Decision Maker's Attitude Research Articles

Decision-makers’ attitudes toward the use of care robots in welfare services

The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of decision-makers toward the use of care robots in welfare services. We investigated their knowledge regarding the use of care robots in welfare services as well as their attitudes toward using robots in their own care and in the care of various user groups, for example, children, youths, and older people. We conducted an online survey with a range of Finnish decision-makers as respondents (N = 176). The respondents were divided into two groups: service actors (n = 104) and research and development (R&D) actors (n = 72). The respondents did not regard themselves as having much knowledge about robotics; however, the results showed that the R&D actors had more overall knowledge of the use of robots than the service actors. The R&D actors were found to be more willing to accept a robot as part of their own care as well as part of the care for various user groups. The contribution of this study is a better understanding of the views of the decision-makers who are or will be in charge of the acquisition of technological devices in welfare services.

Multicriteria q-Rung orthopair fuzzy decision analysis: a novel approach based on Archimedean aggregation operators with the confidence levels

The confidence levels can reduce the influence of the unreasonable evaluation value that was given by the decision-maker on the decision-making results. The Archimedean t-norm and t-conorm (ATS) also have many advantages for the processing of uncertain data. Under this environment, the confidence q-rung orthopair fuzzy aggregation operator based on ATS is one of the most successful extensions of confidence q-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers in which we decrease the deviation caused by the subjective perspective of the decision-maker in the multicriteria group decision-making problems. In this paper, we propose weighted, ordered weighted averaging aggregation operators and weighted, ordered weighted geometric aggregation operators based on ATS, respectively. Moreover, the properties and four specific forms associated with aggregation operators are also investigated. In this study, a novel MCGDM approach is introduced by using the proposed operator. A reasonable example is proposed and compared the results that are obtained by our operators and that in the existing literature, so as to verify the rationality and flexible of our method. From the study, we concluded that the proposed method can reduce the impact of extreme data, and make decision-making results more reasonable by considering the attitudes of decision-makers.

Shortfall Risk Models When Information on Loss Function Is Incomplete

Utility-based shortfall risk measures effectively captures a decision maker's risk attitude on tail losses. In this paper, we consider a situation where the decision maker's risk attitude toward tail losses is ambiguous and introduce a robust version of shortfall risk, which mitigates the risk arising from such ambiguity. Specifically, we use some available partial information or subjective judgement to construct a set of plausible utility-based shortfall risk measures and define a so-called preference robust shortfall risk as through the worst risk that can be measured in this (ambiguity) set. We then apply the robust shortfall risk paradigm to optimal decision-making problems and demonstrate how the latter can be reformulated as tractable convex programs when the underlying exogenous uncertainty is discretely distributed.

Prospects for evidence-based policy in Russia: The public administrators’ points of view

Evidence-based policy is aimed at overcoming subjectivity when making government decisions by means of expertise, using analytical materials at all stages of decision-making and executing processes, and involving internal and external experts. The main objectives of this research are to determine the opportunities and limitations of using evidence-based politics as an approach to making and promoting government decisions in Russia, to identify the attitude of decision makers to evidence-based policy tools and their application in Russian realities, and to obtain expert assessment of the state of evidence-based policy in the Russian public space. To implement these objectives, semi-standardized interviews with a target sample of 37 respondents were conducted. The sample consisted of public administrators and experts from academic and scientific communities. This article reflects the results of interviewing of public administrators: their answers more clearly revealed the possibilities and limitations of using evidence-based policy tools in Russia. The analysis of government officials’ responses showed that, despite the public authorities’ demand for and interest in analytical data and analytical support, the dissemination of evidence-based politics in Russia had a number of limitations. The main obstacles are the low level of trust of public administrators in analytical materials and their authors, low quality rating of analytical services, lack of platforms for regular interaction between government officials and the expert community, and a focus on compliance with formal rather than substantive requirements while working with analytics providers. To overcome the obstacles in the interaction between experts and public administrators in making government decisions it is necessary to expand the practice of using expert support in making decisions and to increase their willingness to adjust to the requirements of government officials as the customers of analytical materials.

