Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Articles

Delay of Gratification in Preschoolers with Autism and Concerns for ADHD.

Self-regulation abilities in childhood are predictive of a range of challenges later in life, making it important to identify difficulties in this area as early as possible. Autistic children and those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have difficulties with self-regulation, but little is known about the similarities and differences in such abilities across neurodevelopmental conditions. We examined self-regulation using a delay of gratification task in 36-month-old autistic children (n = 20), those showing clinically relevant concerns for ADHD (i.e. ADHD Concerns; n = 24), and Comparison children without these conditions (n = 130); early predictors of self-regulation were also assessed. Both the Autism and ADHD Concerns groups had greater difficulty waiting for a desired snack than the Comparison group. At the longest delay trial (30 seconds), a substantial percentage of autistic children (50%) and those with ADHD Concerns (35%) consumed the snack prematurely, in contrast to only 16% of the Comparison group. Parent-reported temperament-based impulsivity at 18 months and examiner-observed ADHD-like traits at 24 months were associated with increased self-regulation challenges at 36 months, regardless of group. Adjusting for verbal abilities attenuated some of these differences and associations, suggesting that language may be an important mechanism undergirding early self-regulatory abilities. Given possible links between preschool self-regulation and a range of critical functional outcomes, future studies may explore the efficacy of early interventions targeting impulsivity and regulatory behaviors in infants and toddlers at elevated likelihood for developing self-regulation challenges to potentially reduce the impact of these difficulties later in life.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Socio-Emotional Outcomes of Children Born Very Preterm

ObjectiveTo examine whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) confer risk for socio-emotional problems in children born very preterm (VPT) Study designAs part of a longitudinal study, 96 infants born VPT at 23-30 weeks of gestation were recruited from a level III neonatal intensive care unit and underwent follow-up at ages 2 and 5 years. Eighty-three full-term (FT, 37-41 weeks gestation) children were recruited from an adjoining obstetric service and the local community. ACEs were assessed with the Child Life Events Scale at age 2 and Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment at age 5. At age 5, internalizing, externalizing, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist and Conner’s Rating Scale-Revised, respectively. Covariates including socioeconomic disadvantage, maternal distress, and parent ADHD symptoms were assessed at the 2- and/or 5-year follow-up. Mediation and moderation analysis, accounting for family clustering, examined associations between birth group, ACEs, and socio-emotional outcomes. ResultsAfter covariate adjustment, children born VPT experienced more ACEs (p<0.001), particularly medical ACEs (p<0.01), and had worse ADHD and internalizing outcomes (p<.05) than FT children. ACEs mediated the association between birth group and ADHD outcomes (95% CIs: 0.11 – 4.08). There was no evidence of mediation for internalizing outcomes. Higher parent ADHD symptoms (p<.001) and maternal distress (p<.05) were associated with poorer internalizing outcomes. ConclusionsScreening for childhood ACEs should be embedded in the follow-up care of children born VPT and their families. Strategies to screen for and address parent psychosocial functioning may be important to support children’s socio-emotional development.

Influence of temperament on early neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review protocol

IntroductionSeveral studies have highlighted the role of temperament as a relevant construct to understand the wide variability observed in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit...

Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials: Antidepressants for Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

