Fruit Fly Attractants Research Articles

A comparison of vertical and horizontal trap orientations for attracting male Bactrocera spp. as fruit fly pest

Fruit flies, such as Bactrocera spp., are significant agricultural pests focusing on crop yields in Indonesia. One way of environmentally friendly control is the application of attractants to the trap. This study aims to ascertain the trap model that efficiently captures Bactrocera spp. This survey was conducted in Malang’s Dau Subdistrict between December 2022 to February 2023. The traps used were modified Steiner traps, namely plastic bottle traps with vertical and horizontal models. Any traps were baited with 0.125 milliliters of methyl eugenol, which was dripped on cotton and suspended inside the trap. To determine the effective trap model for capturing fruit flies, the study randomly installed vertical (3 pieces) and horizontal (3 pieces) traps in each citrus orchard. The findings within the Friedman testing analysis suggested that the attraction of fruit flies to vertical and horizontal trap models had significant differences. Horizontal traps had 58% effectiveness compared to vertical traps. The types of fruit flies in the vertical model are Bactrocera dorsalis, B. carambolae, and B. umbrosa. Meanwhile, in the horizontal model, B. umbrosa was absent. Modifying this trap model increases the ability as a potential fruit fly trap and a fruit fly pest monitoring tool.

Synergist response of the Peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) to some ammonium based proteinaceous food bait attractants

BackgroundUnder the family Tephritidae, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is a serious pest, attacking fruits and vegetables causing large quantitative and qualitative damages throughout the world. Fruit flies require proteinaceous food for sexual maturation and egg development. Therefore, food bait attractants are frequently utilized for fruit fly detection, monitoring, mass trapping, and control. Using a Y-shape olfactometer (behavioral tests), we selected the best synthetic proteinaceous food bait attractants to volatiles identified by fruit fly antennae. The responses of B. zonata adults, male and female, to some ammonium compounds (ammonium acetate (AA), trimethylamine (TMA), and putrescine) that were mixed with certain food attractants were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Using flies ranging in age from 5 to 30 days, possible mixtures were discovered that might be useful in developing fruit fly attractants for both males and females. So, four base baits were developed by mixing protein hydrolysate with jaggery, papaya powder, kachri powder, potassium hydroxide (KOH), and guava pulp. Finally, thirty-two (32) synthetic blends were developed when the above four base baits were mixed with synthetic attractants.ResultsThe olfactometer bioassay indicated that protein hydrolysate and jaggery-based baits were effective in attracting both male and female flies throughout their adult lives when combined with AA + putrescine (Bait 6) and AA + TMA + putrescine (Bait 8). Similarly, protein hydrolysate + guava pulp-based baits combined with AA + putrescine (Bait 6) and AA + TMA + putrescine (Bait 8) was effective in attracting both male and female flies from 5 to 30 days of age. The pH of all 32 synthetic blends was measured and ranged from 4.77 to 11.35.ConclusionsAccording to our observation, the variation in pH may be due to differences in chemical composition between the attractants and food constituents. The pH of protein bait attractants may be an important factor in the attraction efficiency of B. zonata males and females.

Efficacy of Food Attractants and Attract-and-Kill System to Control Dacus ciliatus (Loew) (Tephritidae: Diptera): New Recorded Pest in Northern Tunisia

Some morphological features of Dacus ciliatus (Loew) reported for the first time in Tunisia were studied herein. Also during this study, the efficacy of food attractants and attract-and-kill devices were tested against D. ciliatus. To do so, McPhail® traps baited with diammonium phosphate (DAP©) and protein hydrolysate (Ceratrap©), already known as food attractants for fruit flies, were compared in zucchini and cucumber crops. A novel attract and kill system (Ceranock© female and male) was also applied in the two cited crops. Moreover, our data highlighted the usefulness of DAP© as effective food attractant with a high number of trapped adults compared to Ceratrap© baited traps. Few adults were recorded by Ceratrap© only in Zucchini treated crop 1 (0.42±0.49 and 0.28±0.69 respectively for males and females) compared to the other surveyed crops. Attract and kill system achieved good control of the pest by decreasing the number of captured flies in treated crops compared to the untreated crops. The use of attract and kill system showed promising results and can successfully be used to manage the lesser pumpkin fly in Tunisian cucurbit crops.

