Management Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Articles

Exploring Virtual Reality and Exercise Simulator Interventions in Patients With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Comprehensive Literature Review.

This review explores virtual reality (VR) and exercise simulator-based interventions for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Past research indicates that both VR and simulator-based interventions enhance cognitive functions, such as executive function and memory, though their impacts on attention vary. This study aimed to contribute to the ongoing scientific discourse on integrating technology-driven interventions into the management and evaluation of ADHD. It specifically seeks to consolidate findings on how VR and exercise simulators may support individuals with ADHD, acknowledging associated challenges and implications inherent in both technological approaches. This research looks at existing literature to examine the potential efficacy of VR and exercise simulator-based interventions for individuals with ADHD. It evaluates the capacity of these interventions to address specific challenges along with an emphasis on the adjustments for accommodating unique user behaviors. Additionally, it underscores the limited exploration of user perceptions of exercise simulator-based interventions and the undervalued role of motor function in both ADHD assessment and symptom management. The findings of this scoping review reveal that, while these interventions enhance user motivation and enjoyment, certain challenges resist modification through technology. Furthermore, this study explores the intricate complexities involved in customizing these technologies to accommodate the diverse aspects of user behavior and highlights the potential limitations in the use of VR. This scoping review contributes to the ongoing research on enhancing interventions to support individuals with ADHD. It advocates for participant-centric approaches that aim to optimize both cognitive and motor outcomes while prioritizing the enhancement of user experiences. This study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to interventions, recognizing the relationship between cognitive and motor abilities, and calls for improving technological interventions to address the varied needs of individuals with ADHD.

Impact of psychostimulants on microbiota and short-chain fatty acids alterations in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, is associated with alterations in gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are metabolites influencing the gut-brain axis. Evidence suggests that psychostimulant medications, widely used to manage ADHD symptoms, may also impact gut microbiota composition and SCFA levels. This study explores these potential effects by examining gut microbiota profiles and SCFA concentrations in unmedicated and medicated children with ADHD, compared to healthy controls. Fecal samples from 30 children aged 6–12 years (10 unmedicated ADHD, 10 medicated ADHD, and 10 healthy controls) were analyzed using 16 S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. Unmedicated ADHD children show distinct gut microbiota profiles, with lower level of Tyzzerella, Prevotellaceae, and Coriobacteriaceae, compared to controls. Notably, propionic acid levels were negatively associated with ADHD symptom severity, suggesting a potential biomarker role. Medicated ADHD children showed lower gut microbial diversity, unique taxa, and lower SCFA levels, compared to unmedicated children with ADHD. These findings suggest that gut microbiota and SCFAs may be linked to ADHD symptomatology, underscoring the importance of gut-brain interactions in ADHD. This study highlights the potential of gut health monitoring as part of future ADHD management strategies.

Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Vietnamese Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aims to determine the prevalence of OSA in children with ADHD, compare the differences in clinical characteristics between children with ADHD-OSA and those without OSA (ADHD-nonOSA), and to identify the correlation between OSA and ADHD in children. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 524 children with ADHD, aged 6-12years, at the Vietnam National Children's Hospital from October 2022 to September 2023. Respiratory polygraphy was used to determine the prevalence of OSA in this study population; clinical data of children with ADHD-OSA and ADHD-nonOSA were collected and analyzed in each group. The severity of ADHD symptoms was measured by the Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Diagnosis Rating Scale (VADPRS questionnaire), and the severity of OSA was defined by Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI). The prevalence of OSA in children with ADHD was 23.3%, with the majority of moderate-to-severe OSA. Significant differences were observed in sleep onset time, total sleep duration, and various sleep-related behaviors, such as bedtime resistance and difficulty waking up in the morning, between children with ADHD-OSA and ADHD-nonOSA (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.005, respectively). The severity levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and behavioral disorders were significantly higher in children with moderate-to-severe OSA compared to those with mild OSA (p < 0.005, p < 0.005, and p < 0.001, respectively). There were significant correlations between AHI with inattention scores (r = 0.677; p < 0.0001), hyperactivity scores (r = 0.438; p = 0.05), behavioral disorder scores (r = 0.342; p < 0.05), and anxiety/depression scores (r = 0.357; p < 0.05) measured by VADPRS questionnaire. OSA is a common sleep-related breathing disorder in children with ADHD, which might exacerbate ADHD symptoms. Thus, screening of OSA in children with ADHD is essential during the management of ADHD in this population.

