Attractive Faces Research Articles

Facial Contouring by Using Dermal Fillers and Botulinum Toxin A: A Practical Approach

BackgroundThe perception of an attractive face is largely subjective. The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight and a practical approach to facial contouring management with hyaluronic acid (HA) implants and botulinum toxin A.MethodsThis study is presenting the clinical experience of the authors regarding facial contouring. After a careful medical history, patients underwent an exhaustive aesthetic assessment that includes photographs and videos. Realistic treatment goals were discussed and agreed with the patient. Comprehensive treatment strategies for facial contouring, including HA implants and/or botulinum toxin A injections, were selected according to the patient needs.ResultsBased on the MD codes®, developed by Mauricio de Maio, these treatment strategies have been adapted to six different basic categories of facial shapes, namely round, square, triangular, inverted triangle, rectangle, oval and oblong faces. The incidence of complications was low and, in all the cases, was mild (edema, erythema and local ecchymosis), of limited duration, and was resolved without sequela.ConclusionsThe current article presented the personal experiences of the authors on a specific subject, and this fact should be considered when interpreting data from this paper. As other aesthetic treatments, facial contouring should be focused on the patient needs and to select a specific aesthetic approach according to different facial shapes. Finally, it is essential to have a good understanding of the potential associated complications, because it will help the specialist to take the necessary precautions to prevent them, and if they ever arise, to be able to deal with them effectively.Level of Evidence IVThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

The Esthetic Difference of Chinese Beauty Evaluated by Two Different Human Races Based on Three-Dimensional Average Face Analysis.

The aim of this study was to establish a new method of facial soft tissue analysis based on 3dMDface system and to find the different esthetic preferences of Chinese beauties from the Chinese and Indian evaluators perspective. Three-dimensional facial images of 242 females and 168 males were evaluated and ranked by 8 Chinese and nine Indians using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). Total 120 subjects in 2 panels (from Chinese perspective and Indian perspective) including 30 male and 30 female faces with top 30 scores were analyzed with the "average face" method respectively. Then 17 linear measurements, 13 curve measurements and 14 ratios of 4 average faces were calculated and compared with the divine proportion. Distinct differences were founded based on the average face analysis. Similar total facial types were preferred by both Chinese and Indian evaluators, while Indian evaluators preferred a wider male face with a protrusive lower lip. Delicate noses with lower nose ridge but protrusive lower lips in females were more acceptable by Indian evaluators. The differences of linear measurements were limited in 2.0 mm except the facial width, lower facial width, upper facial height and forehead height while curve measurements differ distinctly as the table shows. No ratios equal to the divine proportion were founded. The 3D Average face based on stereophotogrammetry is a feasible method to analyze the facial characters and discrepancy of esthetic preferences. Chinese and Indian evaluators have some certain differences when judging beauties. Attractive faces have some certain ratios but not the divine proportion.

Looking for Mr(s) Right: Decision bias can prevent us from finding the most attractive face

In realistic and challenging decision contexts, people may show biases that prevent them from choosing their favored options. For example, astronomer Johannes Kepler famously interviewed several candidate fiancées sequentially, but was rejected when attempting to return to a previous candidate. Similarly, we examined human performance on searches for attractive faces through fixed-length sequences by adapting optimal stopping computational theory developed from behavioral ecology and economics. Although economics studies have repeatedly found that participants sample too few options before choosing the best-ranked number from a series, we instead found overlong searches with many sequences ending without choice. Participants employed irrationally high choice thresholds, compared to the more lax, realistic standards of a Bayesian ideal observer, which achieved better-ranked faces. We consider several computational accounts and find that participants most resemble a Bayesian model that decides based on altered attractiveness values. These values may produce starkly different biases in the facial attractiveness domain than in other decision domains.

Biobanques tumorales et gestion des données complexes : enjeux actuels et futurs

Tumor banks are asked to clinical and translationnal research project development in oncology. They strongly participate to the assessment, then to the validation of diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. The progressive change of these structures leads to induce a professionalization of their functioning and to identify them as key actors in oncology by the stakeholders of the public and private worlds. The progresses made in biotechnologies and therapeutics are rapidly modifying the impact and the proper functioning of the biobanks. These latter are now facing different challenges, in particular for their sustainability. Among the major issues, the integration of the clinical and biological data becoming increasingly complex leads to urgently consider an optimization of the role of different biobanks in France. Their goal is to be an attractive counterpart face to the international competition. The purpose of this review is to briefly describe the current evolution of the biobanks, then their present and future challenges, and finally the role made by the pathologists in these new issues in oncology field.

