Attitudinal Differences Research Articles

Boycotting Japan: Explaining Divergence in Chinese and South Korean Economic Backlash

Japan has a ‘cold politics, hot economics’ relationship with both China and South Korea where political relations are tense and business overall flourishes. Despite the similarities, the political mobilisation of consumers in response to Japanese business interests diverge: event, trade and tourism data show that South Koreans are less likely to link economic interests with their political grievances with Japan compared to their Chinese counterparts even though the sources of the tensions are largely parallel. The divergence arises from different ways economic globalisation has shaped national identity. In China, economic globalisation has strengthened a nativist identity with strong anti-foreign components. Korean national identity has been formed by economic integration and interdependence. While strong national identity and anti-foreign elements exist, they are delinked from economic interests. Survey and event data from South Korea and China show that the variation in consumer politics is driven by attitudinal differences in the population that is strongly anti-Japanese. Social media data shows how citizens link or delink politics and business to mobilise for collective action and provide qualitative evidence that how identities interact with globalisation explain country-level variation.

Heritage studies and challenges: implications on research results from Igboland, Nigeria

Heritage studies in the Igbo area of Nigeria (Southeast Nigeria) has been faced with some challenges which have greatly affected research in the area from culture-related disciplines like archaeology, tourism, anthropology, sociology, history, and religion. This study was aimed at identifying these challenges, their implications on research results and the way forward. Amongst the identified challenges include remote location of heritage resources, traditional taboos of the people, seasonality of traditional events, attitudinal differences of heritage custodians, and dilapidated state of most heritage resources. These challenges result to poor representation of heritage resources in research results from the area. The study concluded by suggesting tolerance to traditional values and collaborative research involving researchers and relevant stakeholders from the community. The principle of triangulation was employed in the methodology, with descriptive and evaluative methods used in the analysis of findings.

Are Siloviki Still Undemocratic? Elite Support for Political Pluralism during Putin’s Third Presidential Term

Will Vladimir Putin’s penchant for staffing the state with siloviki undermine the prospects for democratization after he leaves office? The answer to this question hinges on whether Russian military and security officers currently possess a less liberal worldview than do civilian elites, yet little to no research has examined this question in close to a decade. In an effort to fill this gap in existing knowledge, this article investigates the orientations of influential Russians toward several core components of liberal democracy on the basis of a survey conducted in 2016. We find that attitudinal differences between siloviki and civilians persist into this decade. As was the case in both the 1990s and 2000s, elites with professional backgrounds in the force structures were less supportive of political pluralism and individual rights than were those with purely civilian resumés. In addition, active-duty officers were even less liberal than either their retired former colleagues or lifelong civilians. Finally, unlike the situation that apparently prevailed at the very end of Putin’s second presidential term, conventional military officers now espouse nearly identical levels of support for political pluralism as do officers entrusted with internal security.

Decline of "the American Dream"? Outlook toward the Future across Three Generations of Midwest Families.

Expansion of higher education and long-term economic growth have fostered high aspirations among adolescents. Recently, however, deteriorating labor force opportunities, particularly since the "Great Recession," and rising inequality have challenged the "American Dream." To assess how parental and adolescent outlooks have evolved over time, we examine shifts in future orientations across three generations of Midwest American families. Our unique data archive from the Youth Development Study includes 266 Generation 1 and Generation 2 parent-child dyads and 422 Generation 3 children. We assess change over two decades in parental expectations for their children's educational attainments (comparing G1 and G2) and in adolescents' socioeconomic aspirations, life course optimism, and anticipated work-family conflict (comparing G2 and G3). An initial between-families analysis examines aggregate change across generations; a second fixed-effects analysis assesses attitudinal differences between parents and children in the same families and the extent to which generational shifts in family circumstances and adolescents' educational performance account for change in adolescents' future orientations. We find that "millennial" adolescents had more positive outlooks than "Gen X" parents did at the same age. Generational increase in adolescent socioeconomic aspirations held even when socioeconomic origin, parent-child relationship quality, adolescent school performance, and other predictors were controlled. We find evidence that growing adolescent optimism across generations is attributable to rising parental educational expectations, increasing adolescent grades in school, and higher-quality parent-child relationships. We conclude that the "American Dream" is still alive for many contemporary parents and their adolescent children.