In previously randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of antidepressants in restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), outcomes overwhelmingly showed no benefits of antidepressants studied in the larger multisite RCTs over placebo. However, the positive effect of antidepressants in the RRBs found in the small preliminary studies requires confirmation in larger trials. We aimed to systematically review the efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of RRBs in ASD by including RCTs from the SCOPUS, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Clinical Trials.gov, and other databases in January 2024. Analyzing data from 609 participants across nine RCTs showed no significant difference in the overall pooled mean-end score for RRBs between antidepressant- and placebo-treated groups [SMD (95% CI) of -0.25 (-0.53, 0.02), I2 = 54%, Tau2 = 0.10, prediction interval = -1.03, 0.53]. In small preliminary studies by one group, the clomipramine-treated group's pooled mean endpoint for obsessive-compulsive symptoms in ASD individuals showed a significantly better outcome than the desipramine-treated group, but in unconfirmed studies. Of the individual antidepressants investigated only clomipramine, and fluvoxamine illustrated some efficacy over placebo in small preliminary studies. These findings need confirmation in larger, multisite randomized controlled trials. There were no significant differences in the overall discontinuation rates or discontinuation due to adverse events between the antidepressant- and placebo-treated groups [RR (95% CI) of 1.30 (0.95, 1.78), I2 = 0%, and 1.33 (0.71, 2.47), I2=0%, respectively]. Common side effects included agitation, appetite disturbance, anorexia, gastrointestinal issues, and sleep disturbance, with no significant differences between the antidepressant and placebo groups. In conclusion, the results regarding the efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of RRBs in ASD are inconsistent. Since previous evidence found a correlation between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms including overactivity and impulsivity, and RRBs, further trials including the use of non-stimulants such as atomoxetine could be conducted.

Clinical characteristics of a treatment seeking sample of adults with misophonia: Onset, course, triggers, context, and comorbidity

Misophonia is characterized by intense emotional reactions to specific repetitive sounds. The clinical characteristics and developmental course of misophonia remain underexplored, particularly in treatment-seeking adults. In this study, we characterized the onset, symptom progression, trigger noises, and psychiatric comorbidities associated with misophonia. Additionally, we investigated the relationships between these clinical attributes and the severity of self- and clinician-rated misophonia symptoms. The sample included 60 adults with misophonia enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. Most participants (79%) reported symptom onset in childhood and early adolescence, with symptoms often worsening over time. All participants reported being bothered by human produced sounds. However, responses to trigger noises vary based on the context surrounding the sound. Those who reported equivalent distress across misophonic triggers –regardless of the individual producing the sound—endorsed significantly higher self-reported misophonia symptoms. Approximately half of the sample met diagnostic criteria for another psychiatric condition, with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and generalized anxiety disorder being the most prevalent. These findings underscore the complexity of misophonia and highlight the importance of considering the individual clinical histories and contextual factors influencing reactions to misophonic sounds.

Symptom Network Analysis in a Large Sample of Children and Adults with a Chronic Tic Disorder.

Chronic tic disorders (CTD) are multifaceted disorders characterized by multiple motor and/or vocal tics. They are often associated with complex tics including echophenomena, paliphenomena, and coprophenomena as well as psychiatric comorbidities such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Our goal was to uncover the inter-relational structure of CTD and comorbid symptoms in children and adults and to understand changes in symptom structure across development. We used network and graph analyses to uncover the structure of association of symptoms in childhood/adolescence (n = 529) and adulthood (n = 503) and how this structure might change from childhood to adulthood, pinpointing core symptoms as a main target for interventions. The analysis yielded core symptom networks in young and adult patients with CTD including complex tics and tic-related phenomena as well as touching people and objects. Core symptoms in childhood also included ADHD symptoms, whereas core symptoms in adults included symptoms of OCD instead. Interestingly, self-injurious behavior did not play a core role in the young CTD network, but became one of the central symptoms in adults with CDT. In addition, we found strong connections between complex motor and vocal tics as well as echolalia and echopraxia. Next to other complex tics, echophenomena, paliphenomena, and coprophenomena can be regarded core symptoms of CTD. ADHD symptoms are closely related to CTD in childhood, whereas symptoms of OCD and self-injurious behavior are closely associated with CTD in adults. Our results suggest that a differentiation between motor and vocal tics is somewhat arbitrary.

