Attitudes In Regard Research Articles

Schizophrenic disorder and social functioning.

Social functioning is assessed according to 84 questioned subjects with schizophrenic disorder and their 84 key figures. Schizophrenic subjects showed significant dysfunction in all reviewed areas of behaviour and social roles. Key figures of all schizophrenic subjects most often showed a positive attitude in regard to the future of the schizophrenic members of their family. In relation to social functioning of the schizophrenic subject and the attitude of family key figures there is a statistically significant difference as well as a relationship. Results of assessment confirmed the impact of family life on social functioning of the schizophrenic patient and stresses the importance of active family support in rehabilitation programs.

Biodiversity of the fishes of the Laurentian Great Lakes: A Great Lakes Fishery Commission project

The fishes of the Laurentian Great Lakes have been studied and managed with various philosophies involving single species, groups of species, and ecosystems. Only recently has the emphasis shifted to a concern for biodiversity. Biodiversity has been strongly effected by habitat change, loss of indigenous species, introductions, contaminants, and changes in societal attitudes to ‘conservation’ and resource partitioning. At present there are approximately 153 established species in the lakes (not the basin). Of that total, 124 are indigenous, and 30 are naturalized. The number of species now known to have been introduced into the lakes is 57. Introductions result from authorized and unauthorized vectors. Introductions serve to indicate only one of the many impacts. In 1955 the binational Great Lakes Fishery Commission established a three‐year study entitled ‘The Role of Biodiversity in the Management of the Fishes of the Great Lakes’. The objectives of the study were the elucidation, for fishes, of the historical changes in diversity and zoogeography, food webs and ecological relationships, and human attitudes in regard to sustainability and utilization. The ultimate goal of the study was a set of recommendations to the resource managers that incorporate a concern for the maintenance of biodiversity in the goal of sustainable, consumptive and non‐consumptive, use of the resource.

Mother's Education and Utilisation of Health Care Services in Pakistan

Education is one of the crucial social development variables especially for mothers which enriches their mind about their social and reproductive experiences and broadens their understanding to make better choices for themselves and rearing and bearing of their children. In many developing countries there is evidence that mother's education plays an important role in determining child mortality even in situations where the medical facilities are scanty [Berrera (1990); Caldwell (1979, 1981)]. Education, it is argued influences women's beliefs about the good health, causes and cures of diseases that increases the demand of the utilisation of modern health care facilities. Therefore, educated mothers are more likely to seek medical treatment for themselves and for their children resulting in higher intensity of the use of a better quality modern care that grows with the advancement of education. Evidence from the research done elsewhere suggests that mother's education has individual positive effect on the use of health care facilities Abbas and Walker (1986); Berrera (1990) and Caldwell (1979) have pointed out that educated mothers are more likely to take advantage of the modern health facilities than their uneducated counterparts in compliance to the recommended treatments primarily due to the different attitudes in regard to the knowledge and perceptions of the importance of the modern medicine in the care of their children. Berrera (1990) in a study of child nutrition in the Philippines found that the children of educated mothers took more advantage of the public health care facilities than the children of uneducated mothers.

A Test of Effectiveness of Courseware in a College Biology Class

At Colorado State University we designed an experiment wherein approximately half of a class of 184 students in a semester, first-year biology class was placed in a traditional hands-on, experiential laboratory for two hours per week and the other half was placed in a facility with Macintosh computers to view courseware for the same time period. Computer-presented tutorial and simulation of biology laboratory concepts proved to be as good as or better than traditional approaches in increasing student academic performance. The courseware-using group performed better ( p < 0.05) than the traditional laboratory group in overall lecture examination scores, when the pretest scores of the two groups were factored in. Curiously, attitudes in regard to the use of the courseware showed a striking negative trend in this experiment.

A Plan for Environmental Packaging

Corporate executives who sit back and take a wait‐and‐see attitude in regard to defining their internal strategy for an environmental packaging program will face a rude awakening. Today's consumer will not accept a so‐called green package that is not an improvement over previous efforts and in addition, costs more. In reality, consumers are not speaking up for the environment with their pocketbooks; instead, they are speaking out and reacting in ways that are leading to environmental legislation.

Sexe, moralité et ordre social dans l'oeuvre d'Émile Durkheim

Larry Portis, Sex, Morality and Social Order in the Work of Emile Durkheim Durkheim's conservative attitudes in regards to sex, marriage, divorce and related matters are not surprising given the epoch and his social-cultural background. But they are important in any attempt to understand the practical implications of his sociology. Underlying his theoretical work on social integration and the collective consciousness is a more ideological respect for constituted authority, the virtues of discipline, moderation, regularity, and unquestioning national patriotism. His sociology was inspired by a profoundly conservative vision of human nature and social relations that was revealed clearly when he debated the questions of male-female relations and sex education.

