Position Of Russia Research Articles

Formation of Villages of Psekup Cossack Regiment on Northwestern Caucasus (1864—1871)

Based on documentary materials, the article examines the settlement of the Cossack villages of the Psekup Cossack regiment and the description of the resettlement movement in the North-Western Caucasus. The author focuses, first of all, on the civil-settlement aspect, since historical settlements arose from a complex interweaving of politics and geography, power and settlement way of life, reflecting not only the way of life familiar to the Cossacks, but also the Cossack identity. The Psekup Cossack Cavalry Regiment, which was both a military unit of the Kuban Cossack army and an administrative unit within the Kuban region is considered. It is emphasized that, in fact, a military-civilian administration was formed with the maximum sphere of competence in this territory. The problematic aspects of surveying and land use in the Cossack villages of the regiment are revealed. The purpose of the study is to analyze the processes of development of the Trans-Kuban spaces in the form of fortified stanitsa settlements, as well as the penetration of Russian influence in a new area of the historical region of Kuban. The author comes to the conclusion that the villages of the Psekup cavalry regiment were interconnected with the regimental military organization, acting as a stronghold for securing Russian positions in the TransKuban region.

Cross-cultural marriages as a reserve of demographic development in Russia

With the deepening of the process of globalization, the scale of interaction between different cultures, their interpenetration, mixing is expanding, which increases the possibility of cross-cultural marriages. The problems of the analysis of cross-cultural marriages in Russia and Iran seem to be an urgent direction for research. Cross-cultural marriages between Russians and Iranians serve as one of the significant elements of the process of rapprochement of two different cultures, and also contribute to the development of interest and tolerant attitude of Russians to the cultural traditions of the East. The purpose of this work is to analyze the attitude of Iranians and Russians to cross-cultural marriages against the background of the transformation of the desired family model, to identify the factors of the formation of cross-cultural marriages. The conclusions are based on the results of the International sociological study "Russian-Iranian marriages in the context of intercultural interactions", conducted in June-September 2021 in the cities of Russia and Iran by a team of authors. The sample size was 153 people, including representatives of different generations aged 18 to 60 years. The results of the survey revealed ideas about the model of family and marriage for residents of Iran and Russia. The study identified the main motives for concluding a cross-cultural marriage, the respondents' views on family relationships, as well as their attitude to the official registration of the status of spouses. A separate block of questions was aimed at studying the problems and living conditions of spouses in cross-cultural marriages, the need for special support measures. The attitude to cross-cultural marriages in society, both on the part of Russians and Iranians, is considered. The results obtained can be used in the development of strategies for the development of socio-cultural interaction between Russia and Iran. It is important to take into account the conclusions of the study as part of efforts aimed at smoothing out possible acute issues of interethnic relations; providing support to cross-cultural families in the process of adaptation and familiarization with the norms, traditions, customs of a new culture for the spouse.

Features of Chinese Media Coverage of the Special Military Operation (SMO) in Ukraine

With the beginning of the SMO in Ukraine, the world media began to actively publish news about the events taking place. China was no exception. Information from both sides of the military conflict is carefully analyzed by the Chinese audience, raising many questions about the smallest details of the Russian military operation. The relevance of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the key aspects of the media influence of the Chinese media on public opinion in the initial period of the Northern Military District were analyzed, when news from the battlefield was covered on media platforms both by the journalists themselves and by participants in the events equipped with smartphones. The emerging phrase “WarTok” began to mean posting the latest events from the battlefield and comments on them on the TikTok platform. The study took into account both the official media coverage of the SMO and the attitude of Chinese new media towards this event. The development of a special military operation as a media event was carried out by comparing the information index with the search index, as well as by comparing keyword searches and citations. The study revealed a trend of changes in the attitude of the Chinese media and the Internet community to this event, and the acceptance of the Russian position by the Chinese media community. Three Weibo accounts were studied (Russian Embassy in China, Ukrainian Embassy in China and Russia Today). Based on the results of the study, it can be stated that the term “Russian-Ukrainian conflict” has become established in the media field of the PRC, and the attitude of the Chinese audience to Russia’s actions is assessed as positive. On the one hand, this is due to the official position of the Chinese government itself, on the other, the Russian Federation has successfully used Chinese social networks for close and effective interaction with the Chinese media community, and, unlike the situation in Western social networks, has taken control of this discourse. The emerging media agenda, with social media becoming the main battleground for public opinion, is forcing the journalistic community to recognize the particular importance of state ownership and control of new media platforms during the unfolding media wars.

