Attractive Lure Research Articles

Paranthrene diaphana: a new clearwing moth (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) species in Romania and its preliminary response to sex attractants

The genus Paranthrene includes diurnal clearwing moths mimicking Hymenoptera and known for their impact in forestry. In Europe, it comprises three species: Paranthrene tabaniformis, P. diaphana, and P. insolitus, which are morphologically similar but distinct in host plant preferences and distribution. P. tabaniformis is widespread and a pest of Populus, while P. diaphana occurs patchily in southeastern Europe and feeds on Salix. This study reports the first records of P. diaphana in Romania, expanding the known distribution of this species in Europe. Field surveys in Romania recorded this species in the regions of Banat, Oltenia, and Muntenia, while surveys conducted in Buzău County with sex attractant lures between 2013 and 2024 revealed the presence of P. diaphana alongside P. tabaniformis, a common species in the country. P. diaphana shows an apparent distribution primarily in southern Romania. In all the habitats where P. diaphana was recorded the habitat includes willows, poplars, and agricultural fields. The findings contribute to the understanding of Paranthrene species and confirms presence of P. diaphana in Romania, expanding its known range and highlighting the need for further research, particularly into P. insolitus. Thanks to citizen science contributions the species is recorded also in Dobrodja region

Beetle herding: Optimizing the biological control of the invasive air potato vine using attractive semiochemical lures

Beetle herding: Optimizing the biological control of the invasive air potato vine using attractive semiochemical lures

Composition of Attractant Semiochemicals of North American Species of Dendroctonus Bark Beetles: A Review

The 19 species of Dendroctonus bark beetles native to North America include several of the most significant biotic mortality agents of conifers in this region, and they have impacted millions of hectares of forest in recent decades. Semiochemical attractants play several vital roles in the biology of these insects including host finding, host assessment, and mate finding. They are key to the virulence of these insects, since they mediate the mass attacks that enable killing and reproduction within healthy trees. These attractants consist of combinations of thirteen identified pheromone components in three primary chemical classes and at least ten host-associated compounds dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons in host defensive resin. Due to their potential for use in pest management technologies, semiochemical attractants for Dendroctonus have received extensive research into their chemical compositions and effects on insect behavior. This paper is intended as a synthesis of this research over the past 60 years as well as a critical examination of approaches to investigation of this topic and interpretation of experimental results. Its purpose is to assist practitioners in formulating suitable attractive lures for use in applications and identify gaps in knowledge of the semiochemistry of Dendroctonus that should be addressed if the practical potential of attractants is to be fully realized.

Putative bloodmeal sources in Glossina austeni tsetse fly of Arabuko Sokoke National Reserve in Kenya.

Tsetse flies, the sole biological vectors of trypanosomiasis, are predominantly controlled using visual traps and targets baited with attractant lures. Formulation of the lures is informed by compositions of odors from vertebrate hosts preferred by specific tsetse species. However, there are no effective lures for Glossina austeni, a major vector of trypanosomiasis along eastern-coastal region of Africa. Formulation of the lure can be informed by knowledge of G. austeni, preferred vertebrate hosts. We thus sought to understand these hosts by assessment of putative bloodmeal sources of this tsetse fly in Arabuko Sokoke National Reserve where this species is naturally present. We sampled tsetse flies using NGU traps, isolated non-teneral G. austeni flies based on their feeding status, and identified vertebrate source of bloodmeals in their midgut contents using vertebrate 16S rRNA-PCR High-Resolution Melting analysis. We analyzed the relative vertebrate species frequencies in the bloodmeals using Fisher's exact tests. Overall, we trapped 122 flies, most of which (66.39%) were non-teneral, among which we successfully identified the vertebrate bloodmeals in 30 samples. Specifically, we detected putative suni antelope (Neotragus moschatus), harnessed bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle (Bos taurus) derived bloodmeals. Putative suni antelope bloodmeals were significantly more frequent (63.22%), than those of the harnessed bushbuck (23.33%), buffalo (10.00%) or cattle (3.33%) (p < 0.05 Fisher's exact tests) among the samples analyzed. Suni antelope thus appears to predominate vertebrate bloodmeal source for G. austeni in the reserve, coincident with findings reported elsewhere, and is therefore a viable candidate for bioprospecting for G. austeni responsive attractants.

Temporal and spatial factors influencing Systena frontalis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) behavior in Virginia nurseries.