Assessing the impact of mindfulness programs on attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review

BackgroundAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder which poses challenges for the individuals with the disorder and their families. While stimulant medications are effective, a comprehensive approach, including psychosocial and behavioral interventions, is recommended. There is a growing body of research exploring the potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions for children with ADHD. Our study aims to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions in reducing ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents through a systematic review of relevant studies.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, our systematic review searched PubMed, Cochrane library, Psycinfo, and Scopus from January 2000 to August 2022. We included studies focusing on mindfulness for pediatric ADHD, comprising various study designs with a minimum 8-week duration. Descriptive statistics summarized results, while risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB and ROBANS tools. The quality of RCTs was further evaluated using the Correlation of Quality Measures tool.ResultsIn the initial search, 450 records were identified, and after removing duplicates, 339 underwent screening. Forty-one studies underwent full text assessment for eligibility, with 11 studies meeting inclusion criteria, including seven RCTs, two Quasi RCTs, and three cohort studies. These studies, conducted in five countries, involved participants aged 7 to 18 years. Six studies showed improvement in hyperactivity/inattentive symptoms, and five studies showed improvement in impulsivity.ConclusionsThis systematic review demonstrates the potential benefits of mindfulness programs on ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents. This study emphasizes the need for high-quality research to explore mindfulness-based interventions for ADHD management in younger populations.PROSPERO registration number: IDCRD42024520800

Incidence of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Between 2016 and 2023: A Retrospective Cohort

ObjectiveThe present retrospective cohort study sought to advance our understanding of the incidence and recent trends in new ADHD diagnoses among adolescents and adults between 2016 and 2023 in a clinical setting.MethodParticipants (N = 144,103) included adolescents and adult patients who actively utilized Sisters of Saint Mary (SSM) healthcare services. ICD‐10 codes were used to identify new ADHD diagnoses in patient charts. Joinpoint regression analysis determined incidence rates and trends of ADHD diagnoses, stratified by age group.ResultsIn adults, a significant (−10.6%; 95% CI −25.0%, −2.8%) downward trend in ADHD incidence was observed from 2016 to 2020, whereas a significant (+15.2%; 95% CI: 2.0%, 40.3%) upward trend was indicated from 2020 to 2023. Among adolescents, a significant (−26.1%; 95% CI: −33.4%, −14.4%) downward trend was observed between 2016 and 2018, while the incidence rate remained stable during 2018–2023.ConclusionsThis study is one of the largest retrospective cohort studies to investigate the incidence of new ADHD diagnoses among adolescents and adults in clinical practice, including before, during, and after the height of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Results indicate fluctuations in the incidence rates of new ADHD diagnoses in recent years, with well‐defined trends observed for adolescents and adults. Future directions should include the investigation of the underlying factors contributing to these diagnostic trends.Relevance to clinical practiceAdvancing our understanding of diagnostic trends in clinical practice promotes accurate diagnosis and improved management of ADHD. Study findings support future investigation in identifying potential modifiable risk factors, ensuring sufficient treatment resources, developing targeted interventions, and addressing diagnostic disparities.

A Review of Treatment Methods and Available Therapies for Individuals with ADHD

This review explores treatment approaches and therapies for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental condition affecting adults, with symptoms often persisting from childhood into adulthood. The research examines the efficacy, tolerability, and accessibility of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. ADHD management necessitates a multimodal approach combining medications, behavioral therapies, and educational interventions tailored to individual needs. The analysis focuses on stimulant and non-stimulant medications, including methylphenidate, amphetamines, atomoxetine, and alpha-2 agonists, with regional variations in treatment guidelines. Stimulants, primarily methylphenidate and amphetamine formulations, demonstrate robust efficacy in symptom reduction for patients. Non-stimulant options like atomoxetine are recommended for patients with contraindications to stimulants. Emerging formulations, such as extended-release medications, address tolerance and adherence challenges. Psychosocial interventions, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), complement pharmacological treatments by targeting organizational skills, emotional regulation, and comorbidities like anxiety and depression. Evidence suggests that combined approaches improve long-term functional outcomes, such as academic performance and interpersonal relationships. Despite advances, gaps in treatment access and the need for individualized care remain significant challenges. This review underscores the importance of ongoing research to optimize ADHD management strategies and ensure equitable access to effective therapies worldwide.