Attitudes Toward Animals Among Spanish Primary School Children

ABSTRACTAdult attitudes toward animals have received extensive research attention. By contrast, despite the importance of child–animal interactions for children’s development and animal welfare, children’s attitudes toward animals have not been fully explored. The aim of this study was, therefore, to examine Spanish children’s attitudes toward animals. A 12-item scale, the Brief Attitudes Towards Animals scale for Children (BATAC), was designed and completed by 416 Spanish primary school children aged between 6 and 13 years. Analyses revealed that the attitude scale had very good internal consistency (Cronbach’s a = 0.75; Revelle’s omega = 0.75; Sijtsma’s glb = 0.84) and three factors labelled “Compassion,” “Friendship,” and “Opinion on Ownership” explained 56.47% of the variance. The subscales were used in subsequent analyses alongside the total score. Demographic variables, such as age, school year group, ownership of a companion animal, and children’s beliefs about animal mind, were shown to be associated with children’s attitudes toward animals. Being older, in a higher school year, having a dog or a small mammal at home, and scoring animals higher on sentience capabilities were associated with higher pro-animal attitudes. Other pet types (i.e., cats, birds, reptiles or fish) and children’s gender were not associated with attitudes to animals. This study is the first to explore attitudes toward animals among Spanish primary school children, and it highlights attitudinal differences regarding animal species and child demographic variables.

Millennials’ attitude toward advertising: an international exploratory study

Purpose Researchers emphasized that only a small effort has addressed the beliefs and attitudes of millennials toward advertising. The purpose of this study is also to respond to researchers’ recognition of the dearth of cross-national advertising and globalization studies in emerging markets. To fill this theoretical gap in the literature, this study aims to assess attitudinal differences and similarities, as well as the underlying structures of the attitude toward advertising in general (AG), of millennial consumers from developed and emerging markets (USA, UK, France, Spain and Morocco). Design/methodology/approach Data were obtained from millennials through self-administered survey questionnaires. It drew from findings of previous research and theoretical development by Bauer and Greyser, Pollay and Mittal, Sandage and Leckenby, Muehling, Durvasula and Netemeyer, and Andrews, Lysonski and Durvasula. Various statistical analyses were used to explore differences and similarities in AG. Findings The paper concludes that the two-factor solution framework of AG is inadequate. Research results also indicated that millennials from each of the five different countries studied did not indicate overwhelmingly favorable or unfavorable AG. This study found eight factors/constructs (i.e. promote bad things as good, product information, social role and image, hedonism/pleasure, good for the economy, materialism, falsity and “not interpretable”) as descriptors of the millennials from the five nations’ AG. Research limitations/implications The differences in advertising beliefs and attitudes among samples in the five countries studied may be because of such factors as historical values, practices and regulations. Cultural values and dimension may influence millennials’ perceived AG and need to be taken into consideration. Practical implications Academicians and practitioners in the advertising field need to appreciate the country’s cultural peculiarities. In understanding the advertising preferences of millennial consumers in these five markets, marketing and advertising executives may have localized their advertising messages for each studied market, resulting in different responses from these millennial consumers. Originality/value Millennials need not be conceptualized as a single niche market. While the focus of most of research in the determinants of AG had been within the Western business/consumer construct, the goal is to include assessment of AG in a non-Western, emerging market. This paper addresses the dearth in determinants of AG research in North Africa and other emerging markets.

Attitudinal Differences Towards Instructional Supervision: A Study of Teacher Beliefs and Supervisory Behaviour in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is to investigate the supervisory beliefs of the teachers. It examines a number of distinct aspects of teachers’ beliefs in regard to supervision: position, supervisor’s experience, length of service, level of education, age and gender. The respondents of this study were seventy teachers from one of the secondary schools in Malaysia. Data was collected through the use of the instrument devised by Glickman and Tomashiro (1980) “Determining one’s Beliefs regarding Teacher Supervision”. Cross tabulation, Pearson Chi Square, and Cramer’s V test were used to analyse the data. The findings suggested that supervisory beliefs are independent of demographic variables and directive behaviours are among the most preferred behaviours.

Utilization of medicinal cannabis for pain by individuals with spinal cord injury.