Ornamental plant production in eastern Virginia nurseries have been greatly impacted by Systena frontalis (F.), also known as the red-headed flea beetle. With the advent of S. frontalis as a prevalent pest in the past 2 decades, baseline phenology and behavior are currently understudied within Virginia nurseries. This pest is costly to control due to insecticide expenses and loss of saleable plants. In 2021 and 2022, populations of this insect were monitored at 2 commercial nurseries in eastern Virginia in order to better understand their temporal and spatial population dynamics. Patterns that emerged indicated S. frontalis could have up to 3 generations in eastern Virginia, with peaks of adult abundance in June, late July, and late August to early September. Phenylethyl alcohol was tested as an adult attractant lure, but it was found to be ineffective under nursery conditions. Diel monitoring demonstrated these adults were most active from 1100 to 1500 h. Severity of defoliation at the leaf level increased linearly with increased density of adults, where 5 individuals defoliated up to 4% of any Hydrangea paniculata cv. 'Limelight' leaf in 1 wk under greenhouse conditions. Timing of scouting and insecticide sprays according to the adult activity peaks of the day and across the season may allow reduction in overall insecticide usage.

Oviposition substrate location by the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio: the combined effect of chemical cues emitted by its obligate symbiont Amylostereum areolatum and different host-tree species.

Sirex noctilio is an invasive forest wasp that affects pines and can result in severe economic losses. The use of semiochemicals offers an opportunity to develop sensitive and specific capturing systems to mitigatenegative impacts. Previous research showed that female S. noctilio would use volatiles emitted by its fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, but little is known about how these modulate behaviour when combined with pine-wood emissions. Our aim was to understand the relevance of fungal volatiles grown on artificial media and wood from two hosts trees, Pinus contorta and Pinus ponderosa, on behavioural and electroantennographic responses of wasp females. Because background odours can modify an insect's response towards resource-indicating semiochemicals, we propose that the behaviour towards the symbiont (resource) will be modulated by host pine emissions (background odours). Olfactometric assays showed that both host species with fungus were attractive when contrasted against air (P. contorta versus Air, χ2 = 12.19, P < 0.001; P. ponderosa versus Air, χ2 = 20.60, P < 0.001) and suggest a clear hierarchy in terms of female preferences towards the tested stimuli, with response highest towards the fungus grown on P. contorta (olfactory preference index: 5.5). Electrophysiological analyses indicate that females detect 62 volatile compounds from the tested sources. Results indicate a strong synergy between symbiont and host semiochemicals, suggesting that the pine species could play a fundamental role in the interaction. Further understanding of the chemical basis of this, could guide the development of specific and attractive lures, in order to maximize attraction of wasps in surveillance programmes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

FIELD EVALUATION OF LURES AS CANDIDATE ATTRACTANTS FOR COASTAL CULICOIDES IN FLORIDA

Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides) along the coast of Florida are a severe biting nuisance that can impede outdoor activities. Methods currently available for biting midge control are limited due to environmentally sensitive larval habitats and the lack of adulticide techniques available for area-wide population suppression.Homeowners that live along the coast can protect their homes with the use of fine- meshed window screens and fans, coarse low volume adulticide applications, and adult removal via commercial mosquito traps. There are known attractants that have been used to enhance trap captures for adult mosquitoes, and it is logical to test these attractants against closely related adult hematophagous Diptera such as Culicoides. This study compared four attractant lures, octenol, BG lure, R-octenol, and USDA red blend, known to be attractive to mosquitoes, and tested them against C. furens and C. mississippiensis as an addition to increase trap capture. Although all attractants increased trap capture above the control, results from this study could not identify a lure that was significantly more attractive to Culicoides species captured in Cedar Key, Florida. Further studies evaluating species specific trap types as well as attractants are needed to develop an effective Culicoides adult trapping control system as part of an integrated biting insect control program.

A push-pull strategy to suppress stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) attacks on pasture cattle via a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and traps with m-cresol lures.

Stable flies [Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)] are economically important pests of cattle and other livestock. As an alternative to conventional insecticides, we tested a push-pull management strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and an attractant-added stable fly trap. In our field trials we found that weekly applications of a push-pull strategy can reduce stable fly populations on cattle as well as a standard insecticide (permethrin). We also found that the efficacy periods of the push-pull and permethrin treatments following on-animal application were equivalent. Traps with an attractant lure used as the pull component of the push-pull strategy captured sufficient numbers of stable flies to reduce on-animal numbers by an estimated 17-21%. This is the first proof-of-concept field trial demonstrating the effectiveness of a push-pull strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid-based repellent formulation and traps with an attractant lure to manage stable flies on pasture cattle. Also notable is that the push-pull strategy had an efficacy period equivalent to that of a standard, conventional insecticide under field conditions. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Volatiles produced by symbiotic yeasts improve trap catches of Carpophilus davidsoni (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): an important pest of stone fruits in Australia.

