Attitude Theory Research Articles

Graphic associative test of attitudes as a convenient implicit measurement tool for mass polls

Several latest elections and referendums were marked by the dramatic failure of electoral forecasts based on mass polls. To respond to the dissatisfaction of the public and politicians, alternative approaches like prediction markets, Implicit Attitude Test (IAT), expectationbased forecasts and so on were developed. IAT proves to be one of the most efficient ways to enrich the forecasting models and improve their accuracy. The problem is that the original form of IAT implies too rigid rules to be applied in the traditional mass poll. As a thorough laboratory-style measurement of nervous reactions to stimuli, IAT requires a special environment, for instance, nothing should disturb or distract respondents from performing experimental tasks. Such an environment is difficult to provide during the mass poll’s fieldwork; thereby, researchers usually implement IAT on small samples. This article presents the Graphic Associative Test of Attitude (GATA) as a tool for mass polls. It is the IAT’s functional analog developed by the author and tested in a wide range of preelectoral mass polls in Russia. GATA is easy to use even with inexperienced interviewers, and its simple and intuitive-clear tasks do not create additional barriers for respondents and do not decrease the response rate. At the same time, in a reliable way, GATA identifies implicit factors of behavior and helps to improve the accuracy of forecast. As a theoretical research, this study proves the ‘dual attitude’ concept of the structural theory of attitude.

An Integrated Model of Destination Attractiveness and Tourists' Environmentally Responsible Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Place Attachment.

This study aimed to empirically explore the relationship between destination attractiveness and tourists' environmentally responsible behavior (TERB), as based on self-regulated attitude theory. In this paper, we have divided destination attractiveness into two aspects: the attractiveness of a facility's services, and that of the sightseeing experience, so as to build a structural equation model with mediation analysis. For our research, we selected Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan as the site of our case study, and we conducted a survey using a questionnaire. We then analyzed the path using a structural equation model. Our results show: (1) two elements of destination attractiveness have significantly positive effects on TERB; and (2) place attachment exerts a mediating effect among the attractiveness of the facility's services, that of the sightseeing experience, and TERB. Therefore, enhancing destination attractiveness and tourists' emotional attachments to locations could help to promote the implementation of TERB and the achievement of sustainable tourism development.

Nutritional knowledge, attitude and practices among pregnant females in 2020 Shenzhen China: A cross-sectional study

The theory of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) can well explain the whole process of pregnant females' practice to obtain balanced nutrition. However, the process of KAP works very differently in populations with different sociodemography. This study aims to investigate the sociodemographic determinants associated with pregnant females' nutritional KAP and find a way to locate the vulnerable pregnant females who would benefit most from intervention. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on pregnant females' KAP regarding food nutrition at the University of Chinese Academy of Science Shenzhen Hospital from December 2020 to February 2021. A total of 310 pregnant females aged 18–40 years were interviewed. And we assessed the influence of sociodemographic factors on KAP and built a model for screening the vulnerable group who would benefit most from intervention. The results showed that on nutritional knowledge and practice, only 15.2% and 47.3% were above 0.6 respectively, while 91% were above 0.75 on attitude. Age, Husband's Education Degree, Monthly Income of Family, Nutritional Knowledge and Nutritional Attitude were statistically significant predictors of the vulnerable group. There was a gap between knowledge (3.8% were good or above) and attitude (91% were good or above), attitude and practice (16.8% were good or above). Age, household registry, education level, monthly income, and nutrition knowledge were associated with nutrition practices. This study highlights that nutritional education interventions targeting certain populations may improve the conversion rate of nutrition practices, and presents a predictive model to locate the vulnerable group.

Artificial Intelligence and Its Ethical Implications for Marketing

Despite the recent developments in AI, ethical questions arise when consumers contemplate how their data is being treated. This paper develops a conceptual model building on the theory of acceptance, risk, trust, and attitudes towards AI to understand the drivers that lead consumers to accept AI, considering consumers' ethical concerns. The model was empirically tested with 200 consumers of AI marketing services. The findings reveal that perceived risk significantly impacts attitudes toward AI, ethical concerns, and perceived trust and suggest a significant association between perceived risk, ethical concerns, and social norms. This research provides important theoretical and managerial implications for the ethical aspects of AI in marketing by highlighting the ethical and moral questions surrounding AI's acceptance. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-02-01 Full Text: PDF

They The Role of Gender, Age, And Educational Groups in Utilitarian Motivation for Sharia Products

