Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder Children Research Articles

Convergence insufficiency prevalence in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder children depends on the diagnosis criteria.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition commonly seen in children and adolescents, characterised by an increase in distractibility or inattention. Several studies have noted a higher rate of visual problems in this group, especially convergence insufficiency (CI), but when using different diagnostic criteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate visual function in ADHD children and non-ADHD controls to compare the different signs for diagnosis of CI. In this prospective case-control study, a group of children aged 7-17 years, diagnosed with ADHD before the start of pharmacological treatment and matched for age and gender with non-ADHD controls were examined. Visual acuity (VA), objective and subjective refraction, accommodative amplitude and facility, heterophoria, positive and negative fusional vergences (PFV and NFV) and stereopsis were assessed. Sixty participants (30 ADHD and 30 non-ADHD controls) were evaluated. There was no significant difference between the two groups for VA, refraction and accommodative abilities. There were significant differences in PFV and NFV: PFV break/recovery values for the ADHD and control groups were 18.9/16.2∆ and 26.9/22.1∆, respectively. Respective values for NFV were 15.7/13∆ and 19.3/15.9∆. Using the three signs of receded near point of convergence (NPC), decreased PFV and exophoria 4∆ greater at near than distance, the prevalence of CI was equivalent for the ADHD and controls (p = 0.34) If only two signs were considered for the CI diagnosis, (i.e., receded NPC and decreased PFV), then prevalence was significantly greater for the ADHD group (p < 0.01). These results show a higher prevalence of binocular vision problems in the ADHD group. This suggests a relationship between vergence problems and ADHD, but the direction of this link remains unclear. Further studies with specific samples may be needed to understand fully the association between binocular vision disorders and ADHD.

Role of Social Support in Increasing Socialization Ability ADHD (Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) Children at Suryo Bimo Kresno Elementary School

Support from the social environment has a significant impact on the development of children with special needs(Efendi, 2017). ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurobiological disorder that is common in children and can affect their ability to learn and interact socially. The way ADHD children interact is quite different from other people in general, because they have difficulty interacting with their environment, like to daydream, tend to move actively and cannot focus on listening or paying attention when other people are talking.This field research is qualitative in nature with a case study research design using interview and observation methods. Research subjects were chosen deliberately using purposive sampling.The origins of ADHD in a child often involve a variety of complex factors, and a lack of affection can be one of them. As time goes by, the subject is able to share with his friends and has quite good social relations. In addition, the ability to store their own things shows that they are making progress in aspects of daily life that reflect a growing level of independence. The results of this research are that social support, especially from peers and teachers in inclusive schools, plays a positive role in improving the socialization of children with ADHD.

Play Therapy Modified Ludo Games Decreasing Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, And Inattention In Children With Attention Deficit And Hiperactivity Disorder

Background: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder experienced by children with characteristics including hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and inattention things that affect the occupational performance of children in their activities. Occupational therapy play a role in handling ADHD children through play therapy methods. One of the children's games that have therapeutic value is the modified ludo game. Modified ludo game can be applied to decreasing symptom ADHD. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of modified ludo game on hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention in children with ADHD.&#x0D; Methods: Quantitative with pre-experimental research design, one group pretest-posttest with a sample size of 36 children with ADHD in RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogjakarta. The sampling technique was purposive sampling, inclusion criteria: being able to understand simple commands, aged 3 - 6 years old, no motor impairment and able to move. The time of study was carried out in 2020-2021. Three rules modified ludo games models are provided in each session. The measuring instrument use ADHD rating scale that is valid and reliable. The data analysis method uses a paired sample t-test. &#x0D; Results: Paired sample t-test results showed that p-value &lt; 0.05. Play therapy modified ludo games intervention have a possitive and significant effect on hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention in children with ADHD (ρ = 0.001). &#x0D; Conclusion: Play therapy modified ludo games has an effect on decreasing hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention in children with ADHD, so it’s recommended as an alternative game for occupational therapy for ADHD children.