Study designA cross-sectional multi-center study using an on-line survey addressing utilization, knowledge, and perceptions of medicinal cannabis (MC) by people with spinal cord injury (SCI).ObjectiveTo characterize differences between current (CU), past (PU), and never users (NU) of MC with SCI; to determine why people with SCI use MC; to examine reports of MCs’ efficacy and tolerability by individuals with SCI.SettingThree academic medical centers in the United States.MethodsComparison of demographic and attitudinal differences between CU, PU, and NU and differences in the groups’ reports of pain, health, and quality of life (QOL). Evaluation of utilization patterns and perceived efficacy of MC among CU and PU and reports of side effects of MC versus prescription medications. Data were analyzed using either Chi Square, distribution-free exact statistics, or t-tests for continuous data.ResultsAmong a nationwide sample (n = 353) of individuals with SCI, NU were less likely than CU and PU to believe that cannabis ought to be legalized and more likely to endorse risks of use. Current users and PU reported greater pain interference in daily life than did NU, but there were no between group differences in QOL or physical or emotional health. Current users and PU took MC to address pain (65.30%), spasms (63.30%), sleeplessness (32.70%), and anxiety (24.00%), and 63.30% reported it offered “great relief” from symptoms. Participants reported that MC is more effective and carries fewer side effects than prescription medications.ConclusionsMedicinal cannabis is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for a number of SCI-related symptoms.

Leveraging guest-room technology: a tale of two guest profiles

论客房科技的应用：顾客特点的双重作用摘要研究目的本论文主要研究酒店顾客对客房科技（GRTs）的态度以及检验顾客特点和背景情况对GRTs的态度是否有不同的影响。研究设计/方法/途径研究样本包括508位在过去12个月内消费过的酒店顾客, 样本通过在线自助式问卷来采集。本论文的分析步骤分为两步：（1）通过K-means聚类分析和判别分析以确立群组, 以及（2）一系列Chi-square分析以判定酒店顾客特点和态度是否根据获得的顾客背景情况而有差别。研究结果研究结果表明在获得的酒店顾客背景情况中, 态度型因子（比如网络支付喜好）和人口统计类型因子（比如年龄）对于酒店顾客GRTs态度有显著差异。研究实践意义研究结果对酒店经营者针对不同细分市场对GRTs的喜好来制定个性化营销战略有着珍贵指导和实践的启示意义。研究原创性/价值本论文主要通过一系列高级统计操作来研究GRTs以及市场细分方法。研究结果对相关文献有着显著价值, 对以计划行为理论 （Theory of Planned Behavior）为基础, 检验新型GRTs对顾客决策行为的影响提供了实践研究。行业实践者能够借鉴研究结论来制定与科技需求和细分市场需求相关的营销和定价战略。关键词酒店技术；客房技术；房间内部技术；市场划分；付款意愿；决策纸张类型–研究论文

Actitudes ante la inmigración del alumnado de una escuela de enfermería de Portugal

Background: Cultural diversity is present in all societies. Nurses must be culturally competent to provide quality care. Objective: To validate the Scale of Attitude toward Immigration in Nursing (EAIE) in Portuguese and to know the attitudes toward the immigration of the first-year undergraduate students of a nursing school in Portugal. Methodology: Descriptive, exploratory, and analytical study, with the translation and transcultural adaptation of the EAIE to the Portuguese language, composed of 39 items. The participants were 143 students. Results: Scale with a good internal consistency, assessed with Cronbach’s α (0,94). With the univariate analysis of the scale and each separate item, significant attitudinal differences were identified between men and women in 6 items, and among age groups in 2 items. Conclusion: The attitudes of a portion of the students are not favorable to the full recognition of the rights of health and social resources of the immigrants. It is necessary to develop the training in cultural competence and the Universal Right to health

Investigation into attitudes towards older people with dementia in acute hospital using the Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire.

Health care professionals have poor recognition of cognitive impairment among older patients and often have difficulties in providing care for people with dementia in acute hospitals. There are also reported high levels of stigma and negative staff attitudes towards people with dementia. A one-time survey of staff working on acute medical and orthopaedic wards of five District Health Boards in New Zealand using the 'Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire'; a 19-item Questionnaire that aims to capture two attitudinal domains (Hope and Person-Centredness), towards people with dementia. A total of 563 questionnaires were distributed. Data were analysed using R. Three hundred and four (53.99%) respondents completed the survey. Ninety-four of the respondents (31.1%) were aged 51 years or older, and nearly all (88.4%) were women. One hundred and sixty-four of the respondents (53.9%) were registered nurses, 10 were student nurses (3.3%), 24 (7.9%) were healthcare assistants, 70 (23.0%) were allied health professionals, 27 (8.9%) were doctors and 9 (3%) were pharmacists. The mean total score of 72.7 reflected positive attitudes overall on the part of the respondents. Allied health professionals, student nurses and pharmacists had high scores on both scales whilst healthcare assistants scored lowest on both scales. Overall, the Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire is a useful measure, but it can be difficult to differentiate between genuine attitudinal differences and confounding influences such as level of knowledge and education amongst such a diverse group of participants. Differences between staff may be considered as a reflection of the high level of direct care that is expected of some staff and not of others. Further, the Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire may not be the most appropriate measure to accurately understand attitudes to dementia care in acute environments; and that it more usefully reveals knowledge about dementia rather than attitudes related to real-time practice.