The development of sharia products continues to increase globally, both in Muslim-majority and minority areas. Diverse cultural backgrounds influence consumers in making choices. Furthermore, there are differences of opinion in previous studies regarding demographic variables. Using functional attitude theory, the gap in consumer motivation from demographic factors in choosing sharia products. The novelty of this study is to emerge from three demographic factors: gender, age, and education level, as fully predicted control variables. Based on this explanation, this study aims to determine the effect of the relationship between the control variables on the utilitarian motivation model in sharia products. Quantitative research was employed on the primary data collected, using the analysis method of multiple group analysis structural equation modelling (SEM) on 362 respondents. The study revealed that control variables (gender, age, educational background) influenced sharia products. The scope of the research is limited, making the results of this study not maximized. In future research, it is expected to be able to expand the scope, use other control variables, and use other related subjects or objects. Keywords: demographic factor, utilitarian motivation, sharia product, intention to use, ideal self-concept

Research on Purchase Intention of E-Commerce Poverty Alleviation Products Based on Perceived Justice Perspective

This study is to empirically test whether and how perceived justice affects consumers’ purchase intention regarding e-commerce poverty alleviation products (ECPAP). Based on social exchange theory, self-regulation attitude theory, and the analysis of other relevant literature, this study proposes a model of perceived justice affecting purchase intention regarding ECPAP, in which emotional attitude is the mediator and consumers’ perceived self-serving motivation (CPSSM) is the moderating variable. Three-hundred and eighteen valid observations were collected using the questionnaire method, and these data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 22.0. The results showed that all three dimensions of perceived justice significantly and positively affect the purchase intention of ECPAP, and this effect is negatively moderated by CPSSM. In addition, an emotional attitude partially mediates the linkage between perceived justice and the intention to purchase ECPAP. The findings not only enrich the research on perceived justice and e-commerce poverty alleviation, but also provide management implications for promoting the benign sales of ECPAP from the perspective of merchants and related subjects. To a certain extent, the above findings can also be extended to other countries’ poverty reduction and rural construction work.

Development of a knowledge, attitude, and practice scale for cardiac rehabilitation for parents of children with heart disease

PurposeWe aimed to (i) develop a Cardiac Rehabilitation Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Scale for parents of children with heart disease and (ii) test its reliability and validity. MethodsBased on the theory of knowledge, attitude, and practice, an item pool was constructed through literature review, and 200 parents of children with heart disease were surveyed to test the reliability and validity of the scale. ResultsThe finalized Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Scale contains three parts, i.e., knowledge, attitude, and practice, with a total of 34 items. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the total scale was 0.731, the split-half reliability was 0.730, the content validity was 0.956, and the content validity of each item was 0.917–1. ConclusionThe Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Scale of Cardiac Rehabilitation for Parents of Children with Heart Disease has good reliability and validity, and it can be used as a tool to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents of children with heart disease participating in cardiac rehabilitation. Practice implicationsThe development of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Scale for parents of children with heart disease is of great significance for carrying out targeted education programs in the future to improve the compliance of children with heart disease with cardiac rehabilitation programs.

Co-Evolution of Dual Opinions Under Asynchronous Updating

Inspired by the dual attitudes theory that implicit opinions are individuals’ inner evaluations affected by experience while explicit opinions are external expressions of these evaluations, we propose an asynchronous co-evolution model of dual opinions, where individuals update explicit opinion at each time step but change their implicit opinion based on their own clock. Furthermore, we introduce the after-effect of observed opinion information in this model, which enables individuals to update implicit opinions not only based on the opinion information observed at the current time but also on the information received from the past period of time. We analyze the dynamics of dual opinions in two discussion scenarios: a group of individuals with similar and opposite initial opinions. In the former scenario, rigorous analysis suggests that dual opinions are polarized to extreme opinions, mathematically verifying the empirical finding that group discussion intensifies individuals’ preferences, resulting in group polarization. In the latter scenario, our investigation shows that individuals with low bias show acceptance (inward conformity) while those with high bias exhibit compliance (outward conformity). We further analyze the influence of parameters on the co-evolution of dual opinions.