Attitude of Russians towards immigrants during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2021)

The objective of the author was to identify the presence, nature and factors of changes in the attitude of Russians towards immigrants during the coronavirus pandemic. It was revealed that the pandemic exacerbated the problems of natural population decline, and migration flows decreased, thereby reducing the compensation for natural decline by the influx of immigrants. On the one hand, this could increase the negative attitude of the host society towards immigrants, exacerbating the negative consequences of the coronavirus for society. On the other hand, the reduced “contact” with immigrants could switch the perception from immigrants to more acute problems, thereby making the attitude more neutral. For the empirical basis of the analysis the data of the European Social Survey for 2018 were used (for comparison with the pre-pandemic level of attitudes towards immigrants), as well as data from the Department for Comparative Political Studies of the Federal Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FCTAS RAS) for 2020–2021. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the assessment of the changes brought by immigrants to the economy, culture and everyday life of the country remains predominantly negative among Russians. The assessment of the consequences for the economy became more neutral during the study period, the perception of the consequences for the daily life of the country practically did not change, but the assessment of the consequences for culture became more negative. The regression analysis showed that the predictors of the negative attitude of Russians towards immigrants during the pandemic were: the perception of the acuteness of the problems of interethnic relations and the influx of visitors, the problem of increasing unemployment and the education of youth and adolescents, violation of the norms of public behaviour, as well as tension between men and women, the type of settlement (the larger it is, the more negative the attitude). Positive predictors turned out to be the level of institutional trust, age (the younger, the better the attitude), as well as awareness of the severity of the problem of population decline and low fertility in Russia.

Russia's Position in the System of International Trade Relations in the Context of Sanctions Imposed Against Russia

International trade, which constitutes liaison between producers of goods and services from different countries, is vital for any country in the modern world. International trade is based on the division of labor and characterized by mutual economic dependence. Russia in 2022 is still one of the main trading partners in the system of international trade relations due to its role as a key exporter of energy resources. In this context, it is relevant to study the current situation in Russia's foreign trade greatly affected by the sanction policy of Western countries. The purpose of this study is to identify some negative effects of the imposed sanctions on Russia's export-import operations and outline possible areas of trade development and trade diversification, which could result in strengthening Russia's position in the global market. The methodology of the study is based on analyzing dynamics of Russia's foreign trade under sanctions, as well as comparing and generalizing modern methods of national and international regulations of foreign trade. The informational and empirical basis of the study is the data of statistical reports of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Federal Customs Service. The object of observation is Russia's foreign trade from 2013 to 2022. Scientific novelty lies in introducing new approaches to solving the identified problems of development of Russia's foreign trade, as well as outlining prospects of altering commodity range and geographic structure of exports and imports. The conducted research has revealed that Russia’s economy and foreign trade is affected by the politics-related restrictions; that Russia needs to develop its own innovative technologies and production on their basis, which will reform the structure of Russia's export.

FORMATION OF NICHOLAS II'S "GREAT ASIA PROGRAM"

The article is about the Greater Asian program of Emperor Nicholas II, and the reasons why the political situation between the Higuemond countries at the end of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century changed Russia's foreign policy position towards the Far East.

