Attractive Environment Research Articles

Workplaces of Today and Tomorrow to Attract and Retain Top Talent: Challenges and Opportunities with Remote / Hybrid Practices

The face and nature of the workplace are changing; remote work technologies and the capabilities of artificial intelligence are having a transformative effect on traditional norms of work performance, to which both employees and managers must adapt. The article analyzes the advantages and problems of remote work, its impact on staff turnover and retention, the sources and specifics of industrial stress during remote work, and the problem of environmentalization of workplaces with this format of work organization. The basis of the study was the results of an electronic survey from November 2023 till March 2024 of 40 specialists from the public and private sectors of South Florida (USA) who studied a postgraduate course in personnel management regarding their views, expectations, and preferences for onsite, remote and hybrid workplaces. Respondents gave answers to both closed and open questions to analyze the answers to which content analysis and inductive coding were used. 54% of respondents work in traditional offices, 32% can work remotely, and 14% of respondents have a hybrid work format. Analysis of the answers to the open questions allows us to determine the desired organizational culture format as flexible, remote/hybrid, positive, belonging/inclusive, work-life balance, and employee-oriented. The majority of respondents consider workplace design to be an essential determinant of labor productivity. Technologies for monitoring employees’ working hours for office, remote or hybrid work formats are different, and it is necessary to respect the employee’s right to privacy (20% of respondents consider regular monitoring appropriate, 50% – periodic, and 30% consider monitoring inappropriate). Organizations that organize a comfortable format of remote work for their employees are more likely to be able to attract and retain a talented workforce at a lower cost than those that require the presence of employees in the office (over the next decade, only 10% of respondents are willing to prefer working in the office, then as 90% – hybrid or remote work option). Based on the survey results, a list of criteria a company must fulfil to attract and retain talented employees and the characteristics of the most attractive work environment was formulated.

Analysis of Risk Factors for Investors in Emerging Markets

Risk management is becoming more and more dependent on the identification of risk variables for investors who wish to make investments in emerging economies. Finding risk factors for investors in emerging markets and identifying the top five risk factors in emerging markets were the two objectives of this study. To gather information from South African asset managers, this study used an online survey method, a quantitative research strategy, and online questionnaires. To analyse the data, descriptive statistics were employed. The findings indicated that the most crucial risk factors to consider when making investments in developing markets were currency, economic stability, liquidity, inflation, investment cost, hazards, and taxation. Additionally, it was shown that the top five risk factors in developing markets include inflation, currency fluctuations, hazards, liquidity, and economic stability. This study added to the body of knowledge and its significance and contribution to existing literature is that it gave investors in emerging markets fresh perspectives on risk factors to consider when investing in emerging market. The practical implication for investors is that they must consider factors identified in this study when investing in developing markets, it is advised that investors who choose to do so take into account the top five risk factors. Policymakers in emerging markets can help ensure that investors are well-informed about the risks associated with investing in emerging markets, ultimately fostering a more stable and attractive investment environment.

Conceptual basis of architectural and urban planning heritage development in ethnic regions of Ukraine

The article describes the results of the philosophical and methodological analysis of the definitions - "formation", "concept" and "network" in the context of the preservation of architectural and urban heritage in ethnic regions of Ukraine. The relationship between these definitions and modern ideas about sustainable development and self-organization is revealed by their postmodern interpretation and architectural-sociological orientation. On this basis, two macrocosmic principles - the tectonicity of the formation of cultural focuses and the cyclicity nature of the sustainable development of ethnic regions, and two microcosmic principles - the architectonicity self-organization of the areas of these focuses’ and the ornamentality of their network is theoretically substantiated. These principles form the philosophical foundations of the formation of regional networks of historical centers of architectural and urban heritage on the territory of Ukraine. The principle of cyclicity reflects the recurrence of periodic changes in natural phenomena and stages of sustainable development of settlements and communities. The essence of the principle of tectonicity consists in the non-accidental placement of the overwhelming majority of focuses’ of architectural and urban heritage, which are provincial cities and towns, outside the zones of tectonic rupture dislocations and geopathogenic zones. The principle of architectonicity, which connects the natural and artificial environment, regulates the location of individual focuses’ and areas outside of fully urbanized territories, between highways and railways of national and international importance. The natural component of the architectonicity principle is rooted in the desire of a large part of historical provincial cities, towns, and villages to be located in a functionally and aesthetically attractive landscape environment - on the coasts of seas, lakes, and rivers, on the tops and slopes of hills, against the background of forest areas, etc. The principle of ornamentality integrates macrocosmic cyclicity and tectonicity with microcosmic architectonicity. It has a multi-layered structure, contains potentials, and becomes a regulator of the formation and sustainable development of the investigated network at all levels of its architectonical structure.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PARK ZONES ARRANGEMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MODERN CITY