Third-generation cognitive behavioral therapy versus treatment-as-usual for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThis study aims to compare improvements in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity between a group of ADHD children and parents undergoing a new therapeutic program based on third-generation cognitive behavioral therapy (Hyper-mCBT) and a similar group undergoing treatment-as-usual with the Barkley program.MethodsTwo hundred forty-eight children diagnosed with ADHD will be randomly assigned to either a Hyper-mCBT program or a Barkley program. This is a multicenter randomized (1:1), 2 parallel-group, superiority trial with evaluator blinding and stratification according to center and methylphenidate treatment. The Hyper-mCBT program consists in a series of 16 simultaneous-but-separate therapy sessions for parents and for children.DiscussionMore effective psychotherapeutic approaches are needed for ADHD children. Pharmacotherapy seems to be more effective in reducing ADHD symptoms but it is not always helpful, it carries side effects, and it is rejected by many parents/professionals. Results for psychotherapy programs for ADHD are inconsistent although several studies have shown clinical improvements. This trial will substantiate encouraging preliminary results of an innovative psychotherapy program for both parents and children.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03437772. Registered on February 19, 2018. Sponsor number: PHRC-N/2016/JLC-01. RCB identification: 2017-A01349-44

The Interventions for Sleep Disorders in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A Narrative Review

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. Children with ADHD have more frequent comorbid sleep disorders than healthy children. The current methods of treating sleep disorders in ADHD children are still focused on pharmacological interventions which in fact only provide little benefit. AIM: This study aims to identify existing studies regarding the types of nonpharmacological and complementary interventions for sleep disorders in children with ADHD using a narrative review approach. METHODS: This was a narrative review. Inclusion criteria included articles in English and Bahasa, full-text articles, primary studies, and children with ADHD aged 18 years with or without comorbidities as the research sample, and the article having been published in the last 10 years. Searches were performed in several databases: PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. RESULTS: The result showed that programs for managing sleep disorder in ADHD are behavioral therapy, behavioral parent training (BPT), behavioral sleep intervention, neurofeedback, mind-body therapy, L-theanine supplementation, horse milk supplementation, and play therapy. The programs are found to be effective in improving sleep. CONCLUSION: The program most comprehensive with a high level of ease of implementation was BPT.

The Virtual City ParadigmTM for Testing Visuo-Spatial Memory, Executive Functions and Cognitive Strategies in Children With ADHD: A Feasibility Study.

Navigation is a complex process, requiring target localization, route planning or retrieval, and physical displacement. Executive functions (EFs) such as working memory, inhibition and planning are fundamental for succeeding in this complex activity and are often impaired in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Our aim was to analyze the feasibility of a new ecological navigation task, the Virtual City paradigm™ (VC™) to test visuo-spatial memory and EFs in children with ADHD. Visuo-spatial short and working memory, inhibition and planning skills were tested with standardized tasks. The VC™, a new paradigm developed by our group, used the Virtual CarpetTM technology, consisting of a virtual town with houses, streets and crossroads projected on the ground. It includes a motion capture system, tracking body movement in 3D in real time. In one condition, children were required to walk through the city and reach a sequence of houses. In the other, before walking, they had to plan the shortest path to reach the houses, inhibiting the prepotent response to start walking. The results show a good feasibility of the paradigm (feasibility checklist and ad hoc questionnaire), being ecological and motivating. VC™ measures of span positively correlated with visuo-spatial short and working memory measures, suggesting that VC™ heavily relies on efficient spatial memory. Individual subject analyses suggested that children with ADHD may approach this task differently from typically developing children. Larger samples of ADHD and healthy children may further explore the specific role of EFs and memory, potentially opening new avenues for intervention.