Competitive ability of agro-industrial complex exports. Focus on friendly countries

Subject. The article addresses trends in the export of products of Russia’s agro-industrial complex. Objectives. The purpose is to assess prospects for cooperation with the major importers of Russian agricultural products. Methods. The study draws on methods of statistical, coefficient, and regression analysis. Results. The study determines that Kazakhstan and Turkey depend, to the greatest extent, on the supply of agricultural products from Russia. It presents a forecast for wheat production up to 2030. The comprehensive analysis shows that sub-sectors related to the production of sugar, grain, and fat-and-oil products are the most competitive ones. Conclusions. To strengthen Russia's position in the Asian market, it is necessary to diversify the supply of agricultural products.

Otnoshenie rossiyan k Kitayu v 1990–2022 gg.

The article deals with the question of the positive or negative attitudes of ordinary Russians towards China over a long period of time based on the analysis of social surveys. Despite a fairly extensive bibliography on the subject, so far, no publication has undertaken a systematic review of the results of surveys of Russians on general attitudes towards China, coming from various critically analyzed sources. It is this gap that the article fills.

Current Self-Medication Practices among the Russian Population

Introduction: The practice of self-medication is widespread among the population. It is a kind of a socio-cultural norm that is habitual for many Russian people. Self-treatment, however, can be dangerous and lead to complications and poor health, thus being a serious challenge for healthcare. Misuse of antibiotics poses a particular danger. Self-medication has many reasons related to personal beliefs and external circumstances. The scientific community is discussing the topic of responsible self-treatment that implies reasonable health care and does not exclude seeking medical advice. The necessity of forming a responsible attitude of Russians to their health draws special attention to the problem of self-medication. Objective: To analyze changes in the prevalence of self-medication among the Russian population and to establish the reasons for its demand in the contemporary context. Methods: The empirical basis of the study was the personal in-home interview survey of the population aged 18 years and older. The field stage was carried out on April 18–27, 2022 in 30 regions of the Russian Federation and captured 1,500 respondents. Result: We have found that the health status and everyday well-being of Russians leaves much to be desired and necessitates different types of treatment. Self-medication remains a common practice. Every second respondent prefers self-care choosing medicines and folk remedies. Yet, we noticed a gradual decrease in the demand for this kind of treatment in favor of seeking professional medical advice. We revealed a significant dependence of the population, especially young people, on taking self-prescribed medications. We established also that many citizens cannot either afford or get access to necessary medical services or drugs in the area of residence, and are therefore compelled to self-treatment. The worse the respondents assess the healthcare system, the less often they consult a doctor and the more often they opt to self-medicate. Conclusions: The problems described indicate the importance of raising awareness of self-treatment and potential dangers of drug self-administration among Russian people. It is essential to improve the general level of the culture of health and responsibility of citizens for their health, and to create conditions for getting affordable professional medical care.

Studia diplomatica. The Diplomacy of Apocalypsis

Crisis status of the contemporary Western civilisation and the processes of its secular spiritual decay as the main reason for conflict state with the Russian world with its Christian Orthodox tradition. Inability for Russia to acknowledge the modern neoliberal order, enforced in Europe and initiated by an Anglo-Saxon non-Christian ideology. Its impact and of its secular values on general situation around European and global diplomacy, international law marginalisation as a legal nihilism as a result of it. Attempt to substitute traditional diplomatic notions and values in favour of liberal supremacy as the main reason for weakness and ineffectiveness of today’s diplomacy and nullity of international law. Given the historical part of Russian Europe in forming European and Europe-Asian identity, an obvious task is to save the historical Europe, to protect its Christian identity from Anglo-Saxon antihumane ideas and from cancel-culture policy in Europe. In this regard historical school of European diplomacy preserves its major role, which had been formed with the Russian foreign policy involvement during the last centuries. The very diplomatic factors must ensure the European cultural identity, the century traditions of unity and alliance between Russia and European countries. With Anglo-Saxon protectorate in Europe, US interests dominance, preserving Russian role in European expanse is crucial in Western European conscious, as well as impeding the decline of Russia’s activities in relations with European states and prevention of vacuum in such cooperation, despite the rise of interest towards East and Asia. It’s important not to allow a revision of geopolitical role of Russia on the Western direction due to costs of the turn to the East. Both in cultural and civilisational aspects Russia remains to be a European state, and a geopolitical view on cooperation with Asia must not lead to the destruction of Russian positions and infl uence in Europe. With the de-facto transformation of the EU into a military-political power, a NATO affix, it’s important to put eff orts into the rise of the level of bilateral relations and a partnership with the European countries, securing a reduction of the EU negative role, which doesn’t represent the whole Europe, with Russia being part of it.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the attitude of russians to their health: a sociological analysis

