Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Questionnaire Research Articles

Factors Affecting Knowledge of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Female Primary Schoolteachers in Taif City, Saudi Arabia.

Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a public health challenge because it may contribute to academic and psychological difficulties among school children.Though ADHD is a common problem, Taif teachers' knowledge of the disease has never been assessed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine factors that influence ADHD knowledge among female primary schoolteachers in Taif City, Saudi Arabia. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 359 female schoolteachers recruited by stratified random sampling. Participants self-reported demographic and personal data and completed the validated Arabic version of the knowledge of ADHD scale and teacher's attitude toward ADHD questionnaires. Results In Taif, it was determined that 96.4% of female primary schoolteachers had insufficient knowledge of ADHD, notably with nature, causes, consequences, and treatment knowledge. In contrast, 40% had adequate knowledge of the condition's symptoms and diagnosis, and 97.5% exhibited a favorable attitude. There is significantly higher knowledge among private schoolteachers, those who freshly graduated, specialize in learning difficulties, who attended any course/training about ADHD, and whoever taught ADHD children. There was a significant positive weak correlation between teachers' knowledge of ADHD and their attitude. Regression analysis revealed that female schoolteachers specialized in learning difficulties show significantly higher knowledge scores, teachers who never taught an ADHD child had a reduction of 94.6 % in ADHD knowledge, and any increase in the number of ADHD children teachers teaches has significantly increased teachers' knowledge (Overall Model: Chi-Square X2= 69.514, p < 0.000**). Conclusions Our study showed that there was a serious knowledge gap on ADHD among Taif female primary schoolteachers. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to boost teachers' knowledge of ADHD, especially at government schools, through conducting training courses, distributing leaflets intended to address ADHD, and launching awareness campaigns through the media, including social media,television,and radio.It is also recommended that education faculty curricula should include moreinformation on ADHD.

The association between Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity-Disorder (ADHD) symptoms and disease severity in people with Cystic Fibrosis (pwCF)

BackgroundThe hallmarks of Cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic infection and inflammation, require intensive daily treatment to maintain and improve quality of life and outcome. The incidence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is increased in chronic inflammatory diseases. Previous studies suggested that the prevalence of ADHD in people with CF (pwCF) is higher than in the general population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between ADHD symptoms and parameters of CF disease severity, measured by demographic and clinical data. MethodsBased on our previous study, the results of ADHD questionnaires and the MOXOCPT (continuous performance task) from 143 pwCF (7–68 years old) were analyzed and linked to patient data such as forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)%predicted, body mass index (BMI), number of pulmonary exacerbations, days of antibiotic (Abx) treatment and serum inflammatory markers. ResultsA positive correlation between FEV1 and ADHD questionnaire's score (p = 0.046) was observed in the children's group. Furthermore, BMI, white blood cells (WBC) count, and days of Abx treatment showed a positive correlation with some of the MOXOCPT parameters. ConclusionThere is an association between ADHD symptoms and some parameters of CF disease severity. These results highlight the need for an early diagnosis of ADHD in pwCF, which have the potential to improve their ability to deal with the burden of their disease and consequently their quality of life. Additional research is needed to understand the full spectrum of ADHD pathophysiology and the relationship with chronic inflammatory diseases such as CF.

Initial Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on ADHD Symptoms Among University Students in Japan.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and its associated societal responses are anticipated to have wide-ranging effects on youth development and mental health. Depression, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the three most common mental health problems among university students. Many factors that can threaten mental health during the outbreak affect these three conditions, as well as sleep conditions, in undergraduate students. Thus, determining how these abrupt changes in students' circumstances impact their mental health is very important from a public health perspective. We investigated the usual conditions and changes in ADHD symptoms during the outbreak, in relation to depressive and sleep-related symptoms among undergraduate students. A total of 252 students, primarily juniors, completed the online survey. The results showed that 12% of the students exceeded the cut-off score of the ADHD questionnaire before the pandemic. Approximately 6%-21% of the university students, especially those with ADHD traits, rated their ADHD behaviors as worse during the outbreak than that before the outbreak. Female students and undergraduates with ADHD traits are more susceptible to experiencing further deterioration of ADHD (inattention) symptoms during the pandemic. In cases where it is difficult to intervene with ADHD symptoms, approaching circadian rhythm or depression will be of considerable clinical use.