Review: Animal-assisted intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) have emerged as a promising nonpharmacological intervention option for children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, recent systematic reviews have been primarily narrative. Additionally, the pooled effectiveness of AAIs was absent from these systematic reviews. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis, searching multiple databases, including Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Cochrane, from inception of the databases to March 2024. We retrieved 17 randomised controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies and used Review Manager 5.4.1 software to perform a meta-analysis of the effects of AAIs in treating children with ADHD. We conducted a set of random-effects meta-analyses to estimate standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using subgroup data by different outcome domains extracted from eight randomised controlled trials, in relation to changes in behavioural, mental and physical functioning in a total of 307 children with ADHD before and after the intervention. In comparison with non-AAI groups, AAIs significantly improved attention problems in children with ADHD (SMD = -0.42, 95% CI = -0.71 to -0.13), self-esteem (0.46, 0.14 to 0.78), learning and cognition problems (-0.69, -0.98 to -0.39) and motor proficiency (0.77, 0.11 to 1.42). The pooled effect of AAIs on the severity of ADHD symptoms in the experimental group was not significantly different from the effect of conventional treatments in the control group (0.10, -0.31 to 0.52). Similarly, AAIs had no significant positive effects on social interaction (-0.22, -0.51 to 0.06), social skills (-0.32, -0.87 to 0.24), problematic behaviours (-0.10, -0.54 to 0.35) or emotional problems, including depression and anxiety (-0.13, -0.51 to 0.24). As an ADHD management strategy complementary to gold-standard approaches, such as medication or multimodal interventions, AAIs did not appear to be more effective in improving the majority of core ADHD outcomes in children. Future studies should incorporate rigorous study designs with large sample sizes and a standard protocol to achieve more valid and reliable conclusion.

Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children, adolescents, and adults: A nationwide population-based cohort study

This cross-sectional, nationwide, population-based study aimed to elucidate sex differences in psychiatric comorbidities of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across children, adolescents, and adults. We analyzed data from Taiwan’s comprehensive healthcare database, including 112,225 individuals diagnosed with ADHD, categorized by age (0–12, 13–18, ≥18 years) and sex. Psychiatric comorbidities were assessed using ICD-9-CM codes, focusing on age and sex-specific prevalence. Among the cohort, 83.50% were children (0–12 years) presenting primarily with learning disabilities and tics, while adolescents (13–18 years; 11.88%) had higher instances of oppositional defiant and conduct disorders. In adults (≥18 years; 4.62%), the prevalence of anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and substance misuse was notably higher. Males under 18 predominantly had ADHD, whereas females exhibited increased vulnerability to emotional disorders. In adulthood, males showed greater susceptibility to most psychiatric comorbidities, except sleep disorders. The study highlights the evolving nature of ADHD-related psychiatric comorbidities across different life stages, with distinct sex-based patterns. The transition from childhood to adulthood sees an increased prevalence of various psychiatric conditions, particularly impacting adult males. These findings underscore the need for age- and sex-specific therapeutic approaches in ADHD management. The cultural context of the study necessitates further research in diverse populations for broader applicability of the findings.

The Application of IgG-Based Elimination Diets in the Intervention of Children with ADHD

ADHD is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, significantly affecting children’s academic, social, and emotional well-being. While pharmacological and behavioral interventions are common, they often come with limitations, prompting interest in alternative approaches. IgG-based elimination diets have emerged as a promising strategy, targeting food sensitivities linked to elevated IgG antibodies. These diets aim to reduce systemic inflammation, improve gut health, and alleviate ADHD symptoms by identifying and eliminating IgG-reactive foods. Preliminary evidence suggests potential benefits, including reduced symptom severity and enhanced behavioral and cognitive outcomes, mediated by mechanisms related to the gut-brain axis. However, the approach is controversial due to the lack of standardized IgG testing protocols, questions about the clinical relevance of IgG antibodies, and risks of nutritional deficiencies and social implications associated with restrictive diets. This paper critically evaluates the scientific rationale, efficacy, challenges, and practical applications of IgG-based elimination diets in ADHD management. It emphasizes the need for further rigorous, large-scale studies to validate this intervention and provides guidance on integrating it within a comprehensive ADHD management framework. The findings offer insights into the potential of dietary modifications as a personalized and integrative approach to ADHD care.