Exploration of objective indicators for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impaired speech-on-speech recognition ability

Exploration of objective indicators for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impaired speech-on-speech recognition ability

Neurodevelopmental or behavioural disorders in children conceived after assisted reproductive technologies: A nationwide cohort study

To study differences in risk for drug-treated neurodevelopmental or behavioural disorders in children conceived through assisted reproductive technologies in comparison with children conceived without assisted reproductive technologies and to examine if different treatments alter these risks. Nationwide registry-based cohort study. Liveborn children born in Denmark between 1994 and 2012 after assisted reproductive technologies in comparison to children conceived without assisted reproductive technologies aged 0-7. Conception following assisted reproductive technologies treatment, including in vitro fertilisation, intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, intrauterine insemination and 'others' comprising frozen embryo transfer, and frozen embryo transfer in both in vitro fertilisation and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection and testicular sperm aspiration. Prescription of neurodevelopmental or behavioural disorders medication in offspring: Antipsychotics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication and hypnotics/sedatives obtained from nationwide registers. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The association was examined in different sensitivity analyses, including sibling and mediator analyses. In total, 57,964 (4.7%) children conceived after assisted reproductive technologies and 1,183,070 (95.3%) children not conceived using assisted reproductive technologies were included. The adjusted analysis showed higher odds of prescribing neurodevelopmental or behavioural medication to assisted reproductive technology-conceived children (OR 1.15; 95% Cl 1.09-1.20) compared to other children. Prescription of antipsychotics in assisted reproductive technology-conceived children was the most common association in intrauterine insemination treatments, hypnotics/sedatives with both including in vitro fertilisation and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection and antiepileptics with 'other' treatments. Birth weight partially mediated the association between assisted reproductive technologies and diminished the odds of neurodevelopmental or behavioural medication use in children conceived using assisted reproductive technologies. Sibling analysis showed no increased risk for the first-born child conceived without assisted reproductive technology vs. the second-born child conceived with assisted reproductive technology and vice-versa. Based on the minor observed effects, a potentially higher increased attentiveness of assisted reproductive technology parents, the demonstrated mediation effect of birth weight and preterm birth on the observed association, and the no effect of the within-mother analysis, we find little evidence for increased risk of neurodevelopmental or behavioural disorders in children conceived using assisted reproductive technologies.

Compulsive buying disorder: Conceptualization based on addictive, impulsive, and obsessive-compulsive features and comorbidity

BackgroundThis study sought to examine the conceptualization of compulsive buying disorder in a sample of adults drawn from the community and its associated mental health correlates. MethodsAn online survey of “Personality, Mental Health, and Well-Being” was distributed to 300 adults aged 18–75 years. The survey measured a range of behaviors, such as buying behavior, alcohol and drug use, impulse control disorders, and dimensional constructs of impulsivity and obsessive-compulsiveness. ResultsA total of 294 participants (54.7% female) completed the survey and were included in the analysis. The overall frequency of probable compulsive buying disorder was 5.4% (n = 16). Compared to adults without compulsive buying disorder, those with probable compulsive buying disorder were significantly less likely to identify as heterosexual and were significantly more likely to endorse attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug use problems, symptoms of borderline personality disorder, binge eating disorder, and had higher levels of compulsivity plus impulsivity. ConclusionCompulsive buying disorder appears to be fairly common in adults and appears to have symptom or diagnostic overlap with obsessive-compulsive problems, addictive disorders, and impulse control disorders. Findings highlight the need for careful clinical screening to identify often overlooked comorbidities and treat them on an individual patient basis, as well as the need to conduct high-quality clinical trials for compulsive buying disorder itself and to explore its presentation longitudinally at large scale.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among Children with Speech Difficulties