Multiplane Forehead Shortening: Sparing the Frontalis Muscle and Supraorbital Nerve.

An appropriate forehead-to-face ratio is an important factor contributing to a balanced and attractive face. Conventional methods have been used to correct long forehead, but these methods have drawbacks. The primary objective of this study was to introduce a modified technique with better results. Between March of 2015 and March of 2017, 525 patients with long forehead underwent multiplane forehead shortening with sparing of the frontalis muscle and supraorbital nerve. The operation began with a design indicating the area of skin excision. The sensory nerves were preserved during the skin excision, and the frontalis muscle was not cut. Subgaleal dissection was performed through a small window on the galea. The postoperative assessments included the change in forehead length, sensory changes on the scalp, the presence of a scar, alopecia, and synchronous movement of the flap. A mean forehead shortening of 2.0 cm (range, 1.1 to 2.8 cm) was observed. Sensory deficits were observed only in the anteromedian scalp, which the supratrochlear nerve innervates. However, sensation recovered to the normal level within 6 months. Scars were barely visible or not visible at all in 85.5 percent of the patients. Postoperative alopecia occurred in only two cases. The synchronous movement of the forehead and scalp was natural in all cases. This modified technique of multiplane forehead shortening with sparing the frontalis muscle and supraorbital nerve provided both cosmetic and functional benefits. Therapeutic, IV.

(Pretty) Lady First: Effects of Mate-Related Motives on the Item-Selection Orders of Faces With Varying Attractiveness.

Evolutionary theories suggest that fundamental mating-related motives might exert specific effects on human cognition and behaviors. Based on the evolutionary perspective, our prior research illustrated that the activation of mating-related motives leads to a study-time allocation bias toward highly attractive female faces. While study-time allocation is one of the aspects of the self-regulated learning process, it is unclear whether mating motives affect study decision behaviors (as measured by item-selection orders) during the learning process. Therefore, the present study followed the logic of previous research and aimed to examine the effects of mating-related motives on item-selection orders for face-name associations among faces with varying attractiveness. In two experiments, after an imagery procedure, participants in mating-related priming conditions (Experiment 1: mate search, Experiment 2: mate guarding) or control conditions performed an item-selection task. Participants were shown 16 female faces with varying attractiveness on a computer screen and were instructed to decide the order for studying the faces and corresponding names. Experiment 1 showed that activating mate-search motives led male participants to prioritize the choice of highly attractive rather than less attractive faces for studying. In Experiment 2, compared to the participants in the control condition, female participants in the mate-guarding priming condition were more likely to prioritize the choice of highly attractive rather than less attractive faces for studying. The present findings clarify that mating-related motives affect the item-selection prioritization of faces with varying attractiveness.

The cheerleader effect for a group of similarly attractive faces: Modulation by the observer and face gender

The cheerleader effect for a group of similarly attractive faces: Modulation by the observer and face gender

Supplemental Material for Preference for Attractive Faces Is Species-Specific

Supplemental Material for Preference for Attractive Faces Is Species-Specific

Lower facial contouring surgery using a novel method: M-genioplasty.

BackgroundMandibular contouring surgery to produce a more slender and small face has become popular, especially in East Asia. Narrowing genioplasty should be simultaneously performed with mandibular angle resection to achieve satisfactory results. In Korea, T-genioplasty has been frequently performed for chin narrowing. The authors developed a new, safe, and reliable method, termed M-genioplasty, that can provide a more slender and attractive lower face.MethodsFrom June 2013 to December 2017, 36 patients underwent M-genioplasty with mandibular angle resection for lower facial contouring. Horizontal and vertical osteotomies were performed obliquely. The resected bone segments were wedge-shaped. The remaining two bone segments were rotated and approximated centrally. The lateral mandible bony stepoff was trimmed off for mandibular angle resection.ResultsIn all patients, the facial contour sufficiently improved, and most patients were satisfied with the outcome. No severe complications took place during postoperative follow-up. ConclusionsM-genioplasty can provide more mandibular angle resection and can create a more acute chin angle without bone resorption than other methods, including T-genioplasty. M-genioplasty with mandibular angle resection is a safer, more accurate, and more reliable method for lower facial contouring.