The main principles of park zones arranging in the conditions of modern cities are analyzed in order to determine the optimal approaches to their development and organization, in particular, taking into account ecological, socio-economic and aesthetic aspects. Arguments are given that speak of the importance of observing the rules of zoning of such territories and prove the impact of the presence of properly located park zones on the physical and mental health of people. The most effective strategies for preserving the natural environment and creating a comfortable space for the city's residents have been determined, as well as potential obstacles and problems that may arise in the process of setting up park areas, and suggestions for overcoming them have been identified. The article provides a comparative analysis of the arrangement of park zones in Mariupol and Berlin. Fundamental differences in the planning of park zones as recreation areas for city dwellers have been identified. Innovative methods of using space, the introduction of eco-friendly materials and technologies, as well as the interaction of park zones with other aspects of urban planning (residential districts, the business part of the city, industrial zone, etc.) to create a healthier, sustainable and attractive urban environment were studied. The studies were carried out in accordance with the current regulatory documents, which regulate the basic principles of arranging park zones, taking into account world experience regarding location, planning, filling (small architectural forms, monuments, lighting, landscaping) and other aspects. The main criteria for the optimization of park zones are: preservation of the existing priority direction of territory use while increasing the protection regime of individual areas; preservation of green areas and historical integrity of the territory; preservation and restoration of the formed landscape and architectural features of parks-monuments of garden and park art; appropriate territorial ratio of functional zones, organization of care for park territories at the level of local authorities and compliance with rules of use. Arrangements of park and green areas of cities from different countries were compared. Keywords: park areas, modern trends, green areas.

Analisis Manajemen Sarana dan Sarana pada SMAS Pertiwi Medan

In the field of education or within the scope of school facilities and infrastructure management is an important factor in creating an ideal and effective learning environment for students at school. With the planning, procurement, organization, use, and elimination of educational facilities and infrastructure, all these aspects are interrelated and affect each other. This procedure needs to be done carefully and precisely in order to create efficient and effective conditions within the school environment. Facilities and infrastructure in its implementation will be a good resource for students and teachers if managed properly will have a positive impact on both parties to create an attractive learning environment and increase student success. This study aims to determine how the management of facilities and infrastructure carried out by the school in SMAS Pertiwi Medan, whether the facilities and infrastructure in the school meet the criteria for good management of educational facilities and infrastructure. The method in this study uses qualitative research methods. From the results of the study, researchers found that in the management of facilities and infrastructure at SMAS Pertiwi Medan school has been adequate to be categorized as a school that has effective and good management of facilities and infrastructure for students in the school.This can be seen from the results of observations made by researchers in terms of existing buildings in the school, complete classrooms, libraries, laboratories, sports halls, and can be seen in areas outside the school such as vehicle parking facilities and also school canteens, this can increase student learning motivation by having adequate facilities and infrastructure for learning in SMAS Pertiwi Medan.

Analyzing shared mobility markets in Europe: A comparative analysis of shared mobility schemes across 311 European cities

