DG-LSGDM model compared with the extant LSGDM consensus models.

Transforming Leadership, Effective Communication, And Patient Safety Culture: The Role Of Trust Among Hospital X East Jakarta Nurses

The importance of leadership and communication styles in upholding a safety culture in a health service. This research aims to analyse the influence of transformational leadership effective communication on patient safety culture with trust as mediation in nursing personnel in general hospital X. This study used a questionnaire involving 98 respondents with a cross-sectional quantitative research design using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Smart Partial Least Square (PLS) software. The results of the study found that transformational leadership has a significant effect on patient safety culture, then effective communication has a significant effect on patient safety culture. Where the highest dimension of transformational leadership is inspirational motivation (89.9%), the highest dimension of effective communication is context (86.8%), the highest dimension in patient safety culture is a non-punitive response to error incidents (79.6%), while the highest dimension of trust is integrity (85.5%). The research concludes that transformational leadership and effective communication exert influence on trust-mediated patient safety culture

Trust Formation in Food Manufacturer–Distributor Relation in Africa: Evidence From Tanzania

This article looks at the formation of trust in developing economies focusing on food manufacturer–distributor relationship. The study used the descriptive phenomenological method to understand how actors in the food value chain develop trust in a business environment where one cannot enforce the contract. In general, the study identifies three dimensions of trust in the food manufacturer–distributor relationship in Tanzania, namely, the use of personal relationship, social gathering and trade credit. The article shows the implication of the study to managers and policy and areas for further research were provided.