Photogrammetric Facial Analysis of Attractive Celebrities Using the Glabella for Planning Rhinoplasty and Analyzing Surgical Outcomes

Background Identifying problems and making a surgical plan through a preoperative analysis is important in facial aesthetic surgery. Thus, popular conceptions of an attractive face must be analyzed beforehand. The landmarks used as reference points may change after rhinoplasty, resulting in errors in the prediction and assessment of outcomes. To reduce such errors, it is advantageous to use reference points and landmarks that are subject to minimal variation. This study measured and analyzed landmarks with little preoperative and postoperative variation in rhinoplasty, and established appropriate standards for landmarks indicative of ideal profiles. Methods A photogrammetric analysis was performed of 80 famous and attractive celebrities from Korea, Southeast Asia, Japan, China, and America. The nasofrontal angle, nasal angle, nasolabial angle, angle of facial convexity, and angle of total facial convexity were measured. Results The angle of total facial convexity differed significantly among countries (P=0.013). No significant difference in nasal angle, facial convexity, or total facial convexity was observed between Western and Eastern countries. A significant difference in the nasofrontal angle (Asian: 138.66°, Western: 134.35°; P=0.006) was observed. The nasolabial angle (Asian: 97.09°, Western: 104.59° degrees; P=0.007) was significantly more acute in Asian than in Western subjects. Conclusions In this study, we performed a more accurate analysis using the glabella instead of the nasion to measure the facial profiles of patients planning to undergo rhinoplasty and proposed standard values through an analysis of ideal and attractive facial profiles. Keywords: Anthropometry, Photogrammetry, Rhinoplasty

РОЛЬ ЭСТЕТИКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ОРТОДОНТИЧЕСКОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ И ЛЕЧЕНИИ

Subject. Facial aesthetics is an important motivating factor for many patients seeking orthodontic treatment. An aesthetically pleasing and balanced face is one of the objectives of orthodontic treatment. An understanding of the soft tissues and their normal ranges enables a treatment plan to be formulated to normalize the facial traits for a given individual. Aim. The aim of the present study is to further investigate the use of soft tissue analysis in the quantification of facial profile, and to investigate differences between different ethnic and gender groups. Methodology. A number of studies considered on various aspects of facial measurements in orthodontics. Results. Skeletal, dental and facial profile differences exist, when subjects from distinct ethnic groups are compared. Thus, each group should be evaluated differently, considering their racial characteristics, in order to produce better diagnosis and treatment planning. The necessity and acceptability of teeth extraction during orthodontic treatment and its effects on facial profile, has greatly concerned orthodontists for many years and has not lost its urgency till now. However, the definition of an attractive and pleasing face is subjective, with many factors involved (culture, personality, ethnic background, age). On the other hand, several medical specialties (orthognathic and plastic surgery, orthodontics, dental prosthetics) have the ability to change facial features. Hence, there is a need for clinicians working in the maxillofacial area to know the aesthetic standards of a face that guide the aesthetic soft tissue treatment goals in their patients. Conclusion: It will be useful to conduct investigations for further definitions and observations of correlated relationship between hard and soft tissues of maxillofacial system by taking into consideration: the patient's age at time of treatment, type of anomaly, differences in maxillofacial anatomical structures of various ethnic groups.

Sex and Physiological Cycles Affect the Automatic Perception of Attractive Opposite-Sex Faces: A Visual Mismatch Negativity Study.

Facial attractiveness plays important roles in social interaction. Electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies found several brain areas to be differentially responsive to attractive relative to unattractive faces. However, little is known about the time course of the information processing, especially under the unattended condition. Based on a "cross-modal delayed response" paradigm, the present study aimed to explore the automatic mechanism of facial attractiveness processing of females with different physiological cycles and males, respectively, through recording the event-related potentials in response to (un)attractive opposite-sex faces by two experiments. The attractiveness-related visual mismatch negativity (attractiveness vMMN) in posterior scalp distribution was recorded in both the experiments, which indicated that attractive faces could be processed automatically. And high-attractive opposite-sex faces can elicit larger vMMN in males than females in menstrual period in Study 1, but similar as females in ovulatory period in Study 2. Furthermore, by comparison, the latency of attractiveness vMMN in females with the ovulatory period was the longest. These results indicated as follows: (1) Males were more sensitive to attractive female faces, (2) females in ovulatory period were also attracted by the attractive male faces, (3) the long vMMN latency in females during ovulatory period suggested a special reproductive motivation to avoid being tainted by genes, which takes priority over the breeding motivation.