Temporal Anomaly Detection in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Recurrent Neural Networks.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition marked by movement hyperactivity, often persisting into adulthood. Understanding the movement patterns associated with ADHD is crucial for improving diagnostic precision and tailoring interventions. This study leverages the HYPERAKTIV dataset, which includes high-resolution temporal data on motor activity from people diagnosed with ADHD. We used the isolation forest algorithm to detect anomalies in activity data, followed by the development of a recurrent neural network (RNN) model to predict these anomalies over time. The RNN model demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with a mean accuracy of 0.953 and a mean loss of 0.124 for participants with ADHD. These findings suggest that machine learning techniques, particularly RNNs, can effectively identify and predict anomalies in temporal motor activity data, offering objective insights into ADHD-related movement behaviors. This approach is promising for informing personalized interventions and improving clinical decision-making in the management of ADHD.

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a potential therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: modulation of the noradrenergic pathway in the prefrontal lobe.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by developmental impairments, inattention, motor hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Currently, there is no effective intervention that can completely cure it. One of the pathogenic mechanisms of ADHD involves abnormalities in the norepinephrine (NE) pathway within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In recent years, transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, has demonstrated promising potential in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, its application in the management of ADHD remains relatively unexplored. Previous studies have shown that taVNS exerts therapeutic effects on attention, cognition, arousal, perception, and behavioral regulation primarily through activating the vagus nerve conduction pathway, specifically targeting the nucleus tractus solitarius - locus coeruleus - NE pathway. These findings have led to the hypothesis that taVNS may be an effective intervention for ADHD, with NE and its pathway playing a pivotal role in this context. Therefore, this review comprehensively examines the correlation between NE pathway alterations in the PFC and ADHD, the mechanism of action of taVNS, and the potential role of the NE pathway in treating ADHD with taVNS, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for clinical applications.

Comparative Efficacy of Neurofeedback Interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Network Meta-Analysis.

This study aimed to synthesize and encapsulate findings from recent research (May 1, 2018 to August 1, 2023) on neurofeedback interventions for children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A comprehensive search was conducted across major databases and platforms, including randomized controlled trials s focusing on children aged 5-11years with ADHD. The inclusion was broad, not restricted by ADHD subtype, gender, IQ, socioeconomic status, or coexisting conditions. From the study screening process, 13 studies were included in the network meta-analysis, involving 1370 children. Most neurofeedback therapies surpassed placebo in ADHD symptoms. In the acceptability outcome, five neurofeedback therapies (HEG, SCP training, TBR training, SMR training, and active control) outperformed the inactive control, physical activity, and EMG therapies. The potential efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions in ADHD management among children is illuminated. The findings advocate for a holistic, child-centered approach, emphasizing the need for further in-depth research to understand and refine these interventions.

Exploring the impact of probiotics on adult ADHD management through a double-blind RCT.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric condition often persisting into adulthood, characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Emerging research suggests a connection between ADHD and gut microbiota, highlighting probiotics as potential therapeutic agents. This study involved a double-blind, randomized controlled trial where college students with ADHD received either a multi-strain probiotic supplement or a placebo daily for three months. ADHD symptoms were evaluated using a computerized performance test (MOXO) and the MATAL questionnaire. Academic records provided performance data. Additionally, eating and sleeping habits, gastrointestinal symptoms, and anthropometrics were assessed through questionnaires before and after the intervention. Fingernail cortisol concentrations (FCC) measured the long-term activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The findings indicated that the probiotic significantly decreased hyperactivity, improved gastrointestinal symptoms, and enhanced academic performance. A multivariate analysis identified age as a significant predictor, with younger participants experiencing greater overall benefits from the intervention. There was also a negative correlation between FCC and symptoms of attention and impulsivity. Furthermore, higher academic grades were associated with lower levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity. These results suggest a beneficial impact of probiotics on ADHD symptoms and lay the groundwork for further studies to evaluate the effects of various probiotic strains on clinical outcomes in ADHD.