Carpophilus davidsoni (Dobson) is an important pest of Australian stone fruit. Current management practices for this beetle include the use of a trap that contains an attractant lure comprised of aggregation pheromones and a 'co-attractant' mixture of volatiles from fruit juice fermented using Baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hansen). We explored whether volatiles from yeasts Pichia kluyveri (Bedford) and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii (Pijper), which are closely associated with C. davidsoni in nature, might improve the effectiveness of the co-attractant. Field trials using live yeast cultures revealed that P. kluyveri trapped higher numbers of C. davidsoni compared to H. guilliermondii, and comparative GC-MS of volatile emissions of the two yeasts led to the selection of isoamyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate for further investigation. In subsequent field trials, trap catches of C. davidsoni were significantly increased when 2-phenylethyl acetate was added to the co-attractant, compared to when isoamyl acetate was added, or both isoamyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate. We also tested different concentrations of ethyl acetate in the co-attractant (the only ester in the original lure) and found contrasting results in cage bioassays and field trails. Our study demonstrates how exploring volatile emissions from microbes that are ecologically associated with insect pests can result in more potent lures for use in integrated pest management strategies. Results from laboratory bioassays screening volatile compounds should be treated with caution when making inferences regarding attraction under field conditions.

Preparation and evaluation of attractive microspheres for control of Agrilus planipennis fairmaire

Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire is an important wood boring pest of Fraxinus species in the family Oleaceae. Oxacyclotridecan-2-one is an attractant of A. planipennis. Traps with attractive lures can be used in mass trapping of insect pests, but the traps are a bit expensive and they must be set up and dismantled in the field. To develop an attract and kill method for A. planipennis, we enveloped oxacyclotridecan-2-one into sustained-released microspheres. The attractant microspheres were prepared using the solvent evaporation method. An orthogonal test L16(45) was used to optimize the five preparation factors: the quantities of polylactic acid (PLA), gelatin, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), attractant, and the rotational speed. The results showed that optimal conditions for preparation of microspheres were 2.5 g PLA, 0.5 g gelatin, 1.25 g PVA, 2 mL attractant and 600 r min–1 rotational speed. The encapsulation efficiency of the prepared microspheres was 95.22%, and the attractant loading rate was 15.61%. The release rate of attractant from prepared microspheres was about 26.74% on the first day, and then gradually entered a sustained-release stage for about 10 days that lasted for 17 days. Preliminary field control experiments showed that the prepared microspheres could attract and kill A. planipennis adults when sprayed together with insecticide.

Efficacy of lure mixtures in baited traps to attract different fruit fly species in guava and vegetable fields.

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are major pests of fruits and vegetables worldwide. We measured the efficacy of attractive lure mixtures in baited traps on naturally-occurring fruit flies in commercial mosaic guava and vegetables fields in Pakistan. We tested three mixtures (methyl-eugenol [ME] and cue lure [CL]; GF-120 and methyl eugenol; and GF-120 and cue lure) in eleven ratios: 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, and 100:0. We recorded three fruit fly species: Bactrocera zonata was the most abundant in baited traps, followed by Bactrocera dorsalis, while Zeugodacus cucurbitae was significantly less attracted to baited traps. We also found that the most attractive mixture and ratio varied among species: B. dorsalis was most attracted by 40CL:60ME, while B. zonata was most and equally attracted by 100ME, 10CL:90ME, 20CL:80ME, 30CL:70ME, and 40CL:60ME. Finally, Z. cucurbitae was most attracted by 10CL:90ME, which resulted in the highest total number of flies counted in 10CL:90ME-baited traps. Mixtures with GF-120 were less attractive to all three species. Our results suggest that lure mixtures in baited traps influence the attraction of fruit flies in a species-specific way. This needs to be considered in the integrated pest management of multiple species of fruit flies simultaneously. If Bactrocera species are most damaging and abundant, a 40CL:60ME mixture in baited traps will likely be most effective to reduce pest abundance and crop damage. However, if Z. cucurbitae is the main pest target causing most crop damage and yield loss, 10CL:90ME-baited traps will be a more effective in their monitoring and management.