The Effect of Transformational Leadership on Individual Multidimensional Reactions to Organizational Change with Self-efficacy as a Mediator

There have been many previous studies that have analyzed individual reactions to organizational change and associated them with various antecedents. However, these studies tend to only dichotomize individual reactions into forms of resistant and not resistant. Resistance itself is inconsistently defined and associated with many different aspects. This study analyzes individual reactions to organizational change from another point of view using a comprehensive reconceptualization of reactions with an attitude theory approach that include cognitive, emotional, and intentional dimensions. This study includes transformational leadership variables as part of the leadership factor and self-efficacy as part of the individual factors that influence organizational change. The research sample includes 304 civil servants within the BPS-Statistics of Jawa Tengah Province, Indonesia. The collected data were analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the bootstrapping analysis show that transformational leadership has a significantly positive effect on the three dimensions of individual reactions to change. The influence of transformational leadership can be enhanced through the role of self-efficacy as a mediator. This research provides practical implications for organizations in increasing the chances of successful change efforts through positive individual reactions. Positive reactions are generated through transformational leadership which can provide self-efficacy as an important resource for individuals in the process of organizational change. In line with COR theory, individuals who have resources tend to be more prepared to face challenges, demands, and uncertainties, especially in the context of organizational change.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI SIKAP REMAJA PADA BUDAYA KOREAN POP DI KOTA SURABAYA

At present the global influence in the spread of culture is increasingly visible due to various factors. Supporting factors such as social media and mass media. In the development of the phenomenon of K-Pop (Korean Pop) or the wave of the Korean Wave in Indonesia, this has led to the emergence of many communities of lovers of K-Pop artists, especially for teenagers, of course many have formed a community so that they can share information or knowledge about the Korean Wave. Korean pop culture is highly accepted by teenage fan groups in the city of Surabaya. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of role models and the expression of idolization of Korean pop culture on adolescent attitudes in the city of Surabaya. The theory used is Korean pop culture which consists of Role Models and Expression of Idoltation. Besides that, it also uses the theory of adolescent attitudes. The research method used in this research is quantitative. With data collection techniques through the distribution of questionnaires/questionnaires. The results of this study show the results of multiple linear regression analysis, the dimension of Korean pop culture that has the greatest influence on adolescent attitudes in the city of Surabaya is role mode with an overall indicator mean of 2.95. Then the results of the hypothesis test show that the influence given by Korean pop content culture on adolescent attitudes in the city of Surabaya has an influence of 81%.

Attitudes and action: against de se exceptionalism

ABSTRACT De se exceptionalism is the view that de se attitudes pose a distinctive problem for traditional theories of propositional attitudes. A recent argument for de se exceptionalism attempts to prove that the distinctive problem of de se attitudes has something to do with the role of de se attitudes in explaining actions. The argument is based on a case where two subjects seem to believe and desire all the same propositions but perform different actions. This is the most promising argument for de se exceptionalism in the current literature. This paper rejects the argument by proposing a novel model of action explanation, according to which agents perform what they consider to be the best actions. I will argue that the case, based on which the recent argument for de se exceptionalism is developed, is philosophically interesting. Traditional theories of propositional attitudes can accommodate the case easily. I will conclude that de se exceptionalism should be rejected.

A process perspective on experience co-creation: How pre-trip involvement prompts destination loyalty

Although the existing literature has suggested that tourists' experience co-creation during or after trips benefits destination loyalty, knowledge of how pre-trip behavior impacts future behavioral intention from a process perspective is limited. To address the gaps, we develop a logic chain linking past behavior, cognition, emotion, and future behavioral intention under a stage-by-stage process of tourists' experience co-creation using the service-dominant logic of value co-creation theory and the self-consistency principle of attitude theory. Empirically, utilizing PLS-SEM and mediation analysis in a survey (n = 500) and an experiment (n = 128), we found a serial mediation pathway whereby high-degree pre-trip involvement heightened satisfaction with the co-creation of experience, which increased place identity or place dependence, and which ultimately enhanced destination loyalty. This research is the first attempt to examine the impact of past behavior on future intention for tourists’ experience co-creation from a process perspective.

Impact of Green Human Resource Management on Employee Green Behavior: The Mediating Role of Green Attitude

This study’s main objective was to examine the impact of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) on green behaviors through the green attitude of employees. A sample of 150 employees from a chosen information technology company in Sri Lanka was drawn to accomplish this objective. The data were collected using a structured survey questionnaire, and the survey instruments were validated. The SPSS process macro was used to produce the expected impact findings. Results showed that the GRHM impacts green behaviors through employees’ green attitudes, indicating a partial mediation. The study concluded that organizations must engage in GHRM practices to strengthen employees’ green behaviors in implementing environmental and sustainability strategies. Theoretical implications of the study’s findings include validating the resource-based view, social identity theory, attitude theory, and measurement instruments used for the impact of GHRM on green behavior through green attitudes. The findings revealed GHRM’s contribution to the environmental management literature, particularly by creating new knowledge of the predicted impacts in the information and communication technology industry in a developing country context. This study also provides limitations and future research directions.