Unattractive face is recognized faster than attractive face

Unattractive face is recognized faster than attractive face

Dermal subcision of Nemoto’s ligaments as a long-lasting treatment for forehead and glabellar wrinkles

Ever since the beginning of recorded history, beauty has played a major social role. A youthful look, symmetry, and a soft, smooth skin texture, as well as an even colour, are the main characteristics and parameters of attractive and beautiful faces. The forehead is the first location in the face that shows wrinkles. Facial wrinkles show an increase in depth and severity with age in all faces, in both sexes, but usually, forehead wrinkles develop earlier in men than they do in women. The work published by Nemoto et al. in 2002 revolutionised the concepts about the aetiology and anatomy of forehead wrinkles, thus inspiring the authors to develop a new surgical technique for treatment. Sixty-five patients participated in this study (50 females and 15 males). The age range in this series ranged from 26 to 59 years. Through stab incisions at the hairline level, a standard ENT myringotomy knife was used to cut the fibrous septae connecting between the superficial layer of the galea apponeurotica (that covers the frontalis and glabellar muscles) and the dermis. The results showed a high level of satisfaction among both patients and an objective assessor with no negative comments. Patients rated the operative results excellent in 52.3% of this series, while the operative results were rated excellent in 47.7% of patients by an independent, objective assessment. Kappa analysis showed perfect agreement between the objective and subjective assessments (K = 0.839). The mean Lamperle classification was 3.1 before surgery and 0.7 3 years after surgery. There was a significant reduction in the mean Lamperle classification 3 years after surgery. The cutting (dermal subcision) of fasciocutaneous ligaments of the forehead described by Nemoto et al. is a safe, economical and effective technique for forehead and glabella rejuvenation with long-lasting results. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.

Rational civil servant interviewers: evidence from an event-related potential study of beauty premiums in Chinese civil servant interviews.

Physical attractiveness can greatly influence business job applications (the "beauty premium" effect). However, little is known about whether and how physical attractiveness influences interviewers' evaluations of Chinese civil servant applicants, given that many characteristics of civil service appear to be different from those of business jobs. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), the current study investigated how female job candidates' physical attractiveness influenced interviewers' evaluations in Chinese civil servant interviews for both technical and managerial positions. The behavioral results showed that for the managerial positions, attractive female candidates had a much higher acceptance rate than unattractive candidates. However, for the technical positions, no significant difference was found between attractive and unattractive candidates. At the brain level, for the managerial positions, pairs of attractive faces with managerial posts elicited smaller N400 and larger late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes than did pairs of unattractive faces with managerial posts. However, this relationship was not observed for technical posts. The negative correlation between N400 amplitude and acceptance rate as well as the positive correlation between LPP amplitude and acceptance rate further confirmed these results. The present study suggests that beauty could potentially influence if candidates are accepted in real Chinese civil servant interviews, as observed experimentally in this research.

Preference for attractive faces is species-specific

Studies on facial attractiveness in human adults, infants, and newborns have consistently reported a visual preference for faces rated as attractive compared to faces rated as unattractive. Biological accounts of facial attractiveness have typically presented such preferences as arising from adaptations for mate choice or as by-products of general sensory bias. In this cross-species study, we examined whether explicit ratings of attractiveness made by human judges would predict implicit visual preferences in other humans and also in rhesus macaques, and if they do, whether such preferences would extend beyond conspecific faces. Results showed that human ratings of attractiveness can predict implicit preferences in non-human primates (macaque monkeys, Macaca mulatta). However, we also found a species-specific effect of face attractiveness in which humans showed a visual preference for human faces (but not macaque faces) rated as attractive, and macaques displayed a visual preference for macaque faces (but not human faces) rated as attractive. Overall, the findings suggest that attentional bias toward attractive faces is neither the result of an exclusive operation of mate choice adaptation mechanisms, nor does it reflect the sole influence of a general sensory bias, but rather reflects their interaction. The influence of a general sensory bias may be modulated by the categorization of a face as conspecific or heterospecific, leading to species-specific preference for attractive faces.