Screening for adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder among military parents: A pilot study

IntroductionThe prevalence of adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been investigated in the general population by multiple studies. However, few studies have focused on identifying its prevalence in the military population, particularly among military parents of children with ADHD.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to screen for adult ADHD among military parents of ADHD children followed-up at the child and adolescent psychiatry department in the Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis, Tunisia.MethodsThis prospective study was carried among military parents (one or both parents belonging to the national army) of ADHD children. Children were diagnosed with ADHD based on the 5th Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ADHD criteria and the Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scale. Whereas adult ADHD was screened for using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-V1.1.ResultsFifteen children and twenty-nine parents were included in the study: sixteen of the parents were military members and thirteen were civilian spouses. Eight (50%) of the sixteen military parents, and four (30,7%) of the civilian spouses were screened positive for ADHD. Whereas 73% of these children had at least one parent screened positive for ADHD, and 53% had at least one military parent screened positive for ADHD. These results suggest a high prevalence of adult ADHD among this population.ConclusionsADHD occurs in childhood and may persist into adulthood. The findings of this study indicate that ADHD symptoms are not limited to the youth and are common in military population. Implications on screening, management, preventive measures and research should be discussed.

Motor competence difficulties and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among secondary students

A high proportion of children with Attention problems (ADHD) experience motor competence problems. The present study sought to compare the motor competence between a group of ADHD students and a normative sample before and after controlling for motor coordination problems, and check if there are differences between the group with ADHD and the group with DT, depending on the presence or not of the DCD concurrent with the ADHD.&#x0D; A total of 22 children with ADHD combined type (ADHD-CT; 12–13 years, SD 0.7, 16 males, 6 females) and 23 age-matched typically developing children with no movement difficulties (12-13 years, SD 0.7 16 males, 7 females) participated in this study. Motor coordination was measured using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd Edition (MABC-2). ADHD symptoms were assessed by the school’s Department of Psychology.The ADHD diagnosis is based on diagnostic criteria established by the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), and the application of the following behavioral scales and evaluation of executive functions have been followed: Child Behavior Checklist for ages; Behavior Ratting Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF); Scales for the Evaluation of ADHD (EDAH). Based on the MABC-2 score (percentile score ≤ 5th), ADHD children were classified into two groups: co-occurring DCD/ADHD and ADHD group. Results showed that children with ADHD and typically developing (TD) children showed big individual differences on all motor skill areas and on overall percentile scores. Thirteen children with ADHD were delayed, and three were at risk for motor delays. Only four TD children were at risk for motor delays. DCD/ADHD group scored significantly lower than the TD group across all motor skill areas, while ADHD group scored lower than the TD group only on manual dexterity.

Neurophysiological differences between ADHD and control children and adolescents during the recognition phase of a working memory task

Impairment of executive functions including attention and working memory (WM) have been proposed as an important feature of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). During the recognition phase of a delayed match-to-sample test (DMTS) a reduced N2pc component, related to the attentional selection of the memorized item and a reduced distractor positivity (Pd), related to the processing suppression of distractors are expected in ADHD subjects. For the purpose of the study, twenty-nine ADHD subjects diagnosed with a structured interview and the DuPaul questionnaire, were included in the study. Thirty-four control subjects were recruited from public schools and matched by age (from 6 to 17 years old) and gender with the ADHD group. Reaction times (RTs), errors, and Event Related Potentials (ERPs) were obtained in a DMTS task during the recognition phase in correct trials. RTs and errors were higher in ADHD subjects compared to the control group. Specifically, errors were much higher in ADHD than in controls. The cluster mass permutation statistics showed a significant N2pc component in both groups during the recognition phase, but a significant Pd component was present only in controls. The present results suggest that in correct trials ADHD children use the same neural resources to select the memorized item from WM with similar efficacy than controls, although a lower Pd suggests a difficulty in suppressing distractors.

Do motor coordination and sleep difficulties predict peer functioning in children and adolescents with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder after accounting for existing ADHD symptomology?