The Effectiveness Test of Essential Oils to Control Fruit Fly (Bactrocera sp.) on Crystal Guava (Psidium guajava L.)

This Crystal Guava was introduced in Indonesia in 1991 by the Taiwan Technical Mission. Various attempts have been made to achieve maximum productivity results, but these efforts have not been fully successful due to constraints such as pest attacks. Pests that attack crystal guava fruit are fruit fly pests. Fruit fly pests are pests that damage plants, especially types of horticultural crops, especially fruit and vegetable plants. Fruit fly attacks in Indonesia reach 50% and when the fruit fly population is high, the attack intensity can reach 100%. The purpose of this study was to find out the types of plant extracts that are effective and effective in attracting fruit flies in pest control, to find out the optimal concentrations to attract fruit flies in pest control in guava crystals and to find out the best time to apply extracts to attract flies. fruit in pest control on crystal guava plants. The data obtained from this study were presented in a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 3 factors. This study consisted of 27 treatment combinations and 1 control with 3 repetitions and each treatment in one repetition there were 5 samples. Observational data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and interpretation of the data was carried out by further testing using the Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at 5% level and orthogonal contrast test.

A Lifetime of a Dispenser-Release Rates of Olive Fruit Fly-Associated Yeast Volatile Compounds and Their Influence on Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) Attraction

The objective of this study was to evaluate the release rate, duration, and biological efficiency of yeast volatile compounds associated with olive fruit flies in slow-release dispensers, polypropylene vials, and rubber septa attached to yellow sticky traps under different environmental conditions in order to protect the environment, humans, and nontarget organisms. Isoamyl alcohol, 2-octanone, and 2-phenethyl acetate were placed in dispensers and tested over a four-week experiment. The weight loss of the volatile compounds in both dispensers was measured, and a rapid, inexpensive, and simple HS-GC/FID method was developed to determine the residual amount of volatiles in the septa. 2-Phenethyl acetate stood out in the rubber septa and showed a statistically significant difference in the release ratio compared to the other volatiles under all conditions tested. Our results showed that the attraction of olive fruit flies increased with decreasing concentrations of the tested volatiles. Regarding the number of flies attracted by rubber septa containing 2-phenethyl acetate, significantly better results were obtained than for septa containing isoamyl alcohol and 2-octanone, in contrast to the attraction of olive fruit flies to polypropylene vials containing these compounds but without significant difference. Since the presence of all tested chemicals was detected during the experiment, this opens the possibility of using more environmentally friendly and cost-effective dispensers with a significantly lower amount of semiochemicals.

Efficacy of lure mixtures in baited traps to attract different fruit fly species in guava and vegetable fields.

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are major pests of fruits and vegetables worldwide. We measured the efficacy of attractive lure mixtures in baited traps on naturally-occurring fruit flies in commercial mosaic guava and vegetables fields in Pakistan. We tested three mixtures (methyl-eugenol [ME] and cue lure [CL]; GF-120 and methyl eugenol; and GF-120 and cue lure) in eleven ratios: 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, and 100:0. We recorded three fruit fly species: Bactrocera zonata was the most abundant in baited traps, followed by Bactrocera dorsalis, while Zeugodacus cucurbitae was significantly less attracted to baited traps. We also found that the most attractive mixture and ratio varied among species: B. dorsalis was most attracted by 40CL:60ME, while B. zonata was most and equally attracted by 100ME, 10CL:90ME, 20CL:80ME, 30CL:70ME, and 40CL:60ME. Finally, Z. cucurbitae was most attracted by 10CL:90ME, which resulted in the highest total number of flies counted in 10CL:90ME-baited traps. Mixtures with GF-120 were less attractive to all three species. Our results suggest that lure mixtures in baited traps influence the attraction of fruit flies in a species-specific way. This needs to be considered in the integrated pest management of multiple species of fruit flies simultaneously. If Bactrocera species are most damaging and abundant, a 40CL:60ME mixture in baited traps will likely be most effective to reduce pest abundance and crop damage. However, if Z. cucurbitae is the main pest target causing most crop damage and yield loss, 10CL:90ME-baited traps will be a more effective in their monitoring and management.