Internal consistency reliability of mental health questionnaires in college student athletes

ObjectivesTo examine the internal consistency reliability and measurement invariance of a questionnaire battery designed to identify college student athletes at risk for mental health symptoms and disorders.MethodsCollege student athletes (N=993)...

Owner-rated hyperactivity/impulsivity is associated with sleep efficiency in family dogs: a non-invasive EEG study

Subjective sleep disturbances are reported by humans with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, no consistent objective findings related to sleep disturbances led to the removal of sleep problems from ADHD diagnostic criteria. Dogs have been used as a model for human ADHD with questionnaires validated for this purpose. Also, their sleep physiology can be measured by non-invasive methods similarly to humans. In the current study, we recorded spontaneous sleep EEG in family dogs during a laboratory session. We analyzed the association of sleep macrostructure and deep sleep (NREM) slow-wave activity (SWA) with a validated owner-rated ADHD questionnaire, assessing inattention (IA), hyperactivity/impulsivity (H/I) and total (T) scores. Higher H/I and T were associated with lower sleep efficiency and longer time awake after initial drowsiness and NREM. IA showed no associations with sleep variables. Further, no association was found between ADHD scores and SWA. Our results are in line with human studies in which poor sleep quality reported by ADHD subjects is associated with some objective EEG macrostructural parameters. This suggests that natural variation in dogs’ H/I is useful to gain a deeper insight of ADHD neural mechanisms.

Urinary concentrations of bisphenols and parabens and their association with attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity at adolescence

BackgroundNeurobehavioural disorder diagnoses have been increasing over the last decades, leading to heightened interest in the aetiological factors involved. Endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as parabens and bisphenols, have been suggested as one of those factors. It is unknown whether exposure during adolescence may affect neurobehavioural development. ObjectiveTo determine whether urinary concentrations of parabens and bisphenols are associated with attention and concentration in adolescents, in general and sex-specific. MethodsWe invited 188 adolescents (13–15 years old) for the follow-up birth cohort-study. Concentrations of five parabens and three bisphenols (BPA; BPF; BPS) were measured in morning urine after overnight fasting, using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Attention and concentration were assessed at the clinic with subtests of the Test of Everyday Attention in Children and the Dutch Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder questionnaire (AVL), the latter being filled in by parents. Linear regression analyses were performed, adjusting for urine creatinine concentrations and potential confounding factors. Results101 (54%) adolescents participated (46 girls; 55 boys). Urinary paraben concentrations were higher in girls than in boys. Methylparaben was positively associated with attention in girls (p ≤ .05; B= −2.836; 95%CI= −5.175;−.497), ethylparaben negatively with hyperactivity (p ≤ .05; B= −1.864; 95%CI= −3.587;−.141). Butylparaben was associated with more optimal scores on parent reported attention. Propylparaben was negatively associated with scores on sustained auditory attention in girls (p ≤ .10; B=.444; 95%CI= −.009;.896). Bisphenol concentrations were not associated with scores on attention and concentration after adjusting for confounders. ConclusionIn 13–15-year-old Dutch adolescents, urinary concentrations of methylparaben and ethylparaben were associated with better attention and less hyperactivity, whereas a trend toward significance was found between higher urinary propylparaben concentrations and poorer attention. Bisphenol concentrations were not associated with attention and concentration after adjusting for confounders.

Characterizing the ASD-ADHD phenotype: measurement structure and invariance in a clinical sample.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have considerable overlap, supporting the need for a dimensional framework that examines neurodevelopmental domains which cross traditional diagnostic boundaries. In the following study, we use factor analysis to deconstruct the ASD-ADHD phenotype into its underlying phenotypic domains and test for measurement invariance across adaptive functioning, age, gender and ASD/ADHD clinical diagnoses. Participants included children and youth (aged 3-20 years) with a clinical diagnosis of ASD (n = 727) or ADHD (n = 770) for a total of 1,497 participants. Parents of these children completed the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), a measure of autism symptoms, and the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD and Normal Behaviour (SWAN) questionnaire, a measure of ADHD symptoms. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on combined SCQ and SWAN items. This was followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and tests of measurement invariance. EFA revealed a four-factor solution (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, social-communication, and restricted, repetitive, behaviours and interests (RRBI)) and a CFA confirmed good model fit. This solution also showed good model fit across subgroups of interest. Our study shows that a combined ASD-ADHD phenotype is characterized by two latent ASD domains (social communication and RRBIs) and two latent ADHD domains (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity). We established measurement invariance of the derived measurement model across adaptive functioning, age, gender and ASD/ADHD diagnoses.