Bisexual lures and their comparison with synthetic sex attractants for trapping Orthosia species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

AbstractTwo bisexual lures have been developed using iso‐amyl alcohol plus acetic acid combined with red wine extract (semisynthetic bisexual lure, SBL), or synthetic floral compounds (FLO) for trapping of noctuid moths with early spring activity of adults. Orthosia species were attracted by the tested semi‐synthetic and synthetic lures indicating the possible role of the fermenting liquids and floral compounds in the feeding of these species. Bisexual lures attracted generally a lower number of individuals than the synthetic sex attractants of the given species, except for O. cerasi where FLO lures were more attractive than the sex attractant. Bisexual lures caught both sexes and females composed a sizable percentage of the catch. Since traps baited with different types of bisexual lures provided similar data on sex ratios, thus these presumably reflected the actual sex ratio of the given population. The use of these bisexual lures, especially of FLO in case of Orthosia spp., can be useful in surveys in which the capture of females and data on sex ratios are indispensable, for example in population dynamic and polyandry surveys. In contrast, in case of low population densities, the use of sex attractant lures seem to be still more efficient.

Attraction and Longevity of 2- and 3-Component Food Cone Lures for the Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a quarantine pest of Citrus spp. and a production pest of guava and other specialty fruits in Florida. Effective monitoring lures and traps are needed for early pest detection and timely initiation of control measures. As part of a continued effort to identify attractive synthetic lures for the Caribbean fruit fly, we conducted field tests in Homestead, Florida to compare the efficacy and longevity of commercial 2- and 3-component cone lures (2C [ammonium acetate and putrescine], 3C [ammonium acetate, putrescine, and trimethylamine]), the current standards used by regulatory agencies, versus the traditional liquid protein bait consisting of hydrolyzed torula yeast and borax as a positive control. Additional lures were also field-aged and periodically brought into the laboratory to quantify residual chemical contents. Traps baited with the torula yeast-borax mixture captured the highest mean number of A. suspensa, and traps baited with the commercial 2C lures captured more flies than the 3C lures. Traps baited with torula yeast-borax also captured the highest number of nontarget Diptera. Captures with all three treatments were significantly biased toward females. Attractiveness of the 2C lure began to drop after 6-8 wk, and the 3C lure after 5-6 wk. Overall, these data suggest that the 2C cone lure is more attractive to A. suspensa than the 3C cone lure under field conditions in south Florida, and that the 2C lures are attractive for up to 8 wk.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Manipulative Design in Mobile Applications Used by Children

Manipulative design features (known as dark patterns) are common in video games and adult-directed technologies, but their prevalence in children's interactive media has not been described. To develop a reliable coding scheme for gathering data on manipulative digital designs, describe their prevalence within apps used by a community-based sample of young children, and test hypotheses about associations of manipulative design features with socioeconomic status (SES). This cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of parents of children aged 3 to 5 years was conducted online. Eligible parents were legal guardians of a 3-to-5-year-old child, lived with their child at least 5 days per week, understood English, and were part of a family that owned at least 1 Android or iOS tablet or smartphone. For each participant, the 3 apps used for the longest duration by children with their own mobile devices were downloaded, played, and coded. Data were analyzed between April and August 2021. Child SES, operationalized as parent educational attainment and household income-to-needs ratio. Researchers assigned each child a prevalence score for manipulative design features (overall, gameplay pressure, purchase pressure, and advertisement viewing pressure) within the apps children played. Of 160 children in the sample, mean (SD) age was 4.0 (0.6) years; 120 children (75.0%) were non-Hispanic White, and 96 (60.0%) had a parent with a college degree or more. Manipulative designs promoted prolonged gameplay or purchases through 4 user experience typologies: parasocial relationship pressure occurred in 33 (24.8%) and 25 (18.8%) apps with characters; time pressure in 23 (17.3%) and 14 (10.5%) apps; navigation constraints in 61 (45.9%) and 49 (36.8%) apps; and attractive lures in 60 (45.1%) and 61 (45.9%) apps, respectively. Children from households whose parents had lower education levels had higher manipulative design prevalence scores than children whose parents had graduated from college (median [IQR] 3.7 [2.5-5.0] vs 3.0 [2.0-4.0]; P = .02), gameplay-prolonging design (2.3 [1.6-3.0] vs 2.0 [1.5-2.8]; P = .047), and purchase pressure (1.0 [0.5-1.5] vs 0.6 [0-1.3]; P = .02). Purchase pressure prevalence scores were higher for children from households with lower income (R = -0.18; P = .02). Design features that encourage monetization of children's digital experiences were common in this sample and disproportionately occurred in apps used by children with lower SES.