Evaluation of optimum heights of pheromone trap on attraction of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in cucumber in North Eastern India

Evaluation of optimum heights of pheromone trap on attraction of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in cucumber in North Eastern India

UJI BEBERAPA MINYAK ATSIRI SEBAGAI ATRAKTAN LALAT BUAH (Bactrocera sp.) PADA TANAMAN TOMAT)

This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of this type of essential oil as an attractant for fruit flies (Bactrocera sp.) on tomato plants. The research was carried out on farmer's land in Benteng Alla Utara Village, Baroko District, Enrekang Regency. The implementation of this research starts from April 2021 until it is finished. This experiment used a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of five treatments with four replications. The treatments included citronella essential oil, clove essential oil, basil essential oil, tomato extract and also control. In testing the effectiveness of several essential oils obtained by steam distillation distillation technique. Each trap dripped with 3 ml of essential oil. Observation of trapped fruit fly populations was carried out on plants 49 days, 56 days, 63 days, 70 days, 77 days, and 84 days after planting. The results showed that the essential oil of basil was the most effective as an attractant for fruit flies on tomato plants with an average population of 55.17%.

Evaluation of insecticides and suitable trap containers for effective fruit fly catches

Fruit flies are quarantine pests and major impediments in horticultural production, domestic market, and export of fresh fruits and vegetables. Trapping with a lure is the best known method to monitor/ manage the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis populations. The fruit fly attraction and its mortality depend on the lure, type of killing agent, and design of the trap container. To make the trapping technology more robust, a study was conducted to find out the suitable killing agent amongst ten insecticides and the best trap design among the available six trap designs. The results revealed that emamectin benzoate 1.9EC was superior as killing agent with the maximum trap catches (648.75 to 1304.75 fruit flies/ trap) up to 12 weeks, followed by abamectin 1.9EC and profenophos 50EC. Among the trap designs, the CISH trap container was found to be superior (306.25 to 940.00 fruit flies/ trap/ week).

THE EFFECT OF METHYL EUGENOL FROM Ocimum minimum ON THE STICKY TRAP TO THE DIRECTION AND DAILY ACTIVITY OF FRUIT FLIES (Bactrocera spp.)

The fruit fly Bactrocera spp. is a major pest in the horticulture. It caused several important commodities to rot and fall which lead into large loss, or even crop failure. The research objective was to obtain information regarding the activity of fruit fly during night and day and the most attractive direction of sticky trap to trap the fruit flies. The research consisted of 3 activities, namely (1) analysis of active ingredient of Ocimum plant, (2) study on the effect of ocimum sticky traps on the direction of fruit flies, and (3) study on the effect ocimum sticky traps on the daily activity of fruit flies. The study on the effect of time and direction of trap consisted of 4 treatments (North, South, East and West) and 6 replications. A sticky trap contained methyl eugenol as active ingredient, smeared on a yellow plastic surface measuring 10 × 20 cm and attached to 2 m high wooden poles, each facing East and West, as well as North and South (as opposed to one wood). Observations were made every hour starting from 03:00 am to 07:00 pm (until there was no fruit flies get trapped in each treatment). The results showed that sticky trap used contain Ocimum oil containing 76% of methyl eugenol used as an attractant for fruit flies. Fruit flies active during the day where the highest/peak activity of the fruit flies population occured at around 07:00 am. The direction of trap to East and West catched more fruit flies number than to North and South.