The new electoral power brokers: macro and micro level effects of ‘born-free’ South Africans on voter turnout

ABSTRACTThe emergence of a born-free South African generation holds significant implications for voter turnout. At the macro level, the youth bulge has changed aggregate turnout patterns, supporting Franklin’s [(2004). Voter turnout and the dynamics of electoral competition in established democracies since 1945. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press] argument that demographics shifts produce changes in aggregate political behaviour even when individuals do not change their behaviour. At the micro level, born-free South Africans exhibit attitudinal and cognitive differences from their older, partisan-led counterparts when deciding to vote, lending some support to Dalton’s [(1984). Cognitive mobilization and partisan dealignment in advanced industrial democracies. The Journal of Politics, 46(1), 264–284] cognitive mobilisation thesis.

Queer Communities and Activism in South Korea: Periphery-Center Currents

ABSTRACT Research into South Korea’s LGBT+ communities is growing but still very limited, especially regarding communities in Busan and other urban areas outside the capital city, Seoul. We collected and analyzed responses from young LGBT+ who resided in the periphery and center and who described the two communities, their activist tactics, the connections/separations between them, and periphery-center characteristics of dialogue with opponents and participation in Korea’s conservative, evangelical Christian churches. We reveal attitudinal and behavioral differences between Seoul and Busan (and other outlying areas), and we suggest that the differences reflect, in part, physical, social, and psychological distances between LGBT+ residing in the periphery and center. In time, outlying areas may converge with the center, imitating, though perhaps incompletely, Seoul’s strong identity activism and more integrated community, or the periphery may pursue an independent, local identity.

Understanding the effects of individual attitudes and residential neighborhood types on university commuters’ bicycling decisions

This study investigates the effects of individual perceptions and residential neighborhoods on university commuters’ bicycling decisions using the 2015 Ohio State University Travel Pattern Survey data. We generate eight attitudinal/perceptual components based on the 26 bicycling-related questions that capture detailed perceptions of commuters toward bicycling, neighborhood environments, and residential location choice. We create distinct neighborhood typologies combining land use and socioeconomic characteristics, including population, employment, housing and intersection densities, housing types, median age of housing stock, and median household income. Probit regression models are estimated to assess the effects of sociodemographic, attitudinal/perceptual components and neighborhood types while accounting for the residential self-selection effect. Results show that people residing in different neighborhood types reveal significant attitudinal differences in terms of their conditional willingness to bicycle, and evaluation of bicycle friendliness of neighborhoods and routes. We find that bicyclists are more likely to live in neighborhoods that they perceive as having good-quality for bicycling in terms of access to bicycle facilities and lower traffic levels. Results also show the significant association of neighborhood types with bicycle commuting outcomes. People from medium-density, mixed-use, and suburban single-family neighborhoods are less likely to commute by bicycle as compared to those from high-density, mixed-use neighborhoods.

Gender differences in cycling patterns and attitudes towards cycling in a sample of European regular cyclists

Previous research has shown that men cycle more than women and women tent to report less favourable perceptions and attitudes towards cycling than men. Gender differences in perceptions and attitudes towards cycling may be influenced by such difference in bicycle use. Attitudinal differences concerning cycling between male and female may be the consequence and not only the cause of gender imbalance in bicycle use. To our knowledge, no previous research has focused on gender differences in perceptions and attitudes towards cycling involving a sample with gender balance in bicycle use (e.g. regular cyclists). In our study, we investigated gender differences in attitudes towards cycling and towards cycling infrastructure, purpose of cycling, risk perception, and exposure to severe crashes in a large sample of regular cyclists. Following a cross-sectional design, we collected data from 2417 participants from Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Netherlands, and United Kingdom. A survey was administered to an online panel of respondents. Gender differences in attitudes towards cycling were small in terms of effect size or non-significant, with women having more positive attitudes in personal benefits rather than mobility benefits. Women reported gender-stereotyped reasons for cycling more than men, except for social activities. Also, women showed higher discomfort than men cycling in mixed traffic and higher risk perception than men. Furthermore, men reported higher exposure to severe crashes than women. We contend that bicycle use and gender role (i.e. society's shared beliefs concerning a range of attitudes, norms, and behaviours that are generally considered appropriate or desirable for individuals based on their actual or perceived sex) can affect differences between male and female cyclists in perceptions, attitudes towards cycling, and cycling behaviours.