Dual‐Source Procurement Strategies of Emergency Materials Considering Risk Attitudes

The uncertainty of emergencies makes the emergency procurement face many risks, so the risk management is particularly important of the emergency procurement. The risk attitude of decision makers will significantly affect the decision‐making of risk management. In this paper, the risk management problem with different risk attitudes of emergency procurement consisting of dual‐source suppliers and the single government is studied, and a government‐led Stackelberg game is used to analyze the risks of each link to establish an emergency procurement model under the option contract, and the optimal decision‐making is obtained. The effects of reserve period, risk avoidance coefficient, and probability of emergency on optimal decision‐making are analyzed with different risk attitude. Moreover, we investigate the coordination of the government‐led supply chain coordination under the risk aversion and risk‐neutral conditions of emergency supply chain participants. The results show that the model can control the risk while reducing the cost of government procurement and ensuring the revenue of suppliers. Finally, the influence of each parameter on the optimization decision is verified by a numerical example.

Cybersecurity Risk Assessment of Industrial Control Systems Based on Order-α Divergence Measures Under an Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Environment

With the increasing deployment of network technologies in industrial control systems (ICSs), cybersecurity has become a challenge in ICSs. Cybersecurity risk assessment (CRA) plays an important role in cybersecurity protection of ICSs. However, the weights of risk indices are constants in traditional CRA methods, and they do not fully consider the requirements of risk identification. In this paper, we define a novel order- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> divergence measure for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs) and further develop a novel CRA approach for ICSs based on the proposed divergence measure under an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment to contribute to the research gap. First, an order- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> divergence measure for IVIFNs is defined considering flexibility and robustness of divergence measures with the parameter. Next, a variable weight-based CRA approach for ICSs is developed. In this approach, IVIFNs are adopted to describe evaluation values of risk indices. The weights of risk indices are variable weight vectors and they are determined by the relative divergence closeness. Integration approaches of each node and each attack path in attack-defense trees (ADTs) are proposed based on the operations of IVIFNs, and risk scores of each attack path are calculated by using the score function. Finally, we apply the proposed method to the CRA of a civil aviation fuel supply automatic control system and verify its effectiveness and advantages by comparing it with other methods. This method can dynamically adjust the weights of risk indices considering the relationship between each risk index and the highest risk, and therefore, it can more effectively recognize the highest risk of ICSs than the traditional CRA method. In addition, it can also match the risk attitude of decision-makers by adjusting the parameter <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> .

INTERACTION OF GOVERNMENT, SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERT COMMUNITY: PROSPECTS OF EVIDENCE-BASED POLICY IN RUSSIA

This article analyzes the interaction of state, scientific, and expert communities in order to determine the prospects for introducing the methods of “evidence-based policy” into the Russian practice of public administration. It reveals to what extent the representatives of the state and expert communities are ready to cooperate to increase the scientific validity of government decisions. Research was carried out by using focused interviews. The purposive sample included public authorities and representatives of scientific, expert, and educational communities from ten regions of Russia. In general, both public servants and representatives of scientific and expert communities realize the significance of using evidence-based policy tools for developing government decisions. However, the mutual expectations that are formed can hardly be called harmonious due to a fair amount of skepticism on both sides. A significant number of public servants doubt that scientific knowledge of social, economic, and political processes is objective, and some are afraid that scientists will introduce their value preferences into analytical materials. The representatives of scientific community, in their turn, suspect decision-makers of being overly obsessed with a narrow circle of confidants, of misunderstanding of the role of analytics in the development of public policy, and an inability to appreciate the work done by expert scientists. Lack of mutual trust is the main reason for the skeptical attitude of decision-makers to cooperate with the scientific and expert community and pushes them either to maintain contacts with proven analytical centers, as a rule, affiliated with the government, or forces them to rely solely on materials prepared by employees of the relevant state departments.