*Unspoken Thoughts*: A Reassessment of Ada Cambridge

Bradstock responds to previous critics who argued that Cambridge yielded to convention and limited her thought. Bradstock argues that Cambridge entertained quite unconventional attitudes in regards to sexual morality and theology and expressed them in her prose and poetry. Although revision of poems from Unspoken Thoughts made The Hand in the Dark less radical, Cambridge revisited many of her early themes in later fiction.

Social rejection of the mentally ill: A replication study of public attitude

A replication survey of public attitudes toward the mentally ill was completed after a decade had elapsed which employed similar measures across the same urban area. Prior research evidence was empirically corroborated which indicated that attitude toward the mentally ill is not a uni-dimensional phenomenon, but is tied to differing social contexts. It does appear that a distinction can be made between attitudes in regard to social relations (personal contact) and social responsibility (impersonal contact). It was found that rejection of the mentally ill in situations of social relations was linked to prior personal experience with mental illness, perceived dangerousness of the mentally ill, and age of the survey respondent. Rejection of the mentally ill in circumstances involving social responsibility contracts (employment, housing, community affairs) was found to be largely tied to education of respondent. No significant differences were found in levels of public rejection of the mentally ill over the comparison ten year period.

Perspectives on Working with Visually Impaired Persons Worldwide: Looking Forward

Based on visits and teaching experiences in more than 15 different countries around the world, the differences in philosophies in education, changing attitudes in regard to persons with visual impairments, and service delivery systems are discussed. Examples are provided when appropriate. Special attention is given to the dramatic emphasis on development of low vision services in recent years. The article closes with challenges for the future.

The control, discouragement, and cessation of smoking in a hospital setting.

Smoking interventions in a hospital setting are reviewed. Research on smoking control indicates that smoking can be easily controlled in a hospital setting with little or no resistance from patients and/or employees. Smoking discouragement efforts have also been found to decrease smoking rate, and to change attitudes in regard to smoking as a health hazard and decrease sales of tobacco products in a hospital setting. Smoking cessation efforts have also been found to be effective in a hospital setting. An argument is made for the use of a comprehensive program utilizing all three components: smoking control, discouragement, and cessation.

The Funny Side of Sport

In my paper I deal above all with a certain form of comicality, namely with sport humour. The humoristic, contemplative and philosophical attitude in regard to the absurdities created by modern sport asks for indulgence. But satirical attitudes are not lacking and they happen to be ruthless and ridicule sport. The comic side of sport is quite extensive and it results, from the communi cative aspect of sport and certain revaluations of culture being also the outcome of the popularization of sport. In this study I base myself on the assumption that changes in the style of culture and changes of structures create a very favourable foundation for comicality. Examples serve to illustrate the accepted assumption. These examples are of a varied nature and have a variety of sources, which I think is permitted in subject matter formulated in this way.

Physical Culture — Past and Present

This article deals with the problem of the influence exerted by tradition on the aspect of physical culture being created at present and the significance of the con temporary value system for the reconstruction of the history of man's motor activity. Depending on the methodological approach to history researchers of physical culture in each new epoch embark on a controversy regarding the shape of tradition in the sphere that interest them. This situation was caused by the fact that problems of our times cannot be solved without a fundamental correction of the retrospective picture of social reality. In addition to this, history always functions as a collection of arguments in favour or against proposals of social change. Finally each new social force tries to find confirmation in history for its own programme of action. That is why there are such diversified attitudes in regard to historical experience in the field of physical culture.

Women in Ancient Art

The feminist movement has awakened our critical interest in woman's role and status in society. The culture-bound nature of our attitudes is cast in high relief not only by the investigation of contemporary mores, but also through the exploration of some of the cultures which are the cornerstones of Western civilization. Many of our attitudes in regard to women arise from the ancient Near Eastern origins of our Judeo-Christian traditions. It is interesting that so many of the roles of women today are close reflections of their Biblical prototypes.1 The tenacity of these stereotypes is all the more surprising in view of the radical shifts elsewhere in society.

The role of boarding special schools in the treatment of children with recurrent disabling disorders

SUMMARY This article examines three disorders, asthma, epilepsy and diabetes, suggesting that they have certain common features, being constitutional in origin, having periods of exacerbation with overt physical symptoms, requiring maintenance drug treatment and being potentially life‐threatening. Their effects upon personality, in particular in relation to social and educational failure, are outlined and the role of boarding school in the treatment of children so affected is described, together with criteria for selection for such treatment. The tendency towards entrenched attitudes in regard to boarding school is deprecated, preventing its consideration as a positive form of treatment for a small group of vulnerable children.