Prevalence rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)\xa0and computer vision syndrome\xa0(CVS) symptoms predisposition among digital device users of Bangladesh

BackgroundAround 5.29% of the world population is suffering from ADHD, and 60 million people are suffering from CVS, with an increasing rate of prevalence of these disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of ADHD and CVS symptoms among the Bangladeshi population.ResultsTo assess the aim of the study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted online through stratified sampling, and 197 responses were collected from the participants. Our survey method follows these criteria where the ARSV1.1 standard questionnaire was followed for the ADHD questionnaire, and a self-administered questionnaire was established based on the symptoms of CVS. The male age ranges from 18–24 have the highest value of ADHD (34%) coincided with > 6 h digital device usage (51%), and the Stroop effect is significantly correlated with the ADHD score (0.498, p < 0.01). The Stroop effect value is also higher among the males aged 18–24, digital device users for > 6 h (48%).ConclusionsWith the advent of science, it is impossible to avoid digital devices as necessary. Notwithstanding, safe and appropriate use of digital media is a must for healthy living.

Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Package Based on Executive Performance of Signs (Child Behavior in Class, Participation and Group Cooperation, Attitude towards Authorities) in Children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder: Pilot Randomized Cont

Introduction: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is caused by dysfunction of the central nervous system and may affect all activities by the individual. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of rehabilitation package based on executive performance of signs (child behavior in class, participation and group cooperation, attitude towards authorities) children with ADHD. Materials and Methods: The research project was a randomized clinical trial with the control group. 30 children with ADHD were selected from primary schools that were referred to in Isfahan health centers and clinics using convenient sampling and were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent training in 11 2-hour sessions with the intervention of Dawson and Guare training package (target behavior, goal setting according to behavior, goal setting steps, monitoring, process evaluation, and gradual elimination of monitoring). The control group did not receive any parallel treatment process during the study (with the agreement of the child and the parents). Child behavior in the classroom, group participation and cooperation, attitude towards power authorities were assessed by the Connor Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Mixed Model ANOVA. Results: The results showed that Dawson and Guare educational package significantly improved the signs of ADHD including child behavior in the classroom, participation and group cooperation, and attitudes towards power authorities (P ≤ 0.001 for all variables). Conclusion: It seems that Dawson and Guare educational package may be effective in managing the signs of children suffering from ADHD like child behavior in the classroom, group participation and cooperation, and attitudes toward power authorities.

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorser: A case study

IntroductionAlthough there are very effective treatment approaches for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) available, the clinical management has its limits making new treatment modalities a necessity. Evidence suggests that low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), improves hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention deficit of individuals with ADHD.ObjectivesThe aim of this case study is to present the effectiveness of rTMS on hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention deficit of an individual with ADHD.MethodsThis is a case study of a 22 year old male diagnosed with ADHD. The protocol applied was 2 weeks of daily rTMS sessions. This involved repetitive TMS to the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (10 Hz, 3.000 pulses, 120% motor threshold) to treat attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Assessments were conducted using Adult ADHD Questionnaires, the Jasper and Goldberg questionnaire and WHO self- reported scale at baseline, 1 month and up to 3 months follow up.ResultsThe patient showed overall improvement in scores in both ADHD scales with scores dropping more than 50 % in both scales from pre treatment to 3 months follow up. No side effects were recorded during therapyConclusionsOur findings suggest that the use of rTMS therapy in individuals with ADHD, is an efficacious and safe therapeutic treatment option.