Choice consistency and inconsistency between self- and gift-purchases: the role of attitude functions

Purpose This paper aims to explore when and why consumers hold inconsistent and consistent choices between self- and gift-purchases. Design/methodology/approach Across three paper-based questionnaire experiments, the authors examine how consumers’ preferences for desirability and feasibility vary with purchase types (self- vs gift-purchases) based on the functional theories of attitudes. The authors examine consumers’ attitude functions and their self-monitoring closely associated with chronic attitude functions. Findings The findings show that the social adjustive function moderates whether consumers hold consistent or inconsistent preferences across the two purchases. Specifically, consumers generally rely more on desirability in gift-purchases than self-purchases, whereas this inconsistent preference only exists when the social adjustive function is comparable or advantaged to the utilitarian function. When the social adjustive function is significantly disadvantaged relative to the utilitarian function, consumers consistently prefer feasibility irrespective of self- or gift-purchases. Research limitations/implications The research contributes to the familiar topic of consumers’ choice trade-offs between self- and gift-purchases. It documents the moderating role of the social adjustive function of consumers’ attitudes in whether they hold consistent or inconsistent choices across the two purchases. This extends the extensive research on self-other decisions. Practical implications The findings strongly suggest retailers identify or manipulate consumers’ attitude functions to make the attitude functions align with the purchase type when recommending products. Originality/value Most relevant literature focuses on exploring choice differences between self- and gift-purchases. This research not only explores the choice differences but also attempts to find the condition under which people’s choices do not differ between the two purchases.

EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE FEATURES ON HOAX RELATED TO METH DRUGS IN DEALING WITH COVID 19 VIRUS

Hoax news related to Covid 19 pandemic was spread in the US. In some cases, it is rather difficult to differentiate between real and fake news. Therefore, this study has an aim to analyse the evaluative features of online news using appraisal theory on the attitude subsystem. The appraising items focused on attitude division in the Huzlers about Corona Virus published in 2020 as the fake news and NBC news in 2012 as the real news regarding to the use of Meth to deal with Flu virus. Both news are American Media and were published online. This main purpose of this research is to explain the realization of fake and real news with the similar topics. The data used in this study was taken from Huzlers and NBC news and was collected in three steps: comparing, intensive reading, and transcribing. Moreover, the data were analysed into three steps: classifying, categorizing and analysing using Attitude theory which is one of appraisal theory aspects in SFL discourse semantics (Martin, J. R., & Rose 2007, Martin & White 2005, Martin 2019). The results of this study found that both news, real and fake news are dominated by appreciation. However, in fake news there is a tendency that the positive polarity is used to favour meth drugs, meanwhile in real news, it shows the polarity in balance. In addition, in fake news, there is also a tendency to use judgment to appraise the people involved in the meth drugs research.

A Contribution to Social Acceptance of PV in an Oil-Rich Country: Reflections on Governmental Organisations in Iran

To examine the social acceptance of renewable energy infrastructures regarding their position in the success of energy transition, attitudes towards these technologies have been increasingly recognised to play an important role. Notably, most of empirical literature has focused on the global northern countries, with bottom-up transition governance structure. In this paper, we study attitudes towards photovoltaics in Iran, as a fossil fuel-rich country of the global south, with a top-down energy transition structure and committed to UNFCCC. We focused on governmental organisations as a key stakeholder group regarding their role in winning public acceptance. Aiming at finding determinants of attitudes towards PV, we conducted 15 qualitative interviews in 10 governmental organisations in Golestan, Guilan and Tehran. Taking an inductive approach to the data, we considered the acceptance and attitude theories as sensitising concepts to investigate common and specific issues in terms of social acceptance in Iran. We find accessing electricity and diversifying electricity resources via PV as the key technical drivers, and the upstream policies as the key political drivers towards PV adoption. Though the weak policies (design and implementation), privileging economic and technical obstacles, do hinder the PV adoption and shape negative attitudes toward it. We realise that the previous literature overlooked the fossil fuel-rich countries and their energy transition governance structure. Our findings imply that better-designed upstream policies with a more enabling policy framework are needed to motivate actions on the governmental organisation level.