Children with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to experience peer problems compared to their non-ADHD peers, though ADHD-specific symptoms only partially explain this association. This study examined whether sleep difficulties and motor coordination problems are additional predictors of peer problems in an ADHD population. An ADHD sample of 72 participants aged 6-14years (M=9.86years, SD=1.79years) was evaluated for an association of peer problems with measures of motor coordination, sleep difficulties as well as ADHD and comorbidity symptoms. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis (HMRA) was used to test the current study aims. Motor coordination, but not sleep difficulties, predicted additional variance in peer problems after controlling for inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, internalizing problems, oppositionality, and conduct problems. Poor motor coordination predicts peer problems beyond ADHD symptoms. Clinicians seeking to improve peer functioning in children with ADHD should also consider motor coordination difficulties in addition to existing treatment strategies. Statement of contribution What is already known Children with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience greater peer problems (i.e., making friends, being victimized, participating in play) than their typically developing peers. Previous studies have attributed this association between ADHD and peer problems to the symptoms of ADHD (i.e., inattention and/or hyperactivity) disrupting the typical trajectory of social development. However, quantitative studies have identified that symptoms of ADHD predict only portion of the variance in a child's peer problems - highlighting that there may be other unique factors that contribute to the higher incidence of peer problems typically observed in this population. What this study adds This study tested whether additional theoretically relevant factors could predict levels of peer problems in children with ADHD beyond the primary symptoms of the disorder. Internalizing symptomatology, conduct problems, oppositionality, motor coordination, and sleep difficulties were added to a regression model already including inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. These factors explained 51% of the variability in peer problems. In this sample of 72 ADHD children, the results of the final model highlighted that only motor coordination and conduct problems remained significant predictors of peer problems - highlighting two potentially important target areas for screening and intervention.

Sensory processing patterns in developmental coordination disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development

BackgroundSensory processing difficulties (SPD) are present in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, little is known about sensory processing variability in these disorders. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore SPD among children with DCD, ADHD and co-occurring symptoms in comparison to children with typical development (TD) and to determine how potential social confounders may influence these associations. MethodsThe study involved 452 children aged 6–12 years. The Short Sensory Profile-2 was used to assess sensory processing patterns. Multiple linear regressions were utilized to investigate the relationship between DCD, ADHD and co-occurring symptoms and sensory processing patterns, adjusting for social covariates. ResultsChildren with DCD and ADHD symptoms showed greater variability of atypical sensory processing patterns compared with TD children. Low registration and sensory sensibility issues were more prevalent in the DCD group. ADHD children showed higher rates of low registration, sensory sensibility and sensory seeking, and all children in the co-occurring symptoms group presented sensory sensibility. ConclusionThis study reports significant variability in sensory processing among children with DCD, ADHD and co-occurring symptoms using a population-based sample. These differences can contribute to understand how neurological and social factors correlates across diagnoses.

A spatial profile difference in electrical distribution of resting-state EEG in ADHD children using sLORETA

abstractPurpose:In this article, we propose current source density (CSD) as a marker for diagnosis of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) children for the first time.Materials and methods: A source localization method (sLORETA) was used to find the source of abnormality in the CSD in electrical distribution of different frequency bands in resting state EEG for the ADHD children in comparison to the normal children using statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) test. Resting-state EEG in eye-open (EO) condition was recorded from 13 ADHD and 15 age-matched normal children (aged between 6 and 13).Results: Significant differences were found in the CSD of three frequency bands: delta, theta, and alpha in the parietal lobe, between ADHD and normal groups.Conclusions: Higher CSD in the parietal lobe for ADHD children was found which suggests that an abnormality exists in the parietal lobe of children with ADHD which can be related to the attention shifting problem in these children.

Automatic Extraction and Detection of Characteristic Movement Patterns in Children with ADHD Based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Acceleration Images.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors. In particular, children have difficulty keeping still exhibiting increased fine and gross motor activity. This paper focuses on analyzing the data obtained from two tri-axial accelerometers (one on the wrist of the dominant arm and the other on the ankle of the dominant leg) worn during school hours by a group of 22 children (11 children with ADHD and 11 paired controls). Five of the 11 ADHD diagnosed children were not on medication during the study. The children were not explicitly instructed to perform any particular activity but followed a normal session at school alternating classes of little or moderate physical activity with intermediate breaks of more prominent physical activity. The tri-axial acceleration signals were converted into 2D acceleration images and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to recognize the differences between non-medicated ADHD children and their paired controls. The results show that there were statistically significant differences in the way the two groups moved for the wrist accelerometer (t-test p-value <0.05). For the ankle accelerometer statistical significance was only achieved between data from the non-medicated children in the experimental group and the control group. Using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to automatically extract embedded acceleration patterns and provide an objective measure to help in the diagnosis of ADHD, an accuracy of 0.875 for the wrist sensor and an accuracy of 0.9375 for the ankle sensor was achieved.

Increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) receiving sensory integration therapy: a population-based cohort study.

Parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been found to prefer sensory integration (SI) training rather than guideline-recommended ADHD treatment. This study investigated whether SI intervention for children with ADHD was associated with a reduced risk of subsequent mental disorders. From children < 8-years-old newly diagnosed with ADHD in a nationwide population-based dataset, we established a SI cohort and a non-SI cohort (N= 1945) matched by propensity score. Incidence and hazard ratios of subsequent psychiatric disorders were compared after a maximum follow-up of 9years. The incidence of psychiatric disorders was 1.4-fold greater in the SI cohort, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.41 (95% confidence interval 1.20-1.67), comparing to the non-SI cohort. Risks were elevated for emotional disturbances, conduct disorders, and adjustment disorders independent of age, gender, or comorbidity. Among children with only psychosocial intervention, the incidence of psychiatric disorders was 3.5-fold greater in the SI cohort than in the non-SI cohort. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders for children with ADHD who received SI compared to those who did not. Potential adverse effects of SI for ADHD children should be carefully examined and discussed before practice.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Group CBT for Parents of ADHD Children

Improvements in parenting skills do not necessarily lead to improvements in child and parent outcomes for children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cognitive factors such as parental cognitions and parenting self-efficacy may influence such outcomes. Clinical research on the effects of cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) on parental cognitions, parenting self-efficacy and mental health in Chinese parents of children with ADHD is lacking. This quasi-experimental study intended to assess the effects of a culturally attuned group CBT treatment on the mental health and quality of life of Chinese parents aged 26–58 years, with children with ADHD in Hong Kong. Participants in the experimental group received group CBT and standard treatment and their counterparts in the control group received standard treatment. Primary outcome variables of mental health and quality of life and process variables including parenting stress, parenting efficacy and dysfunctional attitudes were measured at baseline, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Data were analysed using 2 × 3 ANCOVAs, Cohen’s d statistics and multiple mediation analyses. Group by time interactions were found for most outcome variables. Effect size statistics indicated that group CBT had small to moderate effects on most outcome variables at post-treatment and follow-up assessments. The effect of CBT on mental health was mediated by the reduction in parenting stress and the effect of CBT on quality of life was mediated by the reductions in parenting stress and dysfunctional attitudes. Given its potential benefit, it is worth considering incorporating this group CBT programme into interventions for Chinese parents with ADHD children.

Altered Cervical Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potential in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder

Emerging evidence suggests that children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present more difficulties in standing and walking balance than typically developing children. Most of previous studies have assessed these functions using postural and sensory organization tests showing differences in balance performance between control and ADHD children. However, to date, it is unknown whether these balance alterations are accompanied with vestibular dysfunction. The principal aim of this study is to evaluate vestibular otolith function in ADHD and matched control children. We assessed vestibular otolith function in children with ADHD and controls using the subjective visual vertical (SVV) bucket test and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs). In addition, gait and balance were evaluated using the dynamic gait index (DGI) and computerized posturography. Non-significant differences between groups were obtained in SVV evaluation. DGI results show lower scores for overall test performance in children with ADHD (p < 0.001), while computerized postural recordings showed significant differences for the limit of stability between groups (p = 0.02). cVEMPs in response to 500 Hz tone bursts presented at 100 dB were absent or reduced in children with ADHD, as revealed by differences in P1 and N1 peak-to-peak amplitudes between groups (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that vestibular brainstem reflexes are altered in a subset of children with ADHD. We propose to include cVEMP reflexes in the clinical evaluation of ADHD patients.