Ensemble perception of facial attractiveness.

Ensemble perception, the extraction of a statistical summary of multiple instances of a feature, enables efficient processing of information. Here we investigated whether ensemble representations can be formed for facial attractiveness, a socially important complex feature. After verifying that our face stimuli produced by geometric morphing represented a valid continuum of attractiveness (Experiment 1), we asked participants to compare the average attractiveness of four faces with a single probe face. Whether the four faces were homogeneous or heterogeneous resulted in highly similar performance levels, suggesting the visual system could extract an ensemble representation of the attractiveness of a heterogeneous group of faces. Statistical simulations with human-level bias and noise indicated participants did not rely on subsampling one random face or the most/least attractive face from the array (Experiment 2). Ensemble perception of facial attractiveness was not affected by variance in the stimulus array (Experiment 3), did not depend on memory of individual faces in the array (Experiment 4), and could be extended to larger arrays with faces asymmetrically distributed around the set mean (Experiment 5). Our findings give further evidence to the prevalence of perception of statistical regularities in vision.

Preferential access to awareness of attractive faces in a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm.

Facial attractiveness is a core facial attribute in social interactions. This study used a breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) paradigm to investigate whether facial attractiveness can be processed unconsciously. In the b-CFS paradigm, a monocularly viewed visual stimulus is erased from visual awareness by rapidly flashing, high-contrast masks presented to the other eye. Faces with different levels of attractiveness but an emotionally neutral expression were presented under CFS, and the time taken to break CFS was measured. Our results demonstrated that attractive faces were detected more quickly than unattractive ones, indicating privileged processing of attractive faces (Experiment 1). This effect dissipated when facial images were scrambled to disrupt the face-like configuration (Experiment 2) but was still observed in cases of inverted faces (Experiment 3). These results indicate that preconscious processing of facial attractiveness requires a face-like configuration but does not necessarily require information about precise metrical relationships between facial features.

No compelling evidence that more physically attractive young adult women have higher estradiol or progesterone

Putative associations between sex hormones and attractive physical characteristics in women are central to many theories of human physical attractiveness and mate choice. Although such theories have become very influential, evidence that physically attractive and unattractive women have different hormonal profiles is equivocal. Consequently, we investigated hypothesized relationships between salivary estradiol and progesterone and two aspects of women’s physical attractiveness that are commonly assumed to be correlated with levels of these hormones: facial attractiveness (N = 249) and waist-to-hip ratio (N = 247). Our analyses revealed no compelling evidence that women with more attractive faces or lower (i.e., more attractive) waist-to-hip ratios had higher levels of estradiol or progesterone. One analysis did suggest that women with more attractive waist-to-hip ratios had significantly higher progesterone, but the relationship was weak and the relationship not significant in other analyses. These results do not support the influential hypothesis that between-women differences in physical attractiveness are related to estradiol and/or progesterone.

The Influence of the Smile on the Perceived Facial Type Esthetics

Objective The objective of this study was to determine if the smile would influence the facial types esthetics perception for dentists, specialists, and laypeople. The null hypotheses for this study were that the smile has no effect on the perceived facial esthetics of different facial types. Materials and Method A photograph of an attractive female face with an attractive smile was captured and manipulated using computer software, which was used to produce changes in the smile and facial type of the female face. Two sets of photographs were developed. The first set is composed of three photos showing mesofacial, dolichofacial, and brachyfacial faces; on these photos the smiles were masked intentionally. On the second set, the smile was revealed in the three face types (mesofacial, dolichofacial, and brachyfacial faces); this results in three smiling photos, where each showed a facial type with the same smile. These photos (6 photos in total) were rated by the participants; two hundred participants were recruited, 50 general dentists, 50 specialist dentists, and 100 laypeople. Results The three groups (dentists, specialists, and laypeople) rated the mesofacial face as the highest (p value < 0.01) (64.48, 76.12, and 60.68, respectively), the mesofacial face was the only face that showed a significant difference between the three groups ratings (p value<0.01), and this significant difference disappeared when we compared the smiling photos for the mesofacial face (p value>0.01). Conclusion Mesofacial face is considered to be the most attractive face in comparison to dolichofacial and brachyfacial faces. Facial type should not be looked at separately from the smile as the smile might influence the esthetics perception of the facial type.