Efficacy and Species Specificity of Baits and Lures for Spotted-Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

Monitoring is an important element in management programs for Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), helping users to avoid prophylactic treatments. Factors such as attractiveness, sensitivity, selectivity, longevity, and ease of use must be considered when developing a trap and lure system for monitoring and thresholds. We examined various baits and lures over a 5-yr period in sweet cherry orchards in the semiarid climate of eastern Washington. Using a jar trap, the attractants were evaluated for attractiveness (maximum capture), selectivity for D. suzukii (vs. other Drosophila species), and sex ratio of captured D. suzukii. We examined the relative performance of the attractants during periods of low (≈1 D. suzukii per trap per week) and high (232 D. suzukii per trap per week) density over the course of the growing season, which usually corresponded to mid-summer and autumn temperatures, respectively. The Scentry lure was consistently the most attractive lure, capturing the highest numbers of adult D. suzukii over the series of tests, but also had the highest levels of by-catch. Recipe-based baits (yeast, wine-vinegar, and apple cider vinegar) captured fewer D. suzukii overall, although the commercial baits Dros'Attract and Suzukii Trap were comparable to the Scentry lure in late season tests. The Trécé lures were consistently the most selective of the attractants, but had generally lower D. suzukii captures. Sex ratio varied widely among and within the tests, but with no consistent pattern among the various attractants. All attractants were successful in capturing flies, and the choice of attractant depends on the constraints and goals of the user.

Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of blister beetle Mylabris pustulata to plant volatiles

Abstract Plant volatiles, constitutive or induced, are perceived by insect pests to locate the host plant and also by natural enemies to locate the host insect. These plant volatiles can be utilized to develop attractive or repellant lures for pest management. Studies were carried out to identify the plant volatiles which are induced in pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth due to the herbivory of blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata. The volatiles from healthy uninfested pigeonpea plants and blister beetle-infested plants were collected using the dynamic headspace collection method with Porapaq Q (80-100 mesh) as adsorbent. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 28 compounds were identified from uninfested pigeonpea plants whereas 16 compounds were identified from infested plants. A qualitative analysis showed that α-pinene and 3-hexen-2-one were exclusively detected in infested plants and (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate and acetophenone were released in higher quantities from infested plants than from uninfested one. Electrophysiological evaluation of these volatiles along with other plant volatiles showed that blister beetle antennae eliciting higher responses to eucalyptol at a 1-μg dose, to nerol at a 10-μg dose and to benzyl acetate at 100- and 1000-μg doses. Beetle traps with lures of eucalyptol, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, and nerol attracted a very small number of blister beetle adults, suggesting the need for further efforts to standardize lure load and trap design.

Detections of house mice on Gough Island approach zero within days of aerial baiting

Context House mice (Mus musculus) on temperate Gough Island (6500 ha) are known for their large size, boldness, and tendency to kill large prey such as albatross chicks and even adults. To remove this threat, a mouse eradication operation was implemented in June–August 2021. How mice react to bait during eradications is not well understood, so we capitalised on this operation and conducted the first study with wild house mice during an actual eradication. Aim To document how rapidly mouse activity declined after application of rodent bait, to improve eradication guidelines. Methods We set up a monthly monitoring regime using 10 trail cameras without lures, active for three nights in various habitats around a research station, because this area supported the highest abundance of mice and was logistically feasible. Monitoring commenced before the mouse eradication operation (January–May 2021), and continued when rodent bait was spread (from June 2021), when mouse activity was monitored for 17 consecutive nights, starting the day before baiting. In addition, an increasing number of cameras (up to 15) associated with lures were set further afield in July–August to detect survivors. Key results In the months before bait application, mean daily mouse activity was 3.2 detections/camera (range: 0–56 detections/camera). Immediately after the first bait application, detection rates declined dramatically, from 9.6 to zero detections/camera per day on Day 4 post-baiting. From 1 week post-baiting, mouse detections were extremely rare on both cameras with and without lures. Our last mouse record, 27 days after the first bait application, may be related to initial rapid bait disappearance. Opportunistic camera traps first detected surviving mice 6 months after the first bait drop. Conclusions The rapid decline in detections suggests that most mice consumed bait as soon as it became available, which is faster than what laboratory trials suggest. Future similar operations can expect that mouse activity will decline sharply within 1 week, although some mice may survive longer. Implications Documenting similar declines in mouse activity using cameras could inform operational decisions such as timing of a second bait application or non-target monitoring on future eradication projects. Cameras, particularly with attractive lures, are an effective addition to the mouse detection toolkit, and facilitated a timely confirmation of eradication outcome.