The progression of shared mobility across Europe is remarkable. While station-based car and bike sharing have a more extended history, particularly in major European (capital) cities, recent advancements in modal types and operational models have significantly transformed the shared mobility landscape. Rapid expansion by private organisations has broadened access to shared mobility services across Europe. However, not all European cities are considered potentially viable markets due to local factors such as stringent regulatory frameworks and unfavourable economic conditions. The composition of the local offerings influences how citizens use these services, impacting travel behaviour and the local transport networks differently. Therefore, understanding the availability of various shared mobility schemes across Europe is essential for comprehending the market structure, its development, the providers' decision drivers, and the potential consequences for local transportation systems.First, this paper presents data on various segments and features of the shared mobility market across European cities with more than 100.000 inhabitants. Second, two cluster approaches, i.e. k-means and latent class clustering analysis (LCCA), are conducted to structure this European market. Third, the contextual characteristics, such as socio-demographics, the built environment and the geography, are compared among the clusters using Dunn testing.The results depict that the market is very fragmented, ranging from cities with a minimal offer (i.e. one type of modality available) to cities with a very competitive market consisting of numerous modalities and operators.As expected, the most comprehensive offer of shared mobility is found in cities with the highest economic potential, measured by GDP per capita and population size. However, these cities tend to impose stricter regulations and invest in public schemes, especially for bike and car sharing, affecting the share of private operators. This may explain why private scooter sharing companies are willing to operate in smaller cities that initially seem to lack the economic conditions to accommodate a profitable sharing scheme. In cities where scooters are absent, mainly in Dutch cities, free-floating moped- and bike-sharing schemes have acted as a surrogate. Still, the comprehensiveness of the offer in these cities is considerable, suggesting that even with strict regulatory frameworks, other factors like infrastructure can create an attractive environment for operators. Overall, shared mobility is well-developed in European cities, meaning that many people are already aware of or have access to some form of shared mobility. This provides opportunities for other less-developed modalities, such as cargo bicycles, to further expand and offer specific use cases for car replacement. Therefore, future research could follow up on market developments to understand how various segments evolve and to examine the role of different policy frameworks more thoroughly.

Exploring the Role of Urban Design Development in Enhancing and Promoting Tourism of Historical Sites: The Case Study of Amman Citadel

Urban design development can play a vital role in enchaining and promoting tourism, by improving the physical infrastructure and creating a more pleasant and attractive environment for visitors. In this context, this paper discusses how urban design development can play a crucial role in increasing and promoting the tourism of historical sites. The paper focuses on the Amman Citadel site and analyses the challenges facing visitors and tourists. The study aims to highlight the possible urban strategies to develop the surrounding areas to increase site tourism. The study adopts an analytical case-study method by conducting a comprehensive literature review to build a theoretical framework, followed by analysing the site through observation and urban analysis. The goal is to propose a strategic plan based on urban design criteria for developing the surrounding areas and enhancing the site's touristic value. The study pointed out the importance of urban design as a key to increasing and promoting tourism as a whole and local tourism as a part. Furthermore, it set several recommendations to apply to the Amman Citadel area to enable its urban tourism development. Keywords: urban design, tourism, urban tourism, Amman Citadel

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease.

Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoa of the species Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (syn = Leishmania chagasi) and Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani, which are transmitted by hematophagous insects of the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is considered the main urban reservoir of the parasite due to the high parasite load on its skin, serving as a source of infection for sandfly vectors and, consequently, perpetuating the disease in the urban environment. Some factors are considered important in the perpetuation and spread of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in urban areas, such as stray dogs, with their errant behavior, and houses that have backyards with trees, shade, and organic materials, creating an attractive environment for sandfly vectors. CVL is found in approximately 50 countries, with the number of infected dogs reaching millions. However, due to the difficulty of controlling and diagnosing the disease, the number of infected animals could be even greater. In the four continents endemic for CVL, there are reports of disease expansion in endemic countries such as Brazil, Italy, Morocco, and Tunisia, as well as in areas where CVL is not endemic, for example, Uruguay. Socio-environmental factors, such as migration, drought, deforestation, and global warming, have been pointed out as reasons for the expansion into areas where it had been absent. Thus, the objective of this review is to address (i) the distribution of CVL in endemic areas, (ii) the role of the dog in the visceral leishmaniasis epidemiology and the factors that influence dog infection and the spread of the disease, and (iii) the challenges faced in the control of CVL.

Evaluation of Cognition of Rural Public Space Based on Eye Tracking Analysis

Amid the current global trend toward urbanization, there is a growing need for an improved quality of life. While rural public spaces are essential components of community life, their design and planning have traditionally focused on material aspects, neglecting the spiritual well-being of rural residents. This study uses the public spaces of Huixingtou Village in Handan City, Hebei Province, China, as an example to investigate the impact of five key elements within rural public spaces (architecture, streets, greenery, nodes, and landmarks) on individual emotions and perceptions, exploring how these elements contribute to the satisfaction of individuals’ spiritual lives. Initially, we compared the disparities among these elements concerning perceptual dimensions (functionality, technology, and aesthetics) and emotional dimensions (sense of achievement, safety, and well-being). This analysis revealed significant variations in emotional and perceptual dimensions influenced by different rural public space elements. Subsequently, we examined the associations between these elements and objective physiological response data from participants, using eye-tracking technology to delve into the interplay between emotions and perceptions. The results indicate that distinct rural public space elements elicit specific emotional responses, with visual elements and features exerting a pronounced influence on emotional reactions. This in-depth analysis provides comprehensive recommendations for emotional design strategies. Ultimately, this study furnishes emotionally driven design strategies for rural public spaces based on objective data, offering practical guidance for sustainable development and the enhancement of rural public space quality. These findings have significant implications for creating more attractive, inclusive, and sustainable rural spatial environments, addressing the needs of individuals seeking a high and enhanced quality of life.