Attitudes of administrative decision-makers towards nature-based solutions for flood risk management in Germany

Over the last two decades, alternative and holistic concepts, such as Nature-based Solutions (NbS) were introduced and adopted by policy-makers, including to the field of flood protection, thereby causing a paradigm shift towards flood risk management. The inclusion of natural water retention measures (NWRM) such as dike relocation and floodplain restoration into the German guidelines for flood protection institutionalized the new concepts in Germany. Whereas small scale NbS and the affected population have already been subject to thorough scientific research, large-scale NbS and the decision-makers assigned with the measure’s implementation have yet to be studied. How do administrative decision-makers perceive the new approach and measures? Are there particular attitudes among the decision-makers regarding NbS? Which aspects of implementing large-scale NbS influence possible attitudes? Which hurdles do decision-makers concern for the implementation of the new concepts? This paper investigates these questions on the example of dike relocation and floodplain restoration using Q-methodology with administrative decision-makers of flood protection authorities in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. The consecutive statistical analysis unveiled three significant viewpoints among the decision-makers. The viewpoints/attitudes were classified as 1. The Convinced, 2. The Concerned and, 3. The Evaluators, defined by varying and individual concerns on the implementation of dike relocation and floodplain restoration. Hereby, this study delivers insights on large-scale NbS as well as on the issues of their implementation.

An improved three-way decision model based on prospect theory

In three-way decision, how to describe the risk attitudes of decision-makers is an important issue. The prospect theory is widely used to reflect decision-makers' risk attitudes and the decision rules are based on the maximum prospect value. However, the previous three-way decision models based on prospect theory neglected time outcome or they included time outcome in monetary outcome in decision process. In fact, in some cases, time outcome is a more important element in decision making, and without considering it directly may weaken the rationality of decision results. To address these problems, we construct an improved three-way decision model based on prospect theory, which simultaneously and directly considers time outcome and monetary outcome. Specially, this model is a multi-objective optimization model. Firstly, prospect theory is used to describe decision-makers' risk attitudes toward monetary gains and losses as well as time gains and losses. Secondly, we construct a multi-objective optimization model and introduce preference coefficients to transform it into a single objective optimization model, which is based on the maximum comprehensive prospect value. Further, the existence and uniqueness of thresholds are proven, and the decision rules are given. Finally, an illustrative example and some comparative analyses are presented, which validate the rationality and superiority of our improved model.

Investigation of Empathy Skills and Moral Decision-Making Attitudes in Athlete Students in Terms of Some Variables

It is observed that the appearance of aggression and violent anti-social behavior in sports contradicts the Olimpia culture inherent in sports. Therefore, this research was conducted in order to reveal the causes and consequences of negative behaviors observed in sports, to examine the empathy skills and moral decision-making attitudes of athletes in terms of different variables. The research was arranged by the screening survey model. A total of 319 athletes, 180 men, and 139 women, engaged in individual and team sports in the city where the research was conducted, voluntarily participated in this research. Personal information form, “Prediction in Sports and Empathy in Sports” and “Attitudes to Moral Decision-making in Youth Sport Questionnaire” were applied to the participants. In the analysis of the data, the Manova test and the LSD test were used to determine the source of the difference. As a result of the research, while a significant difference was found in favor of men in terms of gender in empathy skills(p &lt; .05); there was not found a significant difference in terms of sports branch and sports year(p &gt; .05). In terms of the sports year variable, the moral decision-making attitude scores of individuals who have just started sports (0-2 years) compared to individuals who have been doing sports for a long time(9+ years) were found to be higher and this result was found to indicate a statistically significant difference(p &lt; .05). There was not found a significant difference in moral decision-making attitudes scores in terms of sports year and gender.

Statistics-based approach for large-scale group decision-making under incomplete Pythagorean fuzzy information with risk attitude

As loss in decision sample information occurs during large-scale group decision-making (LSGDM), this paper proposes a statistical estimation approach for handling Pythagorean fuzzy information under the risk attitude of decision-makers (DMs). The DMs are partitioned by risk attitudes (hesitancy degrees) into subgroups. A five-number summary for the subgroups from the incomplete decision information given by the DMs is obtained. The Cornish–Fisher expansion is then applied to estimate the mean, standard variance, and skewness of the decision sample information from the five-number summary. The confidence interval constructed by the skewness is used to obtain the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy number (IVPFN) evaluation information of the subgroups. An optimization model based on minimizing the conflicts between the subgroups and the overall group is used to derive the weights of the subgroups. A sorting function of the IVPFNs is used to rank the alternatives. A case study on green credit and a comparison analysis are applied to validate the proposed method.