L’incidence des troubles associés sur l’effet d’une psychothérapie ciblant les épisodes explosifs chez des enfants ayant le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette

The present study examines whether the severity of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms as well as the severity of obsessions and compulsions symptoms modulate the response to a specialized psychotherapy that aims to decrease the explosive outburst (EO) in children with Tourette syndrome (TS). Indeed, the impulsivity and lack of self-control usually associated to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), paired with the rigidity and perfectionism inherent in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) increases the likelihood of EO manifestation. However, no study has directly examined the interactions between the specific symptoms of ADHD and OCD in the treatment of EO. Nineteen children with TS, aged 8 to 14, were recruited and randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups: 1) a specific therapy to reduce EO; 2) an active control group. To our knowledge, the specific therapy named “Prends ton Tourette par les Cornes !” (PTC) (Leclerc, O’Connor, Forget, & Lavoie, 2012) is the only therapy that addresses specifically EO. Moreover, this therapy conceptualises EO as inherent manifestations of TS and takes into account certain cognitive processes inherent in ADHD and OCD, such as cognitive rigidity and lack of self-control. Data were collected regarding the severity of tics and the severity of comorbid ADHD and OCD symptoms. The severity of ADHD symptoms tends to have a negative impact on the effect of the therapy (r=−0.694; P=0.056), unlike OCD symptoms (r=0.039; P=0.920) and the severity of tics (r=0.262; P=0.155). However, the lack of association between the severity of OCD symptoms and the response to treatment can be explained by the low prevalence of these symptoms in the sample prior to the treatment. Regression coefficients analysis shows that the inattention subscale of the ADHD questionnaire is the most negatively associated (r=−0.642) with the reduction of EO after PTC therapy, without however reaching the threshold of statistical significance (P=0.086). Data shows that the presence of ADHD accounts for 48.10% of the variance in EO after therapy and that inattention symptoms could affect the effectiveness of treatment. In short, inattention behaviour prior to the therapy could make it more difficult to process information and ultimately interfere with the integration of therapeutic steps or with the adhesion of essential elements of the therapy. Consequently, ADHD symptoms should be taken into account from the start and be directly targeted by the addition of specific exercises for attentional difficulties, while considering the parents’ urgency to address EO quickly in the therapeutic process. Future studies examining the association between EO and comorbid disorders would benefit from being part of a transdiagnostic current in order to clarify the role of symptoms and cognitive or emotional processes present in the broad spectrum of associated symptoms in children with TS.

Decoding depressive disorder using computer vision

This paper intends to decode depressive disorder using computer vision. Facial expressions rendered by a depressive and non-depressive person were studied against a given stimulus. A survey was conducted using Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) questionnaire on a group of four hundred one volunteers between age group of nineteen to twenty-three years. A total of 254 male and 147 female volunteers participated in survey. Three hundred and eighty-seven responses were actually received and seventy-two respondents were identified as potential patients of depressive disorder. Amongst these anticipated depressive patients, thirty-eight were called for a personal assessment/ interview by practicing psychologists as per DSM-V standards. Data collected from these respondents were used to train a Convolutional Neural Network model, so as to classify a person as depressed or not depressed. The proposed system attained a precision of 74 in the identification of depressive patients. This study concludes to the fact that facial expressions rendered by a patient suffering from the depressive disorder are different from that of non-depressive person against any given psychological stimulus. Further, it was also concluded that facial expressions rendered by a respondent against any annotated quality stimulus like ADFES dataset could provide results comparable to that of ADHD questionnaire. The outcome of this research intends to facilitate doctors to identify potential depressive patients and make an early diagnosis.

Stress Levels of Parents of Children With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Symptoms of parental stress can be perceived in families of children with mental health disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This research investigated the presence of stress in parents of children with and without ADHD and verified the possible association of these levels with inattention and patterns of children’s hyperactivity/impulsivity. The participants were 78 parents with children between 8 and 12 years old with ADHD (experimental group) and without ADHD (control group). The study was conducted in two public schools, at a university hospital and in the participant’s homes. Sociodemographic questionnaires, the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder questionnaire (MTA-SNAP IV), were used in this research. Relative frequency statistics and factor, correspondence and variance analysis were used for data analysis. The main results were the highest stress level (68.19) in parents of children without ADHD compared with that for parents of children with ADHD (27.37). The parents in the experimental group observed more behaviours of the child characteristics of ADHD (distraction, hyperactivity and impulsivity) than did the parents in the control group, with important differences identified between the two groups. This finding shows that although the parents of children with ADHD report more characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, their stress level is lower when compared with the control group.