The Professional Cricketer in England in the Nineteenth Century

The growth of cricket as a major participant and spectator sport in the nineteenth century was due to many factors as yet not fully under stood or explained. It is not the intention of this article to go into the reasons for the growth of cricket as such, but to examine a section of its workforce, the professional cricketer, who was engaged at two major levels in the game. He played in the increasing number of county cricket and international teams that drew the crowds to such grounds as The Oval, Trent Bridge and Lord's, and he taught the arts and crafts of the game to the growing number of preparatory schools, public schools and local clubs who played cricket for both recreative and moral reasons. The professional cricketer's story is an intrinsically interesting one in terms of wages, life style and customs, but it also sheds light upon nineteenth-century attitudes in regard to class, respectability and the changing position of working men during the century. For the pro fessional cricketer was a working man. His origins were 'agricultural labouring', changing to 'craftsman', as England became more indus trialised. His wages were low, but opportunities for advancement were there, to be taken by a few; his life was subject to the hazards affecting all working men: ill-health, accidents, drink, improvidence and destitution for self and family in old age. The boom in cricket, reflected in 'gates', publicity and the beginnings of a 'star' system did, however, give unique opportunities to this particular working man just as pro fessional football, music hall, and in our own day pop music have offered avenues to success in the entertainment industries created by and for an industrial society. The origins of cricket are obscure, but by the eighteenth century it was a flourishing game in the south of England. Aristocrats such as the

2. Procreative Family Attitudes of American and Foreign Students

There are many factors which affect the decision of the individual as to the number of children desired. Among these, the present study indicates that nationality and religion are included. About 73 percent of the foreign students want to have two children only and 15 percent want three children only. About 57 percent of the American students want two children and 35 percent want three children only. A very small proportion from both national groups want more than three children. In analyzing student attitudes toward family planning, it has been found that American and foreign students have similar attitudes in regard to divorce of barren wife by nationality and social class. Social class has a significant effect on whether more children are desired with more income is concerned. Regarding the relationship of increased security with more children, the attitudes are similar by social class and by religion, but differ significantly by nationality. Roughly one fifth of the foreign students and two-fifths of the American students would feel more secure with more children. For the best age for marriage no significant differences are in evidence by nationality or by social class. For the timing of the first child and the number of siblings in the family of orientation, no significant differences were found by social class or by religion. The use of contraceptives and the number of children desired has no significant difference by social class, though the effects of nationality and religion are significant. Of thirteen chi-square tests (Siegel, 1956, 104-111 and 175-179) comparing American students to foreign students, only two tests tend to support the research hypothesis. Hence, we can conclude that similar education has had very limited consensual effect on the attitudes of the foreign students regarding the procreative family. The hypothesis based on Long's assertion is not tenable namely that common educational experience will tend to eliminate differences in attitudes. The findings agree with Wesotowski's statement that the motives of people's behavior depend on the type of culture in which they were brought up and in which they live.

British Diplomacy and the Cession of Formosa, 1894—95

As a turning-point in the international politics of the Far East, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 has been studied from many different viewpoints. In particular, the renowned tripartite Intervention by Russia, France and Germany into the terms of the Shimonoseki Peace Treaty has interested many students of diplomacy. However, the questions of Formosa and the Pescadore Islands and of the British attitude in regard to the Intervention remain historically unanswered, mainly because of the lack of publicized British official documents.

The Arabian influence in the Taureg music

The somewhat scanty literature on Tuareg music sometimes adopts contrary attitudes in regard to the problem of foreign influences. Holiday1 makes a rough division of the Ahaggar Tuareg songs into those showing negro influence and those with Moorish characteristics, without offering a closer definition of the term Moorish. However, it probably stands for the Maghreb blend of Berber-Arabian culture. Zoehrer, on the other hand, states that the Tuareg songs and airs must be clearly distinguished from those of the Arabs in North Africa and those of the Haussa in the South, that the Tuareg are still singing today (1935) almost exclusively their own original songs and that with very few exceptions they have made no musical borrowings of any kind from their Islamic neighbours to the north and south. Nikiprowetzky lists some characteristics of the Tuareg music of the Air, which are of Middle Eastern origin, but he, too, emphasizes the strict independence of the Tuareg music and its Berber origins. Lhote on the other hand notes the similarity between the Tuareg music and that of certain Berber tribes in the Atlas mountains and evidently relying on Hornbostel-Lachmann he considers certain analogies between this Berber music and South-Arabian music.