Abstract: Speech sound disorders and attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder are developmental disorders that can significantly impact academic success. The comorbidity of these disorders may substantially add to the difficulties experienced by the child and require a combined treatment approach. Objectives: (1) to assess sociodemographic characteristics of children’s with speech difficulties (2) to assess attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and speech difficulties (3) to identify the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and speech difficulties. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was carried out in Baghdad Teaching Hospital. A non- probability (purposive) study sample of (300) child, who attended Hearing and Speech Center for the period from 12/April/2023 to 25/January/2024. The Questionnaire which is composed of: Socio-demographic characteristics, scales of behavioral problem, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Results: The study results reveal that the children experiencing severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and that significant relationship have been reported among speech sound disorder with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at p-values= 0.046, also indicates that there was significant relationship among childhood apraxia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at p-values= 0.007. Conclusion: The children experience severe of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the significant relationship has been reported among speech sound disorder with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also indicates that there was significant relationship among childhood apraxia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Recommendations: An intervention program to be planned accordingly and areas of deficit will be targeted in therapy. Liaison with parents and school teachers is indicated in order to achieve the child’s maximum potential.

Comparative analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) data gathered from the frontal region with other brain regions affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through multiresolution analysis and machine learning techniques

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repeated patterns of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention that limit daily functioning and development. Electroencephalography (EEG) anomalies correspond to changes in brain connection and activity. The authors propose utilizing empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for feature extraction and machine learning (ML) algorithms to categorize ADHD and control subjects. For this study, the authors considered freely accessible ADHD data obtained from the IEEE data site. Studies have demonstrated a range of EEG anomalies in ADHD patients, such as variations in power spectra, coherence patterns, and event-related potentials (ERPs). Some of the studies claimed that the brain’s prefrontal cortex and frontal regions collaborate in intricate networks, and disorders in either of them exacerbate the symptoms of ADHD. , Based on the research that claimed the brain’s prefrontal cortex and frontal regions collaborate in intricate networks, and disorders in either of them exacerbate the symptoms of ADHD, the proposed study examines the optimal position of EEG electrode for identifying ADHD and in addition to monitoring accuracy on frontal/ prefrontal and other regions of brain our study also investigates the position groupings that have the highest effect on accurateness in identification of ADHD. The results demonstrate that the dataset classified with AdaBoost provided values for accuracy, precision, specificity, sensitivity, and F1-score as 1.00, 0.70, 0.70, 0.75, and 0.71, respectively, whereas using random forest (RF) it is 0.98, 0.64, 0.60, 0.81, and 0.71, respectively, in detecting ADHD. After detailed analysis, it is observed that the most accurate results included all electrodes. The authors believe the processes can detect various neurodevelopmental problems in children utilizing EEG signals.

The impact of auditory integration on motor functional disorder in children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD)

Background and objectives. The primary focus of ADHD research and treatment has been on cognitive and behavioral aspects, there is growing evidence suggesting a significant relationship between ADHD and motor functional disorders. This comprehensive review examines the impact of auditory integration on motor functional disorders in children with ADHD. Materials and methods. We explore the neurological basis of auditory processing in ADHD, the relationship between auditory integration and motor function, and the potential therapeutic applications of auditory integration techniques in improving motor outcomes for children with ADHD. Conclusions. Our analysis encompasses a wide range of studies, including neuroimaging, behavioral, and intervention research, to provide a holistic understanding of this complex interplay motor function among children with ADHD, offering promising avenues for targeted interventions and improved outcomes.

Concentration Techniques in the Classroom for Children with ADHD, in an Educational Unit in the Province of Santa Elena

This study analyzes the effectiveness of various concentration techniques applied in classrooms for children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in an educational unit in Santa Elena. Employing a mixed-methods approach, surveys and interviews with teachers were examined, and the behavior of students with ADHD was observed. The findings suggest that strategies like environmental adaptation, use of visual and auditory signals, and positive reinforcement are effective in enhancing concentration and academic performance of these students. It is concluded that the implementation of specific concentration techniques, tailored to the size and resources of each institution, is crucial to support students with ADHD, thereby improving their academic performance and satisfaction.