Attracting Foreign Venture Capital Investment: The Institutions that Matter Most for Emerging Economies

This study explores the critical institutions and challenges influencing the attraction of international venture capital (VC) investment in emerging economies. By examining governance indicators such as "Voice and Accountability" and "The Rule of Law," the research highlights the importance of strong democratic institutions and robust legal frameworks in creating an attractive investment environment. It also identifies the complexities of regulatory frameworks, political stability, and corruption control in this context. The findings suggest that while effective governance fosters VC investment, over-reliance on government assistance can be counterproductive. The study emphasizes the need for collaboration among governments, regulatory bodies, and local organizations to create an investor-friendly climate, unlocking the potential for innovation and economic growth in emerging markets. Further research is recommended to understand the nuanced interactions between these factors and VC investments across diverse settings.

The City as an Evolutionary Hothouse—The Search for Rapid Evolution in Urban Settings

Cities are ubiquitous and, though a novel phenomenon by evolutionary standards, provide a home for many species and exert particularly strong and novel selection pressures on them. They thus offer a unique opportunity to study rapid evolutionary processes. We conducted a scoping review of published studies documenting evolutionary processes in urban environments, focusing primarily on more recent work. Unfortunately, cities have not been attractive environments for biological research and thus remain poorly studied, despite slowly growing interest in recent years. Nonetheless, we found studies documenting the effects of mutation, genetic drift, and selection in cities. However, studies show some geographic bias and were not always as conclusive as might be desired. There is even support for incipient urban speciation. Evidence across the board is less abundant and less conclusive than desirable, suggesting the need for more data collection. The urban setting, with its stronger selection, more common intermixing, and abundance of both human and widespread potential non-human zoonosis hosts and human-associated species offers great opportunities to further document evolution in action and explore its conservation implications.

Opportunities and Challenges in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment Capital in Vietnam

Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a significant role in the Vietnamese economy in the context of deep and wide integration and great fluctuations in the world economy. With the appropriate policy orientation of the Party and State since the reform in 1986, FDI capital flows into Vietnam have experienced a fluctuation but have achieved great successes, making significant contributions to the development of the economy. The image of Vietnam's healthy and attractive investment environment is increasingly strengthened, but there are also challenges to overcome. This research, based on secondary data, shows an overall picture of FDI attraction, opportunities, and challenges in attracting FDI and proposes several recommendations to relevant stakeholders to attract FDI capital into Vietnam in the context of an increasingly volatile environment.

A Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Modern Approaches to Assessment and Evaluation in Education

For tracking student progress and designing educational programs, assessment and evaluation are critical components of the process. Assessment is data collection to monitor students' development, while evaluation analyzes this data to make informed educational choices. To enhance educational results, practical and effective assessment and evaluation techniques must be applied. These strategies enable instructors to discover and customize instruction by identifying each student's strengths and limitations. This article compares classic and modern assessment and evaluation methodologies to draw implications for educational policies and practices. The research employs a systematic literature review to analyze data gathered from diverse fields. Efficiency, appropriateness, scalability, inclusivity, technology integration, and stakeholder acceptability are critical factors in comparing assessment and evaluation approaches. These parameters were used to analyze the benefits and drawbacks of each strategy. Traditional approaches, for example, have been proven insufficient in expressing individual characteristics since they are ubiquitous and uniform. Modern approaches stand out for their ability to meet student demands and adapt to diverse circumstances. The broad use of these modern procedures, however, is much more complicated than the simply adaptable traditional methods. According to the study's results, current and traditional assessment and evaluation methods have common themes such as purpose, quality assurance, involvement, ethics, and continual development. Traditional approaches, on the other hand, remain more summative, but novel methods concentrate more on student growth via formative strategies and ongoing feedback. Furthermore, novel methods provide flexibility, technology integration, and inclusion, while conventional methods may be restricted to a specific format. Modern methodologies reflect technology's growing importance in education and provide substantial opportunities to build engaging and attractive learning environments. Traditional techniques, on the other hand, emphasize academic knowledge and memory abilities while ignoring practical applications. Assessments that involve problem and project-based learning, as well as real-world situations, are prioritized in modern techniques. Consequently, integrating traditional and contemporary assessment and evaluation methodologies is recommended and will result in a more effective and inclusive educational assessment system. This research on the applicability and efficacy of assessment and evaluation methodologies provides for the exploration of new educational approaches and techniques, as well as the chance to assess current practices and make suggestions for implementation.