Review of Clinical Considerations in the Management of Adolescents with ADHD During Ramadan

Background: Fasting in Ramadan, a holy month in Islam, is considered a religious obligation to Muslims after puberty. Fasting during Ramadan entails abstinence from consuming food and liquids, as well as abstaining from other activities, including smoking and sexual activity, from dawn until sunset. Literature exists regarding the management of multiple medical conditions impacted by the month of fasting; however, limited literature exists to guide the management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) during Ramadan. Methods: This systematic review employed a PUBMED search which was conducted using keywords ((ADHD) AND (Muslims)) OR ((ADHD) AND (FASTING)) OR ((ADHD) AND (RAMADAN)) OR ((RAMADAN) AND (MANAGEMENT)) and search strategies to find existing literature on ADHD management during Ramadan or while fasting. Results: Eight hundred and sixty-one results were obtained. Of these, full texts of clinical trials, systematic reviews, reviews, randomized control trials, and metaanalyses resulted in 303 results that were screened by title or abstract for relevance to the topic. The duplicate articles were removed. Eighty-nine results were incorporated into this paper, including full articles, book excerpts, and online articles. Discussion: Muslim adolescents may face challenges with academic and social functioning as they navigate psychosocial changes in the context of Ramadan. ADHD management options should be discussed with individuals who are planning to fast. Pharmacologic management options include continuing on the current regimen, dose adjustment to mitigate side effect exacerbation, a change in medication class, or a change in medication formulation. For severe cases or cases with comorbid conditions, continued fasting may not be recommended. In these cases, the patient should attempt to seek counsel with their community’s religious scholar in collaboration with their medication provider. Ultimately, there are limitations in the available data, and there is a need for further investigation into the impacts of fasting during Ramadan on individuals with ADHD and the effectiveness of interventions to promote treatment adherence.

Role of adenosine in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Although its precise etiology remains unclear, current evidence suggests that dysregulation within the neurotransmitter system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Adenosine, an endogenous nucleoside widely distributed throughout the body, modulates various physiological processes, including neurotransmitter release, sleep regulation, and cognitive functions through its receptors. This review critically examines the role of the adenosine system in ADHD, focusing on the links between adenosine receptor function and ADHD-related symptoms. Additionally, it explores how adenosine interacts with dopamine and other neurotransmitter pathways, shedding light on its involvement in ADHD pathophysiology. This review aims to provide insights into the potential therapeutic implications of targeting the adenosine system for ADHD management.

Trends in South Korean Medical Device Development for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Narrative Review.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are among the most prevalent mental disorders among school-aged youth in South Korea and may play a role in the increasing pressures on teachers and school-based special education programming. A lack of support for special education; tensions between teachers, students, and parents; and limited backup for teacher absences are common complaints among Korean educators. New innovations in technology to screen and treat ADHD and ASD may offer relief to students, parents, and teachers through earlier and efficient diagnosis; access to treatment options; and ultimately, better-managed care and expectations. This narrative literature review provides an account of medical device use and development in South Korea for the diagnosis and management of ADHD and ASD and highlights research gaps. A narrative review was conducted across 4 databases (PubMed, Korean National Assembly Library, Scopus, and PsycINFO). Journal articles, dissertations, and government research and development reports were included if they discussed medical devices for ADHD and ASD. Only Korean or English papers were included. Resources were excluded if they did not correspond to the research objective or did not discuss at least 1 topic about medical devices for ADHD and ASD. Journal articles were excluded if they were not peer reviewed. Resources were limited to publications between 2013 and July 22, 2024. A total of 1794 records about trends in Korean medical device development were categorized into 2 major groups: digital therapeutics and traditional therapy. Digital therapeutics resulted in 5 subgroups: virtual reality and artificial intelligence, machine learning and robot, gaming and visual contents, eye-feedback and movement intervention, and electroencephalography and neurofeedback. Traditional therapy resulted in 3 subgroups: cognitive behavioral therapy and working memory; diagnosis and rating scale; and musical, literary therapy, and mindfulness-based stress reduction. Digital therapeutics using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and electroencephalography technologies account for the biggest portions of development in South Korea, rather than traditional therapies. Most resources, 94.15% (1689/1794), were from the Korean National Assembly Library. Limitations include small sizes of populations to conclude findings in many articles, a lower number of articles discussing medical devices for ASD, and a majority of articles being dissertations. Emerging digital medical devices and those integrated with traditional therapies are important solutions to reducing the prevalence rates of ADHD and ASD in South Korea by promoting early diagnosis and intervention. Furthermore, their application will relieve pressures on teachers and school-based special education programming by providing direct supporting resources to students with ADHD or ASD. Future development of medical devices for ADHD and ASD is predicted to heavily rely on digital technologies, such as those that sense people's behaviors, eye movement, and brainwaves.