Field Response of Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera) to Fruit Juice of Some Botanicals and Implications for Bio-Rationale Pest Management in Sudan

Fruit flies belonging to the order Tephritidae are the most notorious pests that attack various fruit and vegetable species, causing severe economic losses. Guava orchards at Elfaki Hashim; North of Khartoum, (Khartoum State) and Elsawagi Elgenobia (Kassala State) in the middle and east of Sudan respectively were selected to assess the response of some Tephritids to water extracts (WE) of mango, guava, apple, cucumber, and ready-made juice of mango (Crystal®; Crystal Industrial Co. Ltd, Araak Group; crystal@araak.com) against Torula yeast (a standard fruit fly attractant) and water (control) baited in locally made traps. The trial was performed as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated 3 times for 5 consecutive weeks at each site. Highly significant differences were recorded between attractants and the interaction between attractants and times (weeks) on trapping different species of fruit flies. Five species of fruit flies; Ceratitis capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, Ceratitis cosyra, and Ceratitis quinaria, were found to respond positively to all tested materials at both sites. The greatest number of C. capitata flies was caught by traps equipped with ready-made Crystal® mango juice at the Elfaki Hashim site. The mean number of B. dorsalis attracted to the WEs of mango and guava at Elsawagi Elgenobia site was statistically identical to that of the same species lured to Torula yeast, 83.7, 70.3, and 111.5 flies /trap/week, respectively. Attractants extracted from botanicals are cost-free and easily prepared by farmers for mass trapping of fruit flies. More studies regarding active ingredients, doses, and the number of traps utilized per area should be considered.

Floral constituents of the Australian tar tree,

Floral constituents of the Australian tar tree, Semecarpus australiensis, distributed in Melanesia and Northern Australia, were extracted with solvent, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main constituents were 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids and their ethyl esters. Amongst the 67 identified compounds, zingerone was detected in minute quantity, providing the chemical basis for previous observations of fruit fly attraction to the flowers. The present study is the first to report the chemical profile of tar tree flowers.

Behavioural Response of Female Melon Fruit Fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Bitter Gourd Accessions/Variety

The biochemical factors can provide a source of resistance and chemical stimuli play a vital role in host plant selection by feeding and oviposition. The development of genotypes/varieties resistant to melon fruit fly is an essential component of Integrated Pest Management. Field experiments were conducted during 2018-19 in farmer’s field at Ellamanam village and laboratory studies were conducted at the Department of Plant Protection, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli District. A screening of 12 accessions/varieties (2 resistant, 6 moderately resistant, 3 susceptible, and 1 highly susceptible) was selected for y- tube olfactometer studies to confirm resistance. The behavioral response of fruit fly, Z. cucurbitae, to kairomone compound emitted from bitter gourd leaves and fruits were extracted using different solvents viz., hexane, dichloromethane, and distilled water. The result concluded that hexane and dichloromethane leaf and fruit extract of TCR 393 showed high duration for fruit fly attraction and lower attractancy, followed by Musiri local-1, MC-10, Ucha small, Bikner -2 , Musiri local-2, and CO-1 and if identified kairomone compound may be useful for monitoring and managing of Z. cucurbitae.

Encapsulation of Basil Essential Oil by Paste Method and Combined Application with Mechanical Trap for Oriental Fruit Fly Control.

Simple SummaryEssential oils of the Ocimum spp. comprised of the volatile phenylpropanoids known for the Oriental fruit fly attractant property. However, fully exposing the essential oils in the field limited their ability. Therefore, we proposed a cheap yet effective paste encapsulation technique combined with a plastic trap for controlling tropical fruit fly in tropical fruit orchard. In this work, the chemical compositions of basils oils, including those of lemon basil, white holy basil, Thai basil, tree basil and red holy basil, were analysed. Methyl eugenol was detected in all types of basils. The essential oils of red and white holy basils possessed a comparable ability (~25%) to attract male Oriental fruit fly to the synthesised fruit fly attractant in the laboratory experiment. To control the release of the active ingredients, the white holly basil oil (WBO) was encapsulated with maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA) by paste method. The essential oil is retained in the wall complex much longer with the addition of MD. The results also revealed that the combination of the MD:GA (25:75) had the highest loading efficiency of the oil (9.40%) as observed by the numerous porous structures by scanning electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the encapsulated polymer confirmed traces of essential oil functional groups. The field test study advised that WBO-encapsulated products improved fruit fly attractive efficiency by maintaining the release rate of basil essential oil.