The Effect of Foot Massage by Mother on the Severity of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children Aged 6-12.

Background:Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches have been proposed to control the symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foot massage by a mother on the severity of ADHD symptoms in children.Materials and Methods:This study was a randomized controlled trial conducted on 56 children who referred to psychiatric clinics affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in Iran, 2018. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. In the intervention group, after giving massage therapy training to the mother, the mother massaged her child's foot three times a week for 1 month. The data were collected using the ADHD questionnaire. Data were analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics (independent t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Chi-square test).Results:Comparison of the mean score of ADHD symptoms, after the intervention, showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the dimensions of the memory and attention deficit (t47 = 3.42, p = 0.001), lack of responsibility and organization (t47 = 7.16, p < 0.001), lack of cooperation with others (t47= 5.23, p < 0.001), and the total score of symptom severity (t47 = 3.78, p < 0.001).Conclusions:Massage therapy is affordable and low-cost care that together with pharmacotherapy programs can reduce some symptoms of ADHD.

Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening II: Effect of Treating Maternal Suboptimal Thyroid Function on Child Behavior.

The Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening (CATS) study was the first randomized controlled trial to investigate effects of treating suboptimal gestational thyroid function (SGTF) on child cognition. Since observational studies indicated that SGTF may also increase symptoms of autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the CATS cohort was used to investigate whether treatment of mothers affected their children's behavior. Mothers (N = 475) completed 3 questionnaires: the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Child ADHD Questionnaire, and the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ, used as a screen for autism spectrum disorder [ASD]), about their children (mean age 9.5 years). Group comparisons of total scores, numbers of children above clinical thresholds, and association between high maternal free thyroxine (FT4) (> 97.5th percentile of the UK cohort, "overtreated") and child neurodevelopment were reported. There were no differences in total scores between normal gestational thyroid function (GTF) (n = 246), treated (n = 125), and untreated (n = 104) SGTF groups. More children of treated mothers scored above clinical thresholds, particularly the overtreated. Scores were above thresholds in SDQ conduct (22% vs 7%), SCQ total scores (7% vs 1%), and ADHD hyperactivity (17% vs 5%) when comparing overtreated (n = 40) and untreated (N = 100), respectively. We identified significantly higher mean scores for SDQ conduct (adjusted mean difference [AMD] 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.021-1.431; P = 0.040, effect size 0.018) and ADHD hyperactivity (AMD 1.60, 95% CI, 0.361-2.633; P = 0.003, effect size 0.028) comparing overtreated with normal-GTF children. There was no overall association between SGTF and offspring ADHD, ASD, or behavior questionnaire scores. However, children of "overtreated" mothers displayed significantly more ADHD symptoms and behavioral difficulties than those of normal-GTF mothers. Thyroxine supplementation during pregnancy requires monitoring to avoid overtreatment.

Lower Attentional Skills predict increased exploratory foraging patterns

When engaged in a search task, one needs to arbitrate between exploring and exploiting the environment to optimize the outcome. Many intrinsic, task and environmental factors are known to influence the exploration/exploitation balance. Here, in a non clinical population, we show that the level of inattention (assessed as a trait) is one such factor: children with higher scores on an ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) questionnaire exhibited longer transitions between consecutively retrieved items, in both a visual and a semantic search task. These more frequent exploration behaviours were associated with differential performance patterns: children with higher levels of ADHD traits performed better in semantic search, while their performance was unaffected in visual search. Our results contribute to the growing literature suggesting that ADHD should not be simply conceived as a pure deficit of attention, but also as a specific cognitive strategy that may prove beneficial in some contexts.