Green Supplier Selection Under Cloud Manufacturing Environment: A Hybrid MCDM Model

In the cloud manufacturing environment, the interaction and cooperation between enterprises become more convenient. The most optimal green supplier selection through cloud manufacturing platform can improve the production quality and sustainable development efficiency of enterprises. However, as alternative suppliers are all over the world, there is a risk that the selected supplier is not ideal. Therefore, in this paper, a hybrid supplier selection model based on TODIM method is proposed to choose the optimal green supplier under cloud manufacturing platform. Considering the characteristics of suppliers in the cloud manufacturing environment and green criteria, the comprehensive green supplier evaluation index system is constructed. The creative application of heterogeneous evaluation information including crisp numbers, interval numbers, and probabilistic linguistic values, can express the evaluation information of different subjects comprehensively. In order to consider human judgment and the importance of information provided by raw data, the criteria weights are determined by integrating fuzzy BWM (Best-worst method) weights and objective entropy weights. Then, with the full consideration of decision maker’s risk attitude, the TODIM method is used to process heterogeneous evaluation information and calculate the priority of the green suppliers. The proposed method is novel, and allows multi-subjects to participate in the assessment process and considers the risk attitude of decision-makers in the green supplier selection process. An empirical study of green supplier selection in the cloud manufacturing environment is conducted. Sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis indicate that the proposed selection model for green supplier is reliable and effective.

Investigation of athlete high school students' moral decision-making attitudes in terms of sport variables

Background: Sports activities are performed in accordance with moral values and principles. The purpose of this research is to examine the decision-making attitudes of young sports students based on age, gender, license status, and sports branch type. Material and Methods: The "Moral Decision-Making Scale in Youth Sports" developed to evaluate the moral decision-making attitudes of young athletes was used as a data collection tool in this research. A five-point Likert scale was used to evaluate the scale items. Results: The athletes' views regarding moral decision-making attitudes were found to be for the Acceptance of Cheating dimension for the Acceptance of Gamesmanship dimension; and for the Keep Winning in Proportion dimension. It was determined that there was a significant difference in the student athletes' moral decision-making attitudes depending on gender, the type of sports played and being a certified athlete. Conclusions: Sports fields are the places where young athletes exhibit their skills and abilities in competitions. In these competitions, it should be emphasized to young athletes that respecting the values of the sport and following the rules is more important than winning and that they should stay away from negative behaviors such as cheating or gamesmanship.

The effectiveness of simulation education program on shared decision-making attitudes among nurses in Taiwan.

BackgroundShared decision-making (SDM) is significantly associated with promoting the quality of end-of-life (EOL). The attitude of nurses toward the end of life can affect EOL care, but there are few SDM-related clinical learning programs focused on EOL. In this study, therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of an EOL-simulation education program on attitudes toward SDM among nurses, using an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE).MethodsWe used a quasi-experimental study design to evaluate nurses working at a medical center in Taiwan. We recruited 100 nurses and assigned them to an experimental group (n = 50) and a control group (n = 50). The experimental group received the SDM attitude (SDMA) cultivation program, and the control group did not. After the intervention, all participants were examined in an OSCE to assess the efficacy of their learning. A p value of.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe average score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group in the dimensions “empathic communication” and “mastery learning”, but these differences were not significant. SDMA score is significantly and positively correlated with SDMA global score, standardized patient survey (SPS) score, and SPS global score (r = .92, .56, and .50, respectively; p < .01).ConclusionsSimulations concerning EOL care that incorporate SDM components would be effective for training clinical nurses. This study can serve as a reference for nursing-administration managers who may consider designing SDM-related education programs to improve the quality of clinical nursing care.

Role of the Branch of Sports in Moral Decision-making

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the role of sport in moral decision making. The universe of the study consists of 410, sample consists of 200 athletes. The study used the scale “Development of the Attitudes to Moral Decision-making in Youth Sport Questionnaire” developed by Lee et al. Frequency, min-max values and one-way Anova test were used in the analysis of the data. Athletes had the highest mean value in the acceptance of cheating sub-dimension and the lowest value in the acceptance of gambling sub-dimension. It was found that athletes in the 11–12 and 13–14 age groups continued to gain proportionately. It has been determined that moral decision-making attitudes differ according to sports branch.

