Attending Tertiary Care Hospital Research Articles

Prevalence and Predictors of Postpartum Depression among Mothers Attending Tertiary Care Hospital, Jammu, India

Prevalence and Predictors of Postpartum Depression among Mothers Attending Tertiary Care Hospital, Jammu, India

Clinical Profile Of Patients With Chronic Otitis Media (Mucosal) Attending Tertiary Care Hospital

Clinical Profile Of Patients With Chronic Otitis Media (Mucosal) Attending Tertiary Care Hospital

A Comparative Study of Architecture and Quality of Sleep among Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy Patients and Healthy Individuals Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India


 
 
 
 Background and Objective: Primary sleep disorders are common in patients with epilepsy. Seizures, epileptiform discharges, and antiepileptic drugs alter the sleep architecture of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). We evaluated sleep architecture and its quality in these patients.
 Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with JME (11 men and 19 women with mean age of 21.10 ± 4.55 years) and 30 healthy controls underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG). Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were assessed using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), respectively.
 Results: Myoclonus and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) were present in all patients with JME, while absence seizures were in 13.3%. Sleep deprivation was the most frequent precipitating factor for seizures (56.6%) followed by fatigue, sound, and photic stimulation. Patients with JME reported a statistically significant drop in sleep efficiency (P<0.001) with prolonged sleep onset latency (P<0.001). There was prolