Attention Of Readers Research Articles

Difficult texts: 2 Kings 6.24—7.20 – Israelite woman cooks her own son?

A mother in Israel invited other mothers to cook and eat their children? The story in full appears in 2 Kings 6.24—7.20. The passage is essentially about the siege of Samaria by the Syrian army. It includes tales about the siege of Samaria, cannibalism, the unbelief of a centurion, and four lepers. Although the section on cannibalism is mentioned only momentarily, it has become controversial and has captured the attention of Bible readers.

The concept of the Schwann cell by Louis Ranvier and his school: The ‘interannular segment’ as a cell unit

ABSTRACT The hundredth anniversary of the death of French histologist Louis Ranvier (1835‒1922) is an opportunity to reexamine his elaboration of the first concept of the Schwann cell. A loyal supporter of Theodor Schwann and his discoveries, and an attentive reader of the work of Albert von Kölliker, Ranvier studied the anatomic details of the myelinated nerve fiber with picrocarminate staining. The diffusion of the dye into the nerve fiber at the cut ends and at the sites of the annular constrictions (Ranvier’s nodes) set him on the path to defining a new cellular entity surrounding the axon, the “interannular segment,” comprising a Schwann nucleus, myelin, and cytoplasm. Ramón y Cajal recognized in 1913 that this concept of the Schwann cell according to Ranvier and his pupil William Vignal had been a brilliant intuition, but it was widely rejected until it was rediscovered using electron microscopy in the 1950s. The article reconstructs the steps of Ranvier and Vignal in building this Schwann cell concept, as well as establishing bridges with the discoveries of the 1950s.

Characteristics of Principles of Law as Legal Regulators

Introduction. The question of understanding the principles of law is constantly being raised both in branch legal sciences and in the general theory of law. Popular in legal doctrine is the thesis that they are common, fundamental ideas. However, with this approach, the possibility of their perception as regulators of legal relations is lost. Ne­vertheless, law enforcement practice refers to them precisely in this capacity; on the basis of their application, specific cases are considered and judicial acts are issued. The judgment that ideas rule the world is devoid of applied content; there is no speci­fic implementation mechanism behind it. The above allows us to generate a judgment: the understanding of the principles of law as legal regulators has not lost its relevance at the moment, which led to the choice of the author of this problem as the subject of his scientific research. Research Мethods. Based on the general dialectical method of cognition, using general theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, logical, systemic) and private scientific methods (formal logical, legal analysis, historical), the author investigated the genesis of ideas about the principles of rights as regulators of legal relations and revealed their content and basic functional properties. Results. In this article, the author, based on an analysis of the points of view of many representatives of legal science, came to the conclusion that the doctrine not only lacks uniformity in the understanding of the principle of law (there is no need for it), but also research into the characteristics of the principle of law as a regulator of legal relations is at the initial stage of its formation. Discussion and Сonclusion. The thesis is substantiated by refusing to formulate a universal definition of the “principle of law”. A system of essential features of the principle of law is offered to the attention of readers, revealing the content of this legal phenomenon.

Exploring annotation taxonomy in grouped bar charts: A qualitative classroom study

Annotations are an essential part of data analysis and communication in visualizations, which focus a readers attention on critical visual elements (e.g. an arrow that emphasizes a downward trend in a bar chart). Annotations enhance comprehension, mental organization, memorability, user engagement, and interaction and are crucial for data externalization and exploration, collaborative data analysis, and narrative storytelling in visualizations. However, we have identified a general lack of understanding of how people annotate visualizations to support effective communication. In this study, we evaluate how visualization students annotate grouped bar charts when answering high-level questions about the data. The resulting annotations were qualitatively coded to generate a taxonomy of how they leverage different visual elements to communicate critical information. We found that the annotations used significantly varied by the task they were supporting and that whereas several annotation types supported many tasks, others were usable only in special cases. We also found that some tasks were so challenging that ensembles of annotations were necessary to support the tasks sufficiently. The resulting taxonomy of approaches provides a foundation for understanding the usage of annotations in broader contexts to help visualizations achieve their desired message.

Christian Zionism and Its Impact on USA Politics

As we will see in this study, “Christian Zionism,” which was historically introduced about half a century before Jewish Zionism and inspired it, is not merely a concept consisting of two words. While the Jewish ideology of returning to Palestine had a Messianic and religious jargon in ancient and mediaeval times, contemporary Jewish Zionism has additional secular, nationalist, and socialist components to it. It is not possible to evaluate Christian Zionism independently of specific prophecies and, of course, religion. When we look at the history of Christianity, although we see extreme anti-Semitism and, within the framework of this enmity, severe oppression> and persecution of Jews, in recent years, significant Christian groups, especially American Evangelicals, have not only renounced the oppression and genocide of Jews but have decided to support Jews under all circumstances and even seem to be filled with sympathy for Jews. Can it be the reason that Christians, through their reading of the Old Testament from a different perspective in the post-Reformation period, have truly regretted their mistreatment of the Jews up to this point and have come to appreciate the Jews? Or else do economic and political interests now require such a theopolitics? Or is it because the Christian prophecy that the second coming of Jesus Christ will only be possible when today's Al-Aqsa Mosque is demolished, and the Temple of Solomon is rebuilt in its place has been drowned out by the Zionist Jewish prophecy that is so passionate about rebuilding the Temple that evangelical Christians in particular, and their puppet US administrations in particular, support the state of Israel under all circumstances - given the human tragedy unfolding in Gaza today? By seeking answers to these and similar questions in the current study, it will be presented to the reader's attention why the Western states, especially the United States, support and participate in this crime against humanity by Israel, which massacres dozens of innocent people every day.

Indonesian Image of the Ottoman Caliphate and the New Republic of Türkiye 1918–1925

This article is a preliminary study on Indonesians’ perceptions on the decline of the Ottoman Caliphate, and the rise of the Turkish Republic based on the highlights in vernacular press printed in Java and Sumatra. By scrutinizing textual discourse on the Caliphate and the Turkish Republic, this paper examined Indonesians’ views delivered in newspapers, such as Poestaka Hizboel Wathan, Medan Prijaji, Soeara Islam, Zaman Baroe, and Bintang Islam. These newspapers informed on the consecutive political changes, including a total ‘weltanschauung’ during the ruling era of Mustafa Kemal, which drew the significant attention of Indonesian readers, contradictory responses on the complexities of the developments among the intellectuals. Through qualitative methodology and content analysis, this paper gives additional contribution to the study of historical relations between Indonesia and Türkiye.

Nameplate Designs, Headline Point Sizes, and Colour on Nigerian Newspapers: A Study of Selected National Dailies

Nigerian newspapers are consciously adapting to visual design formats in their bid to appeal to consumers. These visual design methods involve the arrangement of page furniture, such as headlines, colour, and nameplates, in a way that is visually attractive and perceptive to the reader. This study sought to discover the current application of colour, headline typefaces, and point sizes, as well as nameplate designs, on four of the nation’s leading daily newspapers: <i>Vanguard, The Punch, Daily Sun, </i>and<i> Leadership, </i>from September 2014 to August 2015. Twenty-four issues of each of these titles were sampled for the study over a period of 12 months, from September 2014 to August 2015. These resulted in a sample frame of 96 issues of the selected newspapers. The population of the four daily newspapers during the period was 1,048, made up of 261 daily issues of <i>Vanguard</i>, 261 issues of <i>The Punch</i>, 263 issues of the <i>Daily Sun, </i>and 263 issues of <i>Leadership</i>. The study which was anchored in the Gestalt theory of visual perception adopted the visual analysis method of research. The methodology was chosen because it addresses a designer’s formal elements, such as visual attributes best explained in the form of colour, line, texture, and size. Data obtained from the sampled newspapers was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0. The findings were that each of these newspapers paid attention to the design of its nameplate, printed the front and back pages in colour and applied bold headlines to attract the attention of readers during the period of the study.

A Semiotic Analysis of the Verbal and Non-Verbal Slogans Used in the Day of Ashura

Slogans serve multifaceted purposes. They elucidate intricate concepts, articulate group philosophies and objectives, foster identification, spark violent conflicts, and anticipate future expectations. This study delves into the examination of the slogans articulated by Imam Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) or his adherents during Ashura revolution in response to the deviations in Yazid's rule. The primary objective is to unravel the meanings embedded in the visual signs, encompassing both denotation and connotation, inherent in these slogans. Employing Barthes's (1968) semiotic theory, the researchers scrutinize six selected images, each featuring impactful slogans sourced from various websites. The analysis reveals that these images encompass a fusion of verbal and non-verbal signs. Furthermore, the study finds that slogans not only have denotative meanings, but are also rich in various connotations. The inclusion of colour in conjunction with the slogans in the images is a deliberate strategy to capture the reader's attention and evoke psychological responses.

Towards Visualization Thumbnail Designs That Entice Reading Data-Driven Articles.

As online news increasingly include data journalism, there is a corresponding increase in the incorporation of visualization in article thumbnail images. However, little research exists on the design rationale for visualization thumbnails, such as resizing, cropping, simplifying, and embellishing charts that appear within the body of the associated article. Therefore, in this paper we aim to understand these design choices and determine what makes a visualization thumbnail inviting and interpretable. To this end, we first survey visualization thumbnails collected online and discuss visualization thumbnail practices with data journalists and news graphics designers. Based on the survey and discussion results, we then define a design space for visualization thumbnails and conduct a user study with four types of visualization thumbnails derived from the design space. The study results indicate that different chart components play different roles in attracting reader attention and enhancing reader understandability of the visualization thumbnails. We also find various thumbnail design strategies for effectively combining the charts' components, such as a data summary with highlights and data labels, and a visual legend with text labels and Human Recognizable Objects (HROs), into thumbnails. Ultimately, we distill our findings into design implications that allow effective visualization thumbnail designs for data-rich news articles. Our work can thus be seen as a first step toward providing structured guidance on how to design compelling thumbnails for data stories.

The dream of space and it's implementaition

On April 9, 2024, on the eve of Cosmonautics Day, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences L.M. Zeleny, laureate of the K.E. Tsiolkovsky 2023, spoke at a meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences with a brief message, which is brought to the attention of readers of the journal “Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences”.

Russ Tomlin, attention, working memory, reference, and referential choice

ABSTRACT Russ Tomlin created an original approach to discourse production, including a theory based on the achievements of cognitive psychology and novel experimental paradigms. Particularly important is his theory of how attention affects linguistic structure. Tomlin’s approach played an important role in the development of the framework of reference and referential choice, developed by the present author over the years. A brief sketch of that framework is provided, including a relationship between attention and reference, focal attention and subjecthood, working memory and referential choice, as well as an integral model including all these components. In recent years this framework was enriched by machine learning methods, helping to assess the contributions of various factors to referent activation and referential choice. A number of recent studies are brought to the attention of readers. These studies focus on the interplay of activation factors, novel factors of referential choice, functioning of referential conflict, and comparison of referential choice in speaking and in writing.

Confrontation between Shamkhalate and Kabarda in the 16<sup>th</sup> century (the issue of international relations in the North Caucasus)

The article is devoted to the problems of the development of the regional system of international relations in the North Caucasus in the 16th century. The era of the Horde khans and Shirvanshahs is forever a thing of the past, and they were replaced by new empires: the Safavids, the Ottomans and the Moscow state. With the help of world-system analysis the article reveals the transformation of the political landscape of the region that took place at that period. A new look at the Caucasian communities and their place in the history of civilization, as well as the forms happened to occur in the process of their integration into a particular state is offered to the reader's attention. The methods of identity formation used at that period are of great interest, as well as the hierarchical ideas that existed in the field of international relations. For the first time, the paper comes as an attempt to reconstruct the views on the balance of power then prevailing in the North Caucasus that correspond to the epoch under study.

The Emergence of a Novel Anti-Neoplastic Era in Gene Therapy for Cancer: A Review Study

A concise and factual abstract is required (200-250 words). The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. The author should be very clear about the purpose and outcome of the research and describe it succinctly in the abstract. Moreover, author should entice the readers by attracting their interest in the research and ensure that he clearly states author’s key argument or main findings in the abstract. As a primary goal, the abstract should make the general significance and conceptual advance of the work clearly accessible to a broad readership. The abstract should avoid unnecessary wordiness and focus on quickly and concisely summarizing the major points of the work. An abstract is not an introduction; author is not trying to capture the reader's attention with timeliness or to orient the reader to the entire background of your study. When readers finish reading the abstract, they should have a strong sense of the article’s purpose, approach, and conclusions.

An Investigation Into The Reading Direction Preferences Of Generation Z: A Study On The Design Of Asian Winter Olympics Posters

Visual design is a crucial tool for communicating ideas through images rather than words or printed text. It enables readers to visually interpret and understand information, potentially solving problems across various life aspects. Traditional reading patterns usually flow from left to right and from top to bottom, while some Asian scripts are written in horizontal rows from left to right or in vertical columns from top to bottom. Lines guide the eye between sections and visual elements, while white space allows the eye to rest and focus on targeted areas. The purpose of arranging the five elements of layout design—text, images, lines, shapes, and white space—is to capture the reader's attention and effectively convey information. In this study, researchers conducted a visual content analysis of a poster with 40 Generation Z respondents to investigate their reading direction. This generation is known for its frequent use of various gadgets and preference for short, simple text to comprehend content. The researchers intentionally designed a vertical banner-sized poster representing the Asian Winter Olympics as a sample. The events included Sapporo 1972 and Nagano 1998 in Japan, PyeongChang 2018 in South Korea, and Beijing 2022 in China. The poster is segmented into four sections from top to bottom, each depicting one of the Winter Olympics events from 1972 to 2022. Coding categories were developed to analyse text layout, lines, and white space. However, the colours and images of these emblems and symbols of the Winter Olympic Games were predetermined, so colours and images were not examined in this study. This exploratory study of Generation Z offers an analytical approach to understanding the reading orientation of Generation Z and serves as a basis for future research. Additionally, several informants tended to scan the poster for information, even though it was not indicated that the poster could be interacted with via an app on their mobile phones.

О выпуске бумажных денежных знаков 1926-го года Управления Треста «Азнефть»

For the first time in the article, paper currency signs of the year 1926 of the “Azneft” Trust Department are involved in the study. A brief history of the period, the social and public situation, and a list of private issues in Azerbaijan are provided on the basis of factual material—paper money signs. Indicating the main meaning of this material, the authors have collected and analysed information about the features, varieties, and place of printing of this issue. Also, color images of denominations, which were not previously known and not published, are presented for the first time to the attention of readers, and a complete and systematic catalog has also been compiled. The article is of interest to bonists, historians, collectors, and other interested parties. The main results of this research are used in research projects.

“CONFESSIONS” BY J.-J. ROUSSEAU: TECHNIQUES OF AESTHETIC INFLUENCE AND STRATEGY OF READER’S RECEPTION

The study aims to explore the specific features of the modern reception of J.-J. Rousseau’s “Confessions”. The theoretical framework of the research is grounded on the ideas advanced by T. Avtuxovych, M.Czermińska, M.Głowiński, W.Iser, R. Jakobson, H.R.Jauss, P.Lejeune, Yu. Lotman, V.Tjupa, Zh. Starobinskiy and other scholars. The researchers describe the semiotic model of literary communication and the theory of the text by Yuri Lotman. The research was conducted using historic-functional, hermeneutic, receptive, and theoretical analysis methods. An attempt is made in this paper to show how the process of “decoding” the meanings intended by the author in the text takes place. In particular, the authors study how Rousseau’s “Confessions” functions in the structure of modern literary communication. The specific objectives of the present study are the meanings of “Confessions” are read by the contemporary recipient and which ones are relegated to the background compared to the literary communication of the eighteenth century. The common discourse code of the author and the reader is the key to successful communication and understanding of the specifics of the project of Rousseau’s life writing. At the same time, the success and specificity of artistic communication are influenced by the difference in discourse code meanings related to the time distance between the author and the recipient and the layering of new historical and cultural patterns in the reader’s consciousness. At the thematic level, three main themes are considered, including: a) the social origin of the autobiographical subject, b) his conflict with society, and c) the protagonist’s intimate self-disclosure. Thus, the article provides a detailed examination of the motif of the social origin of the autobiographical character. On the topic of the social origin of the character, instead of the plebeian’s right to public attention for the contemporary reader, the value of education and knowledge, freedom of speech and individual liberty are being actualised. Of particular note is the theme of the conflict between a character and society, the idea of the human right to otherness, the right to personal liberty and the right to choose the concept of one’s own life comes to the forefront. Thus, a literary text realises the social function of literature. The reading of the character’s self-disclosure by an attentive reader (from Rousseau’s contemporary to modern readers) has a twofold purpose: first, to encourage everyone to live the experience of the character and thus to think about themselves, and second, to reflect on society as a whole. It testifies to the fact that in the aspect of self-disclosure of the meaning of “Confessions”, the transformation of confession as an external form of a religious rite of repentance addressed to God into the narrative genre of confessional autobiography addressed to a human reader of the story is actualized. The study demonstrated a need for continuation of the study in the aspect of reader reception to contribute to the perception of its place in the contemporary literary and cultural space.

Shocking Therapy: Narrating Racism’s Psychobiological Injuries in Ralph Ellison’s Factory Hospital

Taking seriously Ralph Ellison’s interest in the sympathetic nervous system and his involvement in the Black hospital movement, this article demonstrates how the protagonist’s pain in Invisible Man’s factory hospital scene influences the narrator’s writerly “choices” in the novel’s frame narrative. Scholarship on the novel thoroughly attends to the trope of the protagonist’s invisibility but regularly overlooks his corporeal presence. Invisible Man experiences social invisibility, not as a metaphor but as an embodied, somatic state initiated through racializing violence. This essay offers a psychobiologically attentive reading of the factory hospital scene to investigate the potentialities of the Black protagonist’s embodied living. In the scene, racist doctors injure the protagonist’s brain through electroshock torture, disrupting his cognition and sympathetic nervous system. However, the protagonist’s corporeal development of a new consciousness through racist injury has unintended consequences; his resilient brain charts new pathways of thought, undermining his domination through emotional self-awareness. This essay argues that the protagonist’s patient narrative—written following brain injury—functions as a countertechnology to the doctors’ racializing machine.

The Representation of the Self in Alfred Lord Tennyson's Poetry

Literary investigation of selfhood has long reflected human identity and introspection. Alfred Lord Tennyson's self-portraits are examined in this article. Tennyson's introspective lyrics illuminated Victorian consciousness during immense social and intellectual change. This article examines Tennyson's complex self-representation in selected poems. The essay places Tennyson's poetry in the context of Victorian literature and ideas, stressing selfhood's changing roles. It examines Tennyson's introspective study of emotions, wants, doubts, and fears. According to Tennyson's poems, the self's relationship to nature, society, and history is examined. A thematic analysis of seclusion, nostalgia, and existential pondering illuminates Tennyson's interest in the self's place in the ever-changing universe. It explores Tennyson's approach to memory and identity, showing how his poetic personas traverse the complex relationship between past and present identities. We conclude with Tennyson's poetics of change, where the self transforms and renews in the face of life's obstacles and uncertainties. This article illuminates Tennyson's literary language and influences on Victorian selfhood through attentive readings and critical analysis. It shows how Tennyson's verses reflect the Victorian self's complexity, inconsistencies, and existential aspirations; they resonate beyond time and invite readers to consider their identities in the ever-changing tapestry of human experience.

О научной дискуссии в отношении понятия «международное двойное налогообложение»

In general the approach of the OECD model tax convention to the definition of international double taxation is widely accepted in the scientific and educational literature. At the same time it would be incorrect to say that there is, in principle, no scientific discussion regarding this concept. In the article the author brings to the reader's attention approaches to understanding international double taxation presented in German literature, including a proposal to adjustt traditional definition from OECD documents in connection with the introduction of the definition of the term “double taxation” in one of the European Union directives on taxation. The author offers a critical overview of the existing approaches, and also discusses the role of the concept of “international double taxation” in Russian tax law.

‘Une lueur douteuse’: Artificial Light and the Literary Imagination (1841–1913)

ABSTRACT The lighting of Paris underwent the most radical transformation in its history between the mid-nineteenth to the early-twentieth century. In turn, new degrees of brightness, colours, effects and rituals found their way into the literary imagination. This article specifically discusses literary scenes where lighting technologies - candlelight, oil light, gaslight - accompany depictions of emotions. I argue that lighting was a narrative device to generate tension, to stage certain emotions, to guide the reader's attention, and to depict interior emotional states. We will find that literary analysis offers insights into the connections between new technologies and the history of the emotions.