Optimized composite microspheres containing insecticide and attractant for control of Rhagoletis batava obseuriosa Kol. (Diptera: Tephritidae)

AbstractAmmonium carbonate is used as an attractant for many fruit flies since it releases ammonia in humid atmospheres, which is attractive to them. For integrated pest management in the field, and as part of an ‘attract‐and‐kill’ strategy, it is necessary to prolong the release period of ammonia from the ammonium carbonate and combine it with an insecticide. To achieve this, we combined ammonium carbonate with spinosad in slow‐release microspheres. The microspheres were prepared using gelatin and polylactic acid as capsule materials. An orthogonal test was used to optimize the parameters needed for production. Particles produced using the optimal parameters were uniform in size (55.5 μm diameter), the spinosad encapsulation rate was 98.1%, the encapsulation concentration of ammonium carbonate was 2.6 mg/g, and they had a longer release period than when the components were not encapsulated. In a field experiment, rates of damage to sea buckthorn by Rhagoletis batava obseuriosa Kol. (Diptera, Tephritidae) (RBO) were 16.05 ± 1.15% in the treatment subplots compared with 81.75 ± 1.50% in the control subplot; the mean number of RBO trapped per trap per day was 21.2 ± 6.3 (SE) in the treatment subplots and 130.8 ± 27.5 (SE) in the control subplot, respectively. Therefore, using composite microspheres has potential as an effective method for control of RBO.

Evaluation of Basil Plant Ocimum Sanctum L. as Attractant to Fruit Flies

An experiment was conducted in mango, guava and vegetables farm located at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U P.) on the attraction of fruit flies with basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) plant extracts. The treatments include: leaf extract (T1), stem extract (T2), inflorescence extract (T3), root extract (T4) and methyl eugenol (control). In mango, maximum numbers of fruit flies were attracted with basil leaf extract (mean 12.67) in 21st standard month (SM); and with inflorescence extract it was nil. In guava, maximum fruit flies were attracted to inflorescence extract (51.67) in 50th SM, and the least with stem extract (0.67- 4th SM). In vegetable farm, maximum fruit flies were attracted with leaf extract (65.67- 12th SM), and the least with the stem extract (5.00 in 3rd SM). In general, the leaf extract was superior in attracting the fruit flies in mango and vegetables, while it was inflorescence extract in guava. Basil being the cheapest source of methyl eugenol can decrease substantially the pest attack. This study observed that seven species were attracted to basil plant parts viz., Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae, B. dorsalis, B. zonata, B. (Zeugodacus) diversa, B. correcta, B. caudata and B. nigrotibialis.

Ethanol Extract of Pseudo-stem Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) and Basil Leaves (Ocimum sanctum) Increase Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) Fruit Fly Catches

The tropical climate in Indonesia supports the presence of many types of plants that have the potential to produce abundant vegetables and fruit, however the presence of fruit flies is an obstacle to fruit and vegetable productivity. Lemongrass and basil have been studied to contain several compounds that have the potential to control fruit fly attacks. This study aims to determine the effect of the ethanol extract of lemongrass pseudo stem (Cymbopogon citrates) and basil (Ocimum sanctum) leaves on the catch of Bactrocera fruit flies and to determine the concentration of the extract that has the highest number of catches. The method used in sampling was factorial randomized block design (RBD). The ethanol extract of the pseudo-lemongrass, the extract of basil leaves or the mixture of both extract (1:1) that was given at concentrations of 15%, 30% and 45% was dropped onto a piece of cotton and for then be put within a trap before placing on the tree. The cathes obtained from each extract at each concentration were observed if they show a significant difference in the number of fruit fly. Data were tested using analysis of variance (F test) at α = 0.05, followed by the Honest Significant Difference test (HSD). The results showed that the catch obtained from ethanol extract of lemongrass pseudo stem or from basil leaf ectract as well as  from their mixture had a significantly higher number of Bactrocera fruit flies than without using these extracts. The difference in extract concentration did not cause a difference in the ability to attract fruit flies. The conclusion of this study is that there is an effect of the  pseudo stem ethanol extract of lemongrass or basil leaf ectract as well as their mixture on the catch of Bactrocera fruit flies and these extract are recommended as non-synthetic pesticidesalternatives.