Comparison of Sex Pheromone and Kairomone-Enhanced Pheromone Lures for Monitoring Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Mating Disruption and Non-Disruption Tree Fruit Orchards.

Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), populations were monitored using standard sex pheromone lures (OFM L2) and kairomone-enhanced lures to aid the interpretation of trap captures with enhanced relative to conventional lures. Initially, comparison of 10 different lures showed that a10X load of OFM pheromone, codlemone, terpinyl acetate, and acetic acid were key components of the most attractive lures (TRE11034 and 1123). Subsequent trapping studies in mating disruption and non-disrupted orchards in the United States and Spain compared trap captures with TRE1123 and OFM L2 lures. Compared to the OFM L2 lure, the TRE1123 lure captured more moths in mating disruption and non-disrupted orchards, caught female moths, improved the precision of mean population estimates, and led to greater resolution of generational flights. Suppression of trap captures in mating disruption versus non-disrupted orchards was similar with both lures. There were significant linear correlations between weekly trap captures with the two lures in the majority of mating disruption and non-disrupted orchards across locations and years. Furthermore, regression of the slopes of trap capture regressions (i.e., attractiveness of enhanced lures relative to sex pheromone lures alone) versus moth density (as measured by mean cumulative moth capture with TRE1123 and OFM L2 lures) exhibited a significant positive relationship in non-disrupted orchards, indicating enhanced lures were relatively more attractive under high population densities. This relationship was not significant in mating disruption orchards, likely due to the density independent, non-competitive mechanism of mating disruption for oriental fruit moth when using high-dose reservoir dispensers.

EVALUATION OF D-ALLETHRIN IN THE THERMACELL MOSqUITO REPELLENT DEVICE AGAINST THE LONE STAR TICK UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

D-allethrin vapor generated from a personal mosquito repellent device (Thermacell MR300) was evaluated for its effectiveness to repel the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (adults and nymphs) when released at tick body level in a wind tunnel and in an olfactometer. In the wind tunnel 48.5% of ticks moved upwind when only attractant lure was present, while only 30.8% moved upwind when d-allethrin repellent was present with the lure. In the olfactometer strong repellency of d-allethrin vapor to adults was observed, but the effect was reduced with nymphs. Results of this study showed that d-allethrin vapor generated by the Thermacell MR300 pad could be used to reduce movement of ticks towards a host under some conditions.

Development of multi‐component non‐sex pheromone blends to monitor both sexes of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

AbstractNineteen host plant volatiles (HPVs) were screened for attractivity to adult codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) as a fourth component of core blends (3K) including (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate, (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene and acetic acid. Each new quaternary combination was compared with a previously reported attractive bisexual lure (4K), consisting of the 3K blend plus 6‐ethenyl‐2,2,6‐trimethyloxan‐3‐ol (pyranoid linalool oxide, pyrLOX). All lure evaluations were conducted in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen). Several compounds were found to significantly lower total and/or female catches when added to the 3K blend, including (Z)‐3‐hexenol, (E)‐2‐hexanal and hexyl butanoate (female and total moths), and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate and linalool (female moths). Other compounds when added to the 3K blend did not increase or decrease moth catches, including methyl salicylate, (E)‐β‐ocimene, limonene, β‐caryophyllene, butyl hexanoate, farnesol, terpineol, terpinen‐4‐ol and α‐pinene. A few added compounds significantly increased moth catches compared with the 3K blend, including β‐pinene (male moths), (Z)‐jasmone (male and total moths), (E)‐β‐farnesene and β‐myrcene (female and total moths), and (E,E)‐α‐farnesene (male, female, and total moths). In addition, each of these five compounds when added to the 3K core blend performed similarly to the 4K lure (male, females, and total moths). Further studies should expand these results through tests of these and other new blends with a range of component ratios and total loading amounts. Field trials should also be replicated within all host crops of codling moth and across major geographical production regions.