Evaluating the impact of urban landscape elements on the sense of security and local belonging-case study: Tongdejie, China

Introduction: The urban landscape is a pivotal element shaping the urban space and significantly influences its desirability or undesirability. It has a profound connection with people and their living environment, playing a crucial role in providing identity and a sense of peace to citizens. As urbanization expands and population density increases, the importance of security as a basic need within the urban structure becomes even more significant. A confusing, unattractive, or monotonous urban space can adversely affect citizens’ feelings and reduce their sense of security.Methods: In this research, we investigated the relationship between urban landscape components and the sense of local belonging, as well as the relationship between the sense of security and the urban landscape. We sought to understand how the design and planning of the urban landscape can have a positive impact on urban life and increase citizens’ sense of belonging to the city and its surroundings.Results: Our findings revealed a positive and significant correlation between the sense of local belonging and the sense of security. Living in a safe, attractive, and desirable environment fosters and strengthens feelings of belonging to the environment. This strengthening of the sense of belonging increases residents’ satisfaction and enhances the quality of life in cities.Discussion: The urban landscape serves as a powerful tool that, when optimally designed, can positively influence urban life and enhance citizens’ sense of belonging to their city and its surrounding environment. By prioritizing security and creating aesthetically pleasing and engaging urban spaces, cities can significantly improve the well-being and quality of life of their residents.

Means of the state policy of increasing and effective implementation of investment and innovation potential in the system of economic security of Ukraine

The article emphasizes the importance of increasing and effective implementation of the investment and innovation potential, which allows to form the necessary prerequisites for fully ensuring the country's economic security. The importance of state support for the processes of building up and effective realization of investment-innovation potential has been proven, where the state is required to create an attractive regulatory environment with a focus on stimulating the establishment of investment-innovation activity, its rapid and stable growth. Obstacles that discourage investment and innovation activity in the economic system of Ukraine are identified, and their overcoming should become the main task of state regulatory bodies. Based on the analysis of the latest research and publications, it was concluded that the existing system of state regulation of investment and innovation activity is aimed at solving current tasks, and the strategic issues of its development from the standpoint of ensuring economic security are not properly resolved. Emphasis is placed on increasing the significance of this direction of state policy in the system of economic security of Ukraine, when it is necessary to resist external military and hybrid aggression. The priority means of the state policy of increasing and effectively realizing the investment and innovation potential in the system of economic security of Ukraine are summarized, the implementation of which should begin as soon as possible, and at the same time, their list should be reviewed in view of the peculiarities of the regional economy, types of economic activity, etc. It was emphasized that solving the problem of the low level of investment and innovation potential of Ukraine requires updating the national economic development strategy. Keywords: investment and innovation potential, economic security, state policy, investment and innovation activity, expansion, effective implementation.

The seductive details in online mathematics learning

The new technologies and multimedia formats have given rise to highly attractive synchronous virtual environments for learning mathematics. However, the cognitive theory of multimedia learning suggests that it is preferable to eliminate seductive information from a multimedia presentation. Nevertheless, it is still unclear whether this effect manifests in ecological situations such as synchronous video conferences. In order to address this gap, two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of instructional, decorative, and seductive images on mathematics learning through synchronous video conferences, for both beginner and advanced students. The first experiment (n = 156) revealed that both materials with instructional graphics and materials without graphics are more efficient (i.e., they generate higher performance with equal mental effort) than materials with seductive graphics. In the second experiment, the moderating role of prior knowledge was analyzed (n = 163), including advanced students in the study. The results suggested that novice students performed better with materials containing instructional and decorative graphics compared to those presenting seductive graphics. However, this disadvantage of learning with seductive graphics disappeared in advanced students. It is concluded that the effectiveness of online mathematics learning depends on the type of graphics used and the level of prior knowledge. These results are discussed from the perspective of cognitive load and multimedia learning, and practical guidelines are provided for teaching and researching online mathematics learning.