The Influence of Culture on Attitudes Towards Humorous Advertising.

Humor has been widely used in advertising in recent decades. Various studies found that humor could significantly improve advertising performance. However, most of these studies were conducted in a Eastern context and did not consider cultural factors. In a cross-cultural research framework, the current study explored the effects of advertisement characteristics (i.e., brand nationality and humor tactics) on Chinese and United States audiences’ attitudes toward humorous advertisements. Results showed that the attitudinal differences between Chinese audiences and United States audiences was not significant at the aggregate level. Instead, the differences lie in an audience’s responsiveness to characteristics of the ads. Specifically, while United States audiences showed a strong preference for ads featuring Chinese brands compared to those of United States brands, Chinese audiences did not differentiate them. United States audiences preferred ads using self-enhancing tactics to those using affiliative tactics, whereas, again Chinese audiences did not differentiate. We also explored whether individual differences in cultural values could account for the effect of audience nationality. Results suggest that differences embedded in culture groups, as indicated by audience nationality, could not be explained or substituted by individual variance in humor tolerance and uncertainty avoidance. Limitations and future directions were discussed.

Genealogical Traces of Populism and Multiple Typologies of Populist Orientation in South Korea

Abstract This paper is aimed at two goals. The first is to outline major genealogical traces of populism in South Korea. The second is to develop multiple typologies of populist citizens. The first is speculative and comprehensive, while the latter is analytic and empirical. The major findings of the empirical analysis show significant attitudinal differences 1) between two groups of citizens: populist and conventionalist; 2) between two groups within populism, that is, power-oriented and public-oriented populist citizens; 3) between the neo-liberal populist and the welfare populist; and finally, 4) between the candlelight populist and the national flag populist. It is also found 5) that the multiple typologies of populist orientations are closely interrelated to merge into two distinct streams: one is conservative and the other is progressive. These findings yield many political implications that require further research and reflection.

How Much Do Emotional, Behavioral, and Cognitive Factors Actually Impact College Student Attitudes towards English Language Learning? A Quantitative and Qualitative Study

Researchers have proposed many multidimensional frameworks to identify significant and potential factors, e.g., educational background, positive feelings and career aspirations, that impact English learning attitude in second language acquisition. Yet, there is still very little research to graphically describe the interactions between these factors and how these factors directly or indirectly impact learning attitude. To this end, a questionnaire survey was conducted in Changchun University of Technology. Statistical measures and Bayesian network analysis were introduced to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the collected data. Furthermore, the significant attitudinal differences between students majoring in the Liberal Arts or Sciences were investigated for the case study. Studying the interaction between these factors can help explain how they positively affect students’ attitudes toward English language learning. To stimulate interest, teachers may take targeted pedagogical approaches or strategies.

The China-OECD trade divide: building bridges

ABSTRACTToday’s largest trade frictions stem from differences between China and the OECD regarding the appropriate role of government. There are two types of differences. The first are legitimate attitudinal differences towards industrial policy (the use of subsidies), competition policy (the use of forced industry consolidation), and innovation policy (weak protections of intellectual property). China and the OECD will have to reach an accommodation on these differences if the end game is a rules-based trading system. Accommodation is possible, but unfortunately, both the US and China are adopting bullying tactics that diminish the effectiveness of the WTO and threaten the current rules-based system. The second class of differences is political and reflects China’s intentional lack of policy transparency and its generosity towards favoured firms. These differences will never be WTO compliant and China must either reform or give up its access to OECD markets.

Comparing attitudes of first-grade dual language immersion versus mainstream English students

ABSTRACTStudents’ attitudes in first-grade dual language immersion (DLI) classes were compared with those of similar students in mainstream English classes. Results for the sample of 81 Latinx students indicated that for attitudes toward activities in Spanish, including reading and speaking in public and with relatives, both ELLs and non-ELLs in DLI had more positive attitudes, often at statistically significant levels and with strong effect sizes. Program placement predicted student attitude on some variables even with parent and demographic variables factored out. There were also significant advantages for DLI on measures of multiculturalism. The findings indicated that attitudinal differences previously found for students at higher grades in DLI can emerge by the end of the first grade. The study also compared responses from parent questionnaires for the two programs and found significant differences, with more Spanish spoken at home and more interest in Spanish reading among DLI parents.