The main goal of the article is to identify how the attitude toward their health among Russians has changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article systematizes the results of research analysis devoted to the study of this topic and shows that the pandemic has elevated the issue of health to the top of those issues that have been worrying Russians for the past two years and that more than half of the Russian population has become more attentive to the state of their body, particularly the epidemics severity among older people. However, the pandemic in Russia shifted the focus from the widespread care of the population about itself to observing hygienic measures and social distance, and the level of peoples frivolous attitude to their well-being with selfishness in relation to other people. The article also considers the negative consequences of COVID-19 (increased use of alcohol, a change in the diet, constant wearing of masks, etc.) on the health of Russians.

Nerchinsk Executive Officer P. Ya. Shulgin: Warrior and Diplomat

The article describes the main activities of Nerchinsk executive officer P. Ya. Shulgin, aimed to strengthen Russian positions in Eastern Transbaikalia. P. Ya. Shulgin governed affairs of Nerchinsk district from November 30th 1673 to the end of April – early May 1678. During this time he repelled the external military aggression of nomads who attacked the subjects of Russia – the indigenous population of the Nerchinsk district. The study focuses on marches out to Tabanutyand’s “thieves” Tungus, as well as on the solutions to problems associated with the transfer of tribute to the Nerchinsk district from other places. He also enhanced the position of Russia in the Amur region, by arming Cossacks of the Albazin fort and stimulating their advance into the basin of the Zeya river. He actively used the means of diplomacy as well, facilitating the relocation to the Nerchinsk district of the tribes that roamed Mongol feudal lords’ lands and rebels who got out of control of the Russian government. It is argued that the actions of P. Ya. Shulgin to repel external military aggression and settle the issues related to interaction with the “foreigners” of the Nerchinsk district laid a solid foundation for the trust of tribute collectors in the Russian government.

Historical Rights of States to Maritime Water Areas and the Legal Status of the Sea of Okhotsk

INTRODUCTION.Based on the study of the international law, doctrine and practice of states, the article analyzes the content of the institution of the historical rights of the state to the sea areas, its correlation with the provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, as well as the legal status of the Sea of Okhotsk and the possibility of its adjustment in in the context of a possible statement by Russia that it has historical rights to its water area. MATERIALS AND METHODS.The issues raised in the article are structurally divided into three main groups. The first one is related to the study of the rea­sons for the emergence of the institution of historical rights of states to maritime areas in the international law of the sea, as well as its correlation with the legal mechanisms for the delimitation and use of maritime spaces defined by the 1982 UN Convention. The second is devoted to studying the structure of this institution and definition of the concept and content within its framework of such key notions and categories as “historical bays”, “historical waters”, “historical legal foundations”, “historical title of the state” and some others. The third group is directly connected with the definition of the fundamental possibility and potential scope of the extension of the Russian Federation historical rights to the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk. RESEARCH RESULTS.When writing the work, the authors proceeded from the fact that despite the limited potential of Russia's possible actions to defend its his­torical title to the Sea of Okhotsk, they can not be considered unpromising in the foreseeable historical per­spective. At the same time it should be borne in mind that the way to achieve success in solving this problem should not lie in declaring its water area an inland sea or historical waters of Russia, but in legitimizing by our state a number of its exclusive historical rights in this maritime area based on Russia's vital interests. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.The content of the institution of the historical rights of states to maritime spaces, as well as the new political reality, give the Government and the State Duma of the Russian Federation all the necessary grounds for raising the question of a partial change in Russia's position on the legal status of the Sea of Okhotsk and the development of a new strategy for upholding Russia's historical rights to its water area, as through the adoption of unilateral internal legal acts, and through the implementation of a consistent policy to disseminate and uphold this point of view in international relations within the framework of negotiations with foreign states and the activities of relevant international bodies and organizations.