Indices characterizing the investment environment

In the modern world, when all sectors of the economy are undergoing changes, problems related to the competitiveness of the economy are becoming increasingly relevant. A competitive economy should first be understood as an economy with an attractive investment environment. It is an attractive investment environment that creates the basis for a constant flow of capital, which in turn can be used to modernize means of production and increase productivity, as well as to invest in and improve the business environment and its culture. To this end, some global organizations have created indices that help potential investors assess the attractiveness of the investment environment and design their investment strategies.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ПОДГОТОВКЕ СТУДЕНТОВ МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ВУЗА

The article examines the possibility of using artificial intelligence in the professional language education of medical students. The aim of the study was to determine the advantages and disadvantages of using artificial intelligence in teaching foreign languages to medical students. Based on the contextual methodological approach, methods of theoretical analysis and summarization of scientific literature on the study problem were used, as well as empirical methods including pedagogical observation and analysis of the author's own experience. The study confirmed the potential value of using artificial intelligence in the education of medical students. Key advantages of artificial intelligence were identified, such as the possibility to organize personalized learning, instant feedback, and access to a large amount of data. The noted disadvantages were the need to adapt artificial intelligence systems to the specificity of the medical field and to develop systems for forming complex skills and abilities, such as empathy, etc. Student opinions were assessed through a survey in which 110 students of Ryazan State Medical University participated. The majority of respondents expressed a positive attitude towards the conducted experiment and expressed a desire to use artificial intelligence not only in language education but also in other medical disciplines to improve the level of knowledge and create an interactive and more attractive educational environment. The study emphasizes the high significance of integrating artificial intelligence technologies into the educational process to improve the quality of medical education and prepare future specialists. Currently, there is a need for collaboration between education specialists and artificial intelligence technology developers for more effective use of artificial intelligence in the field of education.

Optimization of industrial areas for recreational purposes: methods, principles and techniques

The article addresses the viability of industrial cities in the PrydniprovskRegion in the context of the necessity for urban transformations. It examines the current public demands and technological challenges faced by the region's cities as monofunctional economic centers with entrenched and unresolved urban planning conflicts. Using the example of the city of Dnipro, the article analyzes the role of a modern industrial city, emphasizing the need for reorganization of its industrial zones to create a more sustainable and attractive environment for residents' living, work, and leisure. Upon analyzing the recreational aspect at the regional level, it was identified that the main issue of optimizing the recreation and tourism system of the PrydniprovskRegion lies in resolving the conflict between the economic impact of heavy industry and the region's residents' demand for quality and ecological recreation. The work relies on urban scientists' contributions in defining methods and scientific approaches to optimize stagnant industrial territories within the city structure. In the context of developing alternative sectors as new economic opportunities, the study extensively examines the Mixed-Use Development method, which stands out for its effectiveness in integrating various functions into the urban environment, including residential, commercial, office, public spaces, and recreation. Through this method, appropriate strategies were formulated for the development of recreational elements on former industrial territories. The article presents basic principles for organizing the recreation system, and based on them, rational architectural-planning approaches were developed for tourist-recreational formations according to functional types and urban planning levels – from local zones to regional tourism and recreation systems.

Development of motivational mechanisms for risk transfer in public-private partnership projects

Subject. The article is devoted to the relations that arise between the State (public) partner and the private partner when distributing risks in public-private partnership (PPP) projects. Objectives. The study aims to establish features of motivation mechanisms designed to encourage private investors to accept the risks arising when making a PPP agreement. Methods. The basic research methodology is to determine the sensitivity of a private investor to certain types of risks based on systematization of motivation opportunities. The study employs content analysis and statistical data. Results. The paper identifies risk groups for which motivational incentives are applicable, and establishes standard motivational mechanisms. It notes that the formation of motivational mechanisms should consider key trends in the influence of the State on private investors. The areas that significantly influence the motivation of a private investor include, in particular, eliminating economic inequality of economic agents, opportunity to access innovation, solving social and environmental problems, creating a stable business environment and necessary infrastructure. Conclusions. Economic factors represent a key motivational element in risk allocation decisions, but they are not always completely dominant. Only a combination of individual and institutional measures can create an attractive environment for private investors considering the investment of their own capital in PPP projects. The findings can be used when concluding PPP project agreements at all levels, in accordance with the legislation on PPP, and ensuring the implementation of the proposed algorithm for the motivational mechanism formation.