Covid 19 Pandemic Government Interventions and Their Implications on Shopper Behavior: A Study of Consumers in Kenya

Studies on consumer behavior continue to attract attention all over the world, because of the implications they have in the market. Behavior as expressed through attitude changes and perceptions can be brought about by many factors including government interventions. The year 2020 has been characterized by many government interventions in trying to contain the corona virus pandemic, and it is important to assess how the measures have influenced shopper behavior. Using the consumer behavior theories (Bagozzi and Kimmel 1995 , Bagozzi et al. (2002) with specific reference to the Rational choice theory (Adam Smith, 1776) and the and the functional attitude theory (when Smith, Bruner, and White (1956) and Katz (1960), the researchers sought to determine the effect of government intervention measures on influence on shopper behavior, and whether shopper demographic characteristics either moderate or mediate the relationship between government intervention measures and shopper behavior. Descriptive cross sectional design was used, with a stratified sample drawn from former students from the School of Business, University of Nairobi. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that government intervention measures significantly influenced shopper (F value of 3.962, p = 003 < 0.05), and accounted for 22.6% of the changes in shopper behavior ( R 2 = 0.226). The study found that that contrary to the popular belief that consumers in developing countries put price before quality, in a situation like the corona virus pandemic which has direct effect on the consumers, quality of the products used for prevention comes first and the consumers will buy provided the product is of the right quality. The study found that shopper characteristics have a significant mediating effect on the relationship between government intervention measures and shopper behavior. The researchers recommend that government and other policy makers have relevant information about shopper behavior as a basis for implementing certain measures that may negatively influence their behavior and injure the economy. Keywords: Covid19 pandemic, operational issues, shopper behavior, consumer attitude DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/87-03 Publication date: October 31 st 2022

Assessing spectator motivation for the Paralympics: the mediating role of attitude

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the influence of para-sport spectator motivation on spectator revisit intentions and the mediating effect of attitude on motivation and revisit intentions.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted in the context of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Paralympic Games. A total of 350 respondents completed a survey. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data.FindingsInspiration, supercrip image, physical skill/aesthetics, and social interaction had strong influences on attitudes toward Winter Paralympics, and attitude was also shown to have a strong impact on revisit intentions. The results also revealed the mediating effect of attitude on para-sports motivation factors (inspiration, supercrip image, physical skill/aesthetics, and social interaction) and revisit intentions.Originality/valueThis study extends the literature on para-sport spectator motivation. Although there are a few studies examining spectators' motivation to attend para-sport events, there is limited research on the relationships among motivation, attitude, and revisit intention based on consumer attitude theories. The results are valuable to sport managers in increasing the propensity of para-sports events by understanding the factors that lead to changes in attitudes and increases in future attendance.

Gestalt-Switch of Luxury Products: Exploring Pitfalls of Inconsistent Value Expressions in Conspicuous Consumption

This study explores the ethicality of displaying luxury items in social interactions, integrating conspicuous consumption theory and functional theories of attitudes. We conceptualize the phenomenon of changing ethical perceptions (gestalt-switch) toward conspicuous consumption, building on data from two quantitative studies (N = 280). Study 1 employs ‘functional theories of attitudes’ (value-expressive and social-adjustive) to explore the link between social attitude functions and peoples’ ethical perception of luxury watch display. Informed by study 1, study 2 investigates how social attitude functions explain the ethical perception of wearing a luxury watch in specific interpersonal contexts. Using regression analysis, the study indicates a link between peoples’ ethical perception of conspicuously consuming luxury watches in social interactions and social attitude functions. Surprisingly, attitude functions cannot explain peoples’ ethical perceptions in social interactions with a transactional character. The results highlight that the attitude toward a luxury watch can change from desirable to undesirable (gestalt-switch), such that the bearer perceives the watch ostentation as unethical. Theorizing on this attitudinal change, we offer a contribution by emphasizing the conspicuous consumers striving for a harmonious gestalt or context-value-consistency when expressing personal values through a luxury watch.

Creating the customer-based brand equity through the viewpoints of technology inspiration and functional attitude theory

This study contributes to understanding the mediating and moderating processes that link technology management with brand equity accumulation through the function of attitudes. Two- and three-ways moderated model linking image/video integration and utilitarian functions to the strength of the relationship between technology inspiration and attitudes. Further, drawing on brand equity and attitude theory, our multiple mediation model posits that (1) the value-expressive attitude influences the social-adjustive attitude through the hedonic function, and (2) perceived quality may affect brand image and advance customer brand loyalty. Data from 642 visitors engaged in Kinmen culinary experience support this proposed model. Implications for theoretical and managerial practice are discussed in the final section. • New technology as a newly predictor of culinary brand equity. • A mediation-moderation empirical model was used to exams the proposition. • Value-expressive influences the social-adjustive through the hedonic function. • Perceived quality may affect brand image and advance visitor brand loyalty. • Data from 642 visitors engaged in culinary experience support this proposed model.