Analysing the Role of Safety Level and Capital Investment in Selection of Underground Metal Mining Method

It is one of the important tasks to select a suitable mining method for economic and safely extraction of the specific ore deposit. The selection of individual mining methods depends on multiple factors like dip, shape, thickness, depth, grade distribution, RMR (rock mass rating) of ore and adjacent strata, and RSS (rock substance strength) of ore and adjacent strata. The present study aims to analyse the role of two extrinsic factors (safety and capital) in the selection of underground metal mining method. A fuzzy-AHP decision making model is developed to analyse the possible changes in the mining method with different levels of safety and capital. The study considers seven alternatives or mining methods (block caving, sublevel stoping, sublevel caving, room and pillar mining, shrinkage stoping, cut and fill stoping and square set stoping) in the model. The results revealed that the preference level or ranking of different mining method in a particular condition like low safety (SAL), medium safety (SAM), high safety (SAH), low capital (CL), medium capital (CM), and high capital (CH) remains same for different decision-making attitude and uncertainty level.

Distance of Single-Valued Neutrosophic Set and Its Application in Pattern Recognition

Single-valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) is an extension of fuzzy set, which combines the truth, indeterminacy, and falsity information. The measurement of distance of single-valued neutrosophic set will bring new ideas to pattern recognition. This paper introduces the distance definitions and properties of SVNS, and proposes the improved distance definition of single-valued neutrosophic set based on decision maker attitude towards indeterminacy information and applied them to pattern recognition. By assigning a value to decision-maker’s attitude towards indeterminacy information, this attitude comes from the historical experience and risk preference etc. The distance calculated in this way can often get a matching result closer to the reality. The results show that the improved distance formula of SVNSs is more effective and more practical for pattern recognition.

Development and testing of the shared decision-making attitudes scale among nurses in Taiwan: a cross-sectional scale development study

ObjectiveShared decision-making (SDM) enhances medical care, but an appropriate tool for evaluating nursing staff’s attitudes towards SDM in clinical practice is lacking. The objective of this study is to develop...

Three‐way decisions based on some Hamacher aggregation operators under double hierarchy linguistic environment

This paper proposes an approach to linguistic three-way decision making problem with double hierarchy linguistic term evaluation information. Double hierarchy linguistic term set consists of the first hierarchy and second hierarchy linguistic term set, which can describe uncertainty and fuzziness more flexibly. First, the Hamacher operational rules, score function and distance measure of double hierarchy linguistic elements are defined. Next, we construct the double hierarchy linguistic decision-theoretic rough set model. And the conditional probability is calculated based on the double hierarchy linguistic term environment with grey relational analysis, which makes the process of decisions more rational. Then the loss functions are aggregated by the double hierarchy linguistic Hamacher weighted averaging operator, which takes into account different decision attitudes of decision makers. And the results of decision are deduced by the minimum-loss principle. Finally, a case study about the selection of cooperation companies during the COVID-19 is used to demonstrate the practicability of our proposed method.

A new group decision making approach based on incomplete probabilistic dual hesitant fuzzy preference relations

As an enhanced version of probabilistic hesitant fuzzy sets and dual hesitant fuzzy sets, probabilistic dual hesitant fuzzy sets (PDHFSs) combine probabilistic information with the membership degree and non-membership degree, which can describe decision making information more reasonably and comprehensively. Based on PDHFSs, this paper investigates the approach to group decision making (GDM) based on incomplete probabilistic dual hesitant fuzzy preference relations (PDHFPRs). First, the definitions of order consistency and multiplicative consistency of PDHFPRs are given. Then, for the problem that decision makers (DMs) cannot provide the reasonable associated probabilities of probabilistic dual hesitant fuzzy elements (PDHFEs), the calculation method of the associated probability is given by using an optimal programming model. Furthermore, the consistency level for PDHFPRs is tested according to the weighted consistency index defined by the risk attitude of DMs. In addition, a convergent iterative algorithm is proposed to enhance the unacceptable consistent PDHFPRs’ consistency level. Finally, a GDM approach with incomplete PDHFPRs is established to obtain the ranking of the alternatives. The availability and rationality of the proposed decision making approach are demonstrated by analyzing the impact factors of haze weather.