The Effectiveness of Barkley's Parent Training on Social Skills of Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) damages the children’s communicative and social performance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Barkley’s parental training on social skills of students with ADHD.&#x0D; Methods: This random trial was conducted on primary school students with ADHD in Isfahan in academic year 2016 - 2017. As a result, 40 students with ADHD were selected from primary school students with ADHD via clustered random sampling method and were randomly categorized into case and control groups. The parents in the case group received fifteen sixty-minute therapeutic interventions in two months. The applied questionnaires included ADHD questionnaire and social skills questionnaire. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA method.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that Barkley’s parental training had significant effect on social skills of students with ADHD (P-value &lt; 0.001) so that this therapy could improve social skills in ADHD students.&#x0D; Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that Barkley’s parental training can be applied as an efficient treatment to improve social skills of ADHD children by modifying parents’ interactional and parental model.&#x0D;

Development of Virtual Reality Continuous Performance Test Utilizing Social Cues for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Virtual reality (VR) neuropsychological assessments have the potential for the ecological measurement of attention. We analyzed the newly developed VR continuous performance test (VR-CPT) for Korean children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing children (TDC). To identify specific features of a virtual environment that influence the attention performance of children, we investigated whether the presence of a virtual teacher and social cues in the VR environment affects their attention performance. A total of 38 participants (18 TDC and 20 ADHD children and adolescents) were recruited for VR-CPT testing. Bivariate correlational analysis was conducted to examine the associations between the results of the VR-CPT and ADHD questionnaires to determine the capacity of VR-CPT to mirror real-life attention behaviors. Mixed-design analysis of variables was conducted to compare the effects of the social aspects of the VR-CPT on attention performance in groups. There were significant associations between ADHD rating scores and the omission error, commission error, reaction time (RT), reaction time variability (RTV), and total accuracy of the VR-CPT in the ADHD group. In addition, the ADHD group exhibited comparable performance with the TDC group for all measures of the VR-CPT. Also there seemed to be a trend of decreasing RTV when a virtual teacher with social cues was present compared with the equipment control condition in the ADHD group. Performance in the VR-CPT program was associated with behavioral measures of ADHD symptoms. Adding social aspects to a VR environment commonly encountered by children and adolescents has the potential to make a difference in the attention performance of youths with ADHD.

Validity and Reliability of the Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Epidemiological Studies: Partial Least Squares -based confirmatory factor analysis

Background: Validity and Reliability of the Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Epidemiological Studies: Partial Least Squares -based confirmatory factor analysis Abstract Background and Objectives: Despite many types of research about tools of ADHD have been done over the past decade, lack of a Valid and Reliable tool is observed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of ADHD questionnaire in epidemiological studies based on confirmatory factor analysis (PLS).Methods: The present study is a case-control study that was conducted on 456 male motorcyclists and research tool was ADHD questionnaire in 2013. A total of 30 items from experts and audience community were detected necessary. Content validity was verified using expert opinion and construct validity was verified by factor analysis. The results of the Partial Least Squares -based confirmatory factor analysis was done by SMARTPLS3 software. The Cv-communality index, whose positive values indicate the quality of the model and the Cv-redundancy was calculated.Results: According to expert’s opinion, content validity was confirmed. Model fit indicators (AVE> 0.5, SRMR= 0.08, NFI= 0.89) the adequacy of the model and the result structural validity Confirmed. Also, there was also a significant relationship between sub-scales and items. There was a direct, positive and significant relationship between the subscale ASS, CSS and DSS with ADHD. Cronbach s alpha (> 0.7) and combined reliability (> 0.7) confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire.Conclusion: The results showed the validity and reliability of the ADHD questionnaire in epidemiologic studies and various studies for review and generalizability suggested in other communities.

Regulación de la donación de gametos y embriones en las técnicas de reproducción humana asistida: ¿anónima o abierta?

The use of donated gametes and embryos in assisted reproduction techniques (ART) makes it necessary to examine interests that involve relevant ethical and legal considerations, which include the autonomy and privacy rights of the intended parents, donors' right to privacy and the right of the minors to know their genetic origin. This article presents arguments to consider policies of more openness to obtain information from donors in order to protect the child's best interest in knowing his/her genetic origins. It concludes with the situation in Mexico, where ART has been carried out with donated gametes since several years ago; however, due to the absence of regulations to control these procedures, each establishment imposes its own criteria for the operation of its programs.