Online Sexual Risk Behaviors in Adolescents: Roles of Family Relationships, Impulsivity, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

This study examined the associations of passive and active online sexual risk behaviors with perceived family relationships, impulsivity, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A total of 176 adolescents with ADHD and 173 adolescents without ADHD participated in this study. The participants' parents rated their parenting style on the Parental Bonding Instrument. The adolescents self-reported their lifelong experiences of passive and active online sexual risk behaviors, perceived family relationship quality on the family domain of the Taiwanese Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adolescents, and three domains of impulsivity on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the associations of online sexual risk behaviors with perceived family relationships, impulsivity, and ADHD. Overall, 114 participants (32.7%) reported passive forms of online sexual risk behaviors, and 49 (14.0%) reported active online sexual risk behaviors. Lack of foresight and self-control was significantly associated with passive online sexual risk behaviors (p = 0.003). Good family relationship was significantly associated with a decreased risk of active online sexual risk behaviors (p = 0.011), whereas seeking novelty and making decisions hastily was significantly associated with an increased risk of active online sexual risk behaviors (p = 0.048). ADHD diagnosis and inability to plan were not significantly associated with online sexual risk behaviors (p > 0.05). A high proportion of Taiwanese adolescents reported exhibiting online sexual risk behaviors. The factors related to the manifestation of these behaviors should be considered when designing relevant intervention programs.

Processing untraditional healthy crackers formula by using sprouted flour mixes for children

AbstractThis study aimed to improve the nutritional content of crackers made from a germinated flour mixture for children affected by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Chemical, physical, and sensory properties of crackers processed from germinated grain composite flours (maize, quinoa, finger millet, and fenugreek seeds) were compared to 100% maize crackers. Chemical analysis revealed that germinated mixture flour crackers (GMFCs) were higher in ash (2.14–2.40%), fiber (1.26–1.75%), protein (5.59–8.31%), and energy (379.64–404.77 kcal/100g) but lower in carbohydrates (70.51–61.05%). Five cracker formulas were prepared. Formula F5 (75% maize, 10% millet, and 5% fenugreek) had the highest calcium, magnesium, and total phenolic content. Formula F3 (85% maize, 10% quinoa, 10% millet, and 5% fenugreek) had the highest iron content, while Formula F4 (85% maize, 20% millet, and 5% fenugreek) had the highest zinc content and antioxidant activity. Maize crackers exhibited higher color characteristics (L*, a*, and b*) compared to the other GMFCs. Mean sensory evaluation indicated that the GMFCs were generally accepted by panelists. Overall acceptability and taste of crackers in Formula F4 were preferred by the panelists, particularly with the increased ratio of millet flour. This study demonstrated the potential of composite flours from GMFCs to produce acceptable, healthy, and nutritious crackers. All cracker formulas significantly contributed to the recommended dietary allowances for key nutrients in children, compared to the control. Therefore, it is recommended to use the studied grains to develop healthy bakery products suitable for people with celiac disease and ADHD. Graphical abstract

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Prediction by Artificial Intelligence Techniques

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting millions of people globally, is defined by symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention that can significantly affect an individual's daily life. The diagnostic process for ADHD is complex, requiring a combination of clinical assessments and subjective evaluations. However, recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have shown promise in predicting ADHD and providing an early diagnosis. In this study, we will explore the application of two AI techniques, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), in predicting ADHD using the Python programming language. The classification accuracies obtained were 96.5% and 93.47%, respectively, before applying balancing to the data. In addition, 98.59% and 97.18%, respectively, after applying the balancing technique The extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) technique had been applied to selecting the important features and the Pearson correlation for finding the correlation between features.

Treatments with versus without medication for children with behavioural difficulties in clinical practice: an economic evaluation with observational data.