Gender attitudes of immigrants in Russia (on the example of concepts of equal educational opportunities)

Attitudes towards gender equality have significant differences in different countries of the world. These differences are especially felt in migratory movements, when people are faced with different gender regimes. This article is devoted to the study of ideas about gender equality of immigrants from post-Soviet countries in Russia, as well as their comparison with similar attitudes of Russians. The empirical basis of the study was a survey of immigrants from the CIS countries, Ukraine and Georgia (autumn 2020, 700 respondents). Data on Russians is taken from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey (2017, 1810 respondents). Despite the common historical past, the gender attitudes of immigrants and Russians differ — the former more often agree with the thesis that higher education is more important for a boy than for a girl. Predictors of influence on gender attitudes were identified. For Russians, gender, position in the labor market and the number of children turned out to be significant. For immigrants, predictors of patriarchal gender perceptions were older age, lower levels of education, and adherence to the Muslim religion. An extended regression model for immigrants also led to the conclusion that it is not the length of time migrants live in the host country that affects the transformation of their gender attitudes, but the intention to connect their lives with Russia, the formation of an all-Russian identity (a sense of community with the citizens of the Russian Federation). At the same time, the position of Russia as a country that has not overcome the problem of gender inequality (50th place in the world ranking), coupled with the patriarchal ideas of some Russians, may allow immigrants not to rush to revise their own gender attitudes.

Differentiation in Russians' Perception of Inequality and Their Dynamics

A number of recent inequality studies emphasize the importance of considering not only its objective characteristics, but also its subjective perception. This makes it especially relevant to study possible determinants of attitudes towards inequality. In addition, the variability of attitudes towards inequality over time is of research interest. To what extent has the attitude towards inequality in Russia changed in recent years? And how different is the attitude of Russians towards inequality from the population of other countries? Accounting for the subjective aspects of inequality will make it possible to better understand the social processes taking place in Russian society. In this paper, on the basis of the European Social Survey 2006-2016 data, the features of the subjective perception of inequality by Russians in various population groups and their dynamics were studied. The Gini coefficient and the decile coefficient were used as indicators of objective actual income inequality. Special attention is paid to the differentiation of views depending on the socio-demographic, income and other characteristics of the population.

Social Media as a Source of Information on the Attitudes of Russians towards Corruption

Social Media as a Source of Information on the Attitudes of Russians towards Corruption

Attitude of Russia and Mongolia’s student youth towards students with disabilities as a condition for the formation of the inclusive educational environment

The article is devoted to the problem of formation of tolerant attitude to the disabled with special educational needs among students studying humanitarian, social and engineering professions (Trans-Baikal State University, Russia) and medical professions (Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia). The authors reveal the peculiarities of understanding disability as a social problem that must be solved by the modern society. The authors suggest that educational institutions should become the main centers to educate young people to be tolerant to people in need of assistance. The presence of an inclusive educational environment supports the effective cooperation of all students, as well as the integration and socialization of students with special educational needs. In the article special attention is paid to individual, value attitudes of students and their world view in relation to special students. The aim of the study is to determine the comparative features of the attitude of Russian and Mongolian students towards their fellow students with special educational needs. The study was attended by 315 students. The author questionnaire included three sets of questions: socio-demographic, knowledge of disability in countries, comparative indicators of tolerance for the disabled, and willingness to cooperate with groupmates with special educational needs. The average level of students’ understanding of the need to create special educational conditions was revealed. The practical significance of the work is determined by the possibility to use the results obtained in the development of programs and projects related to inclusive education and tolerance.