Age-related connectivity differences between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder patients and typically developing subjects: a resting-state functional MRI study.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder characterized by behavioral symptoms including hyperactivity/impulsivity among children, adolescents, and adults. These ADHD related symptoms are influenced by the complex interaction of brain networks which were under explored. We explored age-related brain network differences between ADHD patients and typically developing (TD) subjects using resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) for three age groups of children, adolescents, and adults. We collected rs-fMRI data from 184 individuals (27 ADHD children and 31 TD children; 32 ADHD adolescents and 32 TD adolescents; and 31 ADHD adults and 31 TD adults). The Brainnetome Atlas was used to define nodes in the network analysis. We compared three age groups of ADHD and TD subjects to identify the distinct regions that could explain age-related brain network differences based on degree centrality, a well-known measure of nodal centrality. The left middle temporal gyrus showed significant interaction effects between disease status (i.e., ADHD or TD) and age (i.e., child, adolescent, or adult) (P < 0.001). Additional regions were identified at a relaxed threshold (P < 0.05). Many of the identified regions (the left inferior frontal gyrus, the left middle temporal gyrus, and the left insular gyrus) were related to cognitive function. The results of our study suggest that aberrant development in cognitive brain regions might be associated with age-related brain network changes in ADHD patients. These findings contribute to better understand how brain function influences the symptoms of ADHD.

Association of glutathione S-transferases M1, T1 and P1 gene polymorphisms with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in Korean children

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable disorder and common in school-age children characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although its heritability was estimated at 80–90% from family, adoption and twin studies, the molecular etiology of this disorder has not elucidated. Meanwhile, an impaired balance of oxidant-antioxidant status and increased oxidative stress is observed in ADHD, and it may imply a possible relationship between oxidative stress and etiology of ADHD. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is antioxidant enzymes that play a key role in the cellular detoxification. In the present study, we examined the association between the genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1, and ADHD in Korean children. Case–control study was conducted with 243 ADHD children and 327 controls. There were no significant associations between the polymorphisms and the incidence of ADHD (p>0.05). However, significant associations were observed in the stratified analyses. The frequency of GSTP1 Ile/Ile genotype is reached to the significant level in the hyperactivity subtype (88.2%) compared to controls (64.8%) (p=0.035) and the frequency of GSTT1-null genotype is significantly higher in the inattentive boys (p=0.005). Similarly, GSTT1-null genotype showed significant associations in combined subtype (p=0.016) and hyperactivity subtype (p=0.036) of the ADHD girls. Thus our result imply that the polymorphisms in the GST genes may affect ADHD, however, replication study for larger sample set and functional studies are crucial to confirm these findings.

Anger and aggression level in parents of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Objective: In this study we aimed to assess the aggression and trait anger-anger expression levels in parents of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to investigate the relationship between symptoms of ADHD/oppositional defiant disorder and aggression and anger levels of parents. Methods: The study sample consisted parents of 58 children diagnosed with ADHD between 6-14 ages. The healthy control group consisted of 54 healthy children's parents. Both ADHD and healthy group were assessed with Sociodemographic Data Form, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Symptoms of ADHD in children were evaluated with the DSM-IV Based Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale. Results: We found that trait anger level of mothers was higher in ADHD group than the control group. Anger control scores of ADHD parents was lower than the control group. Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire total aggression score and hostility subscale score was found to be higher In ADHD group than healthy control group. Additionally, attention deficit and oppositional defiant symptom levels of ADHD children were in relation with hostility level of parents and trait anger level of mothers. Conclusion: In our study trait anger and total aggression levels of mothers were found to be higher in ADHD group than healthy control group. Anger control levels of parents of ADHD group were lower than the control group. Parents of children with ADHD should be aware of their emotion and behavior related to anger and aggression during the treatment of child.

ADHD in Children: Mechanisms and Remediation

Executive functions study is one of the main topics in A.R. Luria works. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) syndrome presents a good model of executive disorders. An experimental study of them reveals a complex structure of the executive behavior, including sustaining of activity and attention, selectivity in decision making, shifting, planning and prognostic abilities. Cross-cultural (Russian/Italian) differences in executive functioning of ADHD children are discussed. A comparison of ADHD syndrome in preschool and primary school age is aimed to prevent an aggravation of defects and their early remediation.