Economic evaluations of treatments for children with behavioural difficulties (i.e., characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)) usually rely on data of randomised controlled trials or are model-based. Findings of such studies may not be representative of cost-effectiveness and cost-utility in clinical practice. The current longitudinal study aimed to perform an economic evaluation of treatments for children with hyperactivity, impulsive behaviours, inattention, and/or behavioural difficulties using observational data that were obtained in clinical practice. Parents of 209 children (aged 5-12) who were referred to 1 of 10 Dutch youth mental healthcare institutions and who received treatment with (n = 108) or without (n = 101) the use of medication, filled out questionnaires at three timepoints (baseline, and ~ 6 and ~12 months later). Propensity score matching was used to make both groups comparable. Outcomes included quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), ADHD and ODD symptom severity, and impairment. Costs were measured from a societal perspective. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were estimated, and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves (CEACs) were derived to show uncertainty around the ICER. Results did not show statistically significant differences in costs and effects between children who were treated with medication (alone or in combination with non-medication treatment) and those who were treated without medication. CEAC suggested that medication treatment has a 55% probability of being cost-effective at the €80,000 threshold and 36% at the €20,000 threshold compared with treatment without medication. Using observational data, our study did not provide clear evidence of the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of treatment with medication compared with treatment without medication in clinical practice.

Investigation of Clinical Features and Comorbid Psychopathologies of Children with Sleep Terrors

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of children diagnosed with sleep terrors, including sleep environment and sleep habits, clinical features and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Method: Between 2020 and 2024, 51 children who were diagnosed with sleep terror according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria in 3 different Child and Adolescent Psychiatry clinics were included in the study. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the cases were examined retrospectively through the files. Results: Of the 51 participants, 30 (58.8%) were male, 21 (41.2%) were female and the mean age at the time of admission was 6.76±1.45 years. It was determined that 15 (29.4%) of the cases slept in a noisy environment and 41 (80.4%) of the cases had their sleep interrupted except for sleep terror attacks. At least one psychiatric disorder was detected in 17 (33.3%) patients, and the most common (9.8%) comorbid psychiatric disorder was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It was found that complete retrograde amnesia was significantly higher in preschoolers, and motor activity during the attack, physical injury and/or material damage, and full awakening during the attack were significantly higher in school-age children. It was determined that 64.7% of the parents intervened incorrectly during the episode, and in 29.4% of the cases, the wrong medication was applied in the treatment history. Conclusion: In sleep terrors, identification of triggering factors and comorbid psychiatric disorders during the diagnostic evaluation process, psychoeducation of parents in treatment, and selection of appropriate medication for medication are very important.

The Relationship Between Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Mental Health Conditions in Undergraduate Students

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-reported leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and self-reported symptoms of mental health conditions on mental health condition questionnaires among undergraduate students. Methods: Forty undergraduates (females: n=17, males: n=23; age=20.25±1.05) from Western University participated in this study. They completed a series of questionnaires which included the ASRS-V1.1, GAD-7, PTSD-ST, and PHQ-9, and were allocated into an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n=9, 3 females, age: 20.55±1.01), anxiety (n=11, 6 females, age: 20.55±1.22), multiple condition (n=3, 1 females, age: 19.33±0.58), or control group (n=17, 7 females, age: 20±0.87). LTPA was quantified using the Godin-Shephard Leisure-time Physical Activity Questionnaire for a 7-day period and a 6-month period. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between LTPA and mental health condition scores. Results: There was no statistically significant relationship between the total mental health score and self-reported LTPA scores in the 7-day period (r = -0.178, p = 0.272) or the 6-month period (r = -0.081, p = 0.621). There was no apparent relationship between self-reported LTPA scores and the questionnaire scores of each condition. Conclusion: Our results indicate that self-reported LTPA has no significant relationship with mental health among undergraduate students. Interestingly, LTPA in kinesiology students may be higher than in other undergraduate faculties. More research is required to determine if kinesiology students experience altered motivations for engaging in LTPA.

Students’ Specific Needs Frequently Presented in English Language Class in Ecuador: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Hearing Disability

Students’ Specific Needs Frequently Presented in English Language Class in Ecuador: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Hearing Disability