The 2022 Sanction Challenges for International Commercial Arbitration and Methods of Resolving them

The subject of this study is the impact of the sanctions policy imposed against the Russian Federation in 2022 on international commercial arbitration. For that purpose, we analyse the restrictive measures that have had a major impact on dispute resolution in international commercial arbitration involving Russian and sub-sanctioned persons. An important part of the study is an analysis of current practice in this area and the difficulties arising in order to develop recommendations and possible means of overcoming them for the continuation of international arbitration in Russia and access to justice for sanctioned persons. Over recent years, international commercial arbitration has become one of the most common means of dispute resolution, not only abroad, but also in the Russian Federation. However, the international nature of arbitration makes it highly sensitive to sanctions. Since the implementation of anti-Russian sanctions, especially in 2022, it became evident that the field of international commercial arbitration faces inevitable difficulties in terms of cooperation with foreign jurisdictions and its operation in general. The impact of restrictive measures on international commercial relations cannot be overestimated, with the number of cross-border disputes only increasing, which makes international commercial arbitration more than relevant and requires new solutions to overcome existing challenges. The research leads to a number of conclusions: the 2022 sanctions have certainly affected the world of arbitration but have not put an end to arbitration institutions in general; they have led to a global reorientation towards Asian arbitral institutions and a strengthening of Russia's position as a place for arbitration; parties to arbitration proceedings are finding new and successful solutions to the restrictive measures; many foreign jurisdictions are slowly softening their policy towards arbitration.

Application of Achimov deposits in the oil industry as a way of competitiveness increasing of Russia’s raw materials exports

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the modern oil market is characterized by instability and high competition. Depletion of oil fields, deterioration of oil production equipment, price instability and political conflicts negatively affect Russia's position in the global energy market. The new economic conditions of 2021 are associated with a decrease in demand for oil and its products, high import dependence, conservation of wells to fulfil the OPEC++ deal, which will lead to a 3-10% drop in the market. It is necessary to apply new methods of oil production, one of which is the modern technology of Achimov oil fields development. The source materials were statistical data from the Center for Macroeconomic Analysis and Short-term Forecasting, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the Analytical Center under the Government of the Russian Federation, world rating reports. The pandemic and self-isolation of 2020 led to the fact that the Russian oil sector lost 50-60% of revenue from hydrocarbon exports, more than 50% of its capitalization. The following fact is relevant for Russian oil companies: search for new markets (for example, Asia); application of innovative technologies to maintain the profitability of oil and gas production through the development of Achimovka oil deposits; development of small deposits and deposits with hard-to-recover reserves.

Geopolitical Constructs in the Structure of the Image of Russia

The article is devoted to the study of the geopolitical image of Russia, namely the structurally filling elements - constructs. The geopolitical constructs characteristic of the Russian case are considered by the authors, both from the point of view of the geographical and spatial representation of the country, and from the position of the geopolitical processes in which Russia is included. The geographical-spatial component of the geopolitical image is revealed by the authors through the analysis of the classical constructs of geopolitics represented by the theories of X.Mackinder, N.Speakman, G. Vernadsky, Z.Brzezinski. The geo-economic, cultural and civilizational, status-political and conjectural components of the geopolitical image of Russia, which determine the system of representations and the geopolitical identity of the country, are analyzed in the work. The main conclusions of the work are formed from the analysis of the geopolitical image and consideration of its internal elements. The authors indicate the integral nature of the geopolitical image, the complexity of which is analyzed on the basis of each individual component. In the spatial and geographical plane, the idea of Russia's position in the "core" of the Eurasian continent is recognized as the main geopolitical construct. The geo-economic component is revealed through the geopolitical configuration of the core and periphery, in which Russia will only have to take its stable positions, depending on the future structure of the economy. The status component defines the Russian geopolitical image through the available official and unofficial (image component) elements. At the same time, the cultural and civilizational issue is the most ambitious in the context of the multiplicity of geopolitical constructs: for example, the authors consider the idea of Eurasianism in the structure of the geopolitical image.