Spanish with a Tape Recorder and Ten Earphones

the average class which in the beginning might well have a defeatist attitude in regard to an oral quiz? Therefore, it is important for us to help them gain selfconfidence in their first attempts at oral expression in the foreign language. Thus, for the general morale of the class, it is just good pedagogy to test merely the material which has been thoroughly drilled and mastered by the majority of the group. Shouldn't the same precaution be taken in allowing our beginning students to record their voices in the foreign language? Otherwise, we might succeed only in discouraging them by contrasting the great difference between their pronunciation and that of the perfected model before they have had sufficient time to practice under their teachers' guiding direction the correct form. In conclusio , it may be said that the language laboratory offers a tremendous pportunity to stimula e interest in foreign language study, to improve oral fluency and auditory comprehension as well as to acquire with practice an aesthetic appreciation f the language and, finally, to dem nstrate eventually with the actual evidenc of ou testing program and controlled experimentation the ultimate effectiveness of the language laboratory and the audio-lingual approach. Because of the important role that the testing program plays in the success of the language laboratory, it might be worthwhile to discuss at ano r time one ype of oral testing rocedure which is being conducted in con ection with the la guage laboratory here at the University of Oregon.

The National Catholic Almanac (review)

BOOK REVIEWS331 original Marxian form and its later developments, with a critical analysis of Dialectical and Historical Materialism, of the economic conceptions and the attitude in regard to religion. Three appendixes deal with: Philosophy and Communism, Religion in Soviet Russia, Communism in Brazil. Obviously written for the general reader, this slender volume summarizes ably the problems and states impressively the objections against communism. The sbort bibliography lists only publications in Portuguese. RUDOLF ALLERS Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. The National Catholic Almanac. Compiled by the Franciscan Clerics of Holy Name College, Washington, D.C. Paterson, N.J.: St. Anthony Guild Press, 1949. Pp. 832. $1.50. The National Catholic Almanac compiled by the Franciscan clerics of Holy Name College, Washington, D.C. has become a fixture among Catholic publications in the United States. Any book that is published yearly for forty-three years must have undoubted merits. If you have ever consulted the Almanac you will know that the sentence on the cover "A Complete Catholic Library in One Volume" is not hyperbole. For both Catholic and non-Catholic citizens there is a wealth of information on topics of current and enduring interest, e.g., Church doctrine, practice, history and organization; religious orders; missions; recent developments in the field of religion; government matters and statistics; scientific information; sports records; general statistics; information on books and periodicals, etc. There is an especially wellwritten and concise digest of the events—secular and religious—of the past year. Perhaps among the most distinctive features of the Almanac are the short historical sketches on subjects such as "The Church- In Latin America". This reviewer happens to know, through personal contact with former editors of the Almanac how much painstaking work goes into these historical articles in an effort to keep them concisely correct. There is a section called "Catholic Ready Reference," however, which 332BOOK REVIEWS could stand a closer scrutiny in future editions. In this section, short definitions of words like "Abbess" "Alma Mater" "Beatitudes" "Tonsure" etc. are given. Some of these definitions are marvels of conciseness and correctness. But a few of them are a trifle ambiguous. For instance, "General Absolution" is called "a blessing of the Church to which a plenary indulgence is attached." In the next sentence, the text continues: "It also is given without confession of sin...to soldiers on the battlefield " (p. 206). Evidently these are not one and the same thing, although one could obtain that impression from the Almanac. On p. 213 under "Burial" the list of those to whom ecclesiastical burial is denied should have been qualified by the inclusion of the restrictive phrase contained in No. 1240 of Canon Law, sc, "unless they (apostates, schismatics, etc.) have given some signs of repentance before death". I hope the editors will take these criticisms in the spirit in which they are given. It is precisely because this "Ready Reference" is such an important and well-written section that even more care and attention should be given to each definition so that exactness and completeness will be evident to all the readers. May the Almanac keep up and even surpass the high standards set by this 1949 edition! MATHIAS KIEMEN, O.F.M. St. Joseph Seminary, Teutopolis, Illinois. La Filosofía de la ley según Domingo de Soto-. By Alfonso Zahar Vergara. Mexico: Editorial Jus, 1946. Pp. 173. The first two chapters of this small volume describe the intellectual and spiritual situation in Spain at the time of the Council of Trent, the leading personalities, especially of Francisco de Vittoria, Melchor Cano, and Juan de Mariana, and briefly, the life of de Soto. The other three chapters summarize de Soto's legal philosophy as laid down in his work De justitia et jure. The treatise follows closely the doctrine of St. ...