Chemical entrapment and killing of insects by bacteria

Actinobacteria produce antibacterial and antifungal specialized metabolites. Many insects harbour actinobacteria on their bodies or in their nests and use these metabolites for protection. However, some actinobacteria produce metabolites that are toxic to insects and the evolutionary relevance of this toxicity is unknown. Here we explore chemical interactions between streptomycetes and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We find that many streptomycetes produce specialized metabolites that have potent larvicidal effects against the fly; larvae that ingest spores of these species die. The mechanism of toxicity is specific to the bacterium’s chemical arsenal: cosmomycin D producing bacteria induce a cell death-like response in the larval digestive tract; avermectin producing bacteria induce paralysis. Furthermore, low concentrations of volatile terpenes like 2-methylisoborneol that are produced by streptomycetes attract fruit flies such that they preferentially deposit their eggs on contaminated food sources. The resulting larvae are killed during growth and development. The phenomenon of volatile-mediated attraction and specialized metabolite toxicity suggests that some streptomycetes pose an evolutionary risk to insects in nature.

Vapor Pressures and Thermodynamic Properties of Phenylpropanoid and Phenylbutanoid Attractants of Male Bactrocera, Dacus, and Zeugodacus Fruit Flies at Ambient Temperatures.

We report on the vapor pressures at ambient temperatures of seven attractants of Bactrocera, Dacus, and Zeugodacus fruit flies-raspberry ketone, cuelure, raspberry ketone trifluoroacetate, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, dihydroeugenol, and zingerone-by a vapor saturation method. Dry nitrogen was passed over each compound at well-controlled temperatures. Entrained vapor from the compounds was trapped on Tenax GR tubes and analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The measured attractant amounts on the traps were converted to vapor pressures. Data were subsequently fitted by the Antoine equation. From the Antoine equation parameters, thermodynamic properties for each compound were calculated at 298K. The calculated vapor pressures were used to compare the volatility of the fruit fly attractants and to infer implications for field applications. Using ambient temperature readings yields far better estimates of vapor pressure values at temperatures relevant for insect control than do Antoine equation parameters derived from high-temperature readings.

Comparative Trap Catches of Male Bactrocera, Dacus, and Zeugodacus Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) With Four Floral Phenylbutanoid Lures (Anisyl Acetone, Cue-Lure, Raspberry Ketone, and Zingerone) in Queensland, Australia.

The male fruit fly attractants, cue-lure (CL) and raspberry ketone (RK), are important in pest management. These volatile phenylbutanoids occur in daciniphilous Bulbophyllum Thouar (Orchidaceae: Asparagales) orchids, along with zingerone (ZN) and anisyl acetone (AA). While these four compounds attract a similar range of species, their relative attractiveness to multiple species is unknown. We field tested these compounds in two fruit fly speciose locations in north Queensland, Australia (Lockhart and Cairns) for 8 wk. Of 16 species trapped in significant numbers, 14 were trapped with CL and RK, all in significantly greater numbers with CL traps than RK traps (at least in higher population locations). This included the pest species Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (CL catches ca. 5× > RK), Bactrocera neohumeralis (Hardy) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Bactrocera bryoniae (Tryon) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (CL catches ca. 3× > RK), and Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (in Cairns-CL catches ca. 1.6× > RK). Seven species were trapped with AA, and all were also caught in CL and RK traps in significantly greater numbers, with the exception of B. frauenfeldi. For this species, catches were not statistically different with CL, RK, and AA in Lockhart, and RK and AA in Cairns. Seven species were trapped with ZN, two at this lure only, and the remainder also with CL or RK but in significantly greater numbers. This is the first quantitative comparison of the relative attractiveness of CL, RK, AA, and ZN against multiple species, and supports the long-held but untested assumption that CL is broadly more attractive lure than RK.