New Perspective of Multi-dimensional Approach for the Management of Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review

One of the most common mental diseases in childhood, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often lasts into adulthood for many individuals. The neurodevelopmental condition known as ADHD impacts three areas of the brain: hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention. The visual field is where attention is most affected by ADHD. Non-strabismic binocular vision disorder (NSBVD), which impairs eye coordination and makes it challenging to focus, has been linked to ADHD. Through a critical cognitive process called visual attention, humans are able to take in and organize information from their visual environment. This greatly affects how one observes, processes, and understands visual information in day-to-day living. Vision therapy is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that aims to improve visual talents and address visual attention deficits. This study aims to provide an overview of the research on the many approaches to treating ADHD, the relationship between NSBVD and ADHD, and whether vision therapy is a viable treatment option for ADHD. After a comprehensive search of many online resources, relevant studies were found. The review's findings provide insight into the range of ADHD patients' treatment choices. In order to improve treatment outcomes, non-pharmacological treatments can be employed either alone or in conjunction with medicine. Medicine by itself is insufficient and has several severe side effects when used continuously. The efficacy of vision therapy in improving visual attention and making recommendations for potential directions for further research in this field. Multiple studies are needed to identify the most effective treatment modalities for achieving positive outcomes for ADHD patients.

Evaluating the Role of Homeopathy in the Management of ADHD: A Scoping Review

Evaluating the Role of Homeopathy in the Management of ADHD: A Scoping Review

Interdisciplinary Insights and Global Perspectives on ADHD in Children: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis (2014–2024)

This study used bibliometric analysis to investigate the research on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in pediatric populations between January 2014 and January 2024. The Scopus database is utilized to gather a diverse array of scholarly research on this complex ailment. Our objective was to compile a comprehensive dataset on understanding and managing ADHD by selecting specific terms such as “ADHD in Children”, “ADHD Treatment and Management”, and “Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder”. We utilized the advanced analytical capabilities of Biblioshiny (bibliometrix R-package) and VOSviewer (VOSviewer version 1.6.19), within our methodological framework, to do network analysis. By conducting this analysis, we were able to examine patterns in publications, author affiliations, the geographic spread of research, and identify influential texts and developing research topics. The findings underscore the collaborative endeavors of medicine, psychology, and neuroscience in tackling the physiological and psychological aspects of ADHD, with a focus on interdisciplinary contributions. The extensive global impact of ADHD research is highlighted by the significant contributions made by countries including the United States, China, the UK, the Netherlands, and Canada. Our data indicates a notable shift towards holistic strategies that encompass socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral aspects, alongside emerging practices like the utilization of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in research. This bibliometric study offers a comprehensive view of ADHD research by identifying significant patterns and clusters of themes. It illuminates the shifts in scientific conversation over time and identifies areas that show potential for additional research. The study advocates for ongoing collaboration across various disciplines and nations, emphasizing the significance of innovative strategies to enhance the well-being of those affected by ADHD.

Scheduling of methylphenidate: Preventing misuse or impeding ADHD treatment adherence?

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, with a chronic, and potentially debilitating course if untreated. Medication adherence is poor - negatively affecting emotional, social, educational and employment outcomes. The current Schedule 6 status of methylphenidate (MPH) drives healthcare resource utilisation and costs - a potential barrier to care. This study explored stakeholders' understanding and perceptions of the potential impact of a regulatory shift in the scheduling of MPH on treatment accessibility and adherence for ADHD. Participants from multiple stakeholder groups, involved in ADHD management in South Africa, were recruited via professional networks. A qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with 23 stakeholders was conducted to explore their views on the utility, benefits and risks associated with rescheduling MPH. Six key themes emerged from the interviews: 'adherence', 'accessibility', 'affordability', 'stigma', 'rescheduling of MPH' and 'risk mitigation'. Core to these themes is the role of the scheduling of MPH - which can have a protective societal role, but also acts as a barrier to care for individuals with ADHD. The current Schedule 6 status of MPH is not an effective strategy to prevent misuse and diversion but negatively impacts on treatment adherence. The positive outlook from stakeholders on rescheduling MPH holds significant implications for the ADHD landscape in South Africa. It is crucial to address stigma, facilitate fundamental change in service delivery and remove structural and practical barriers to care to improve outcomes for individuals with ADHD. A framework for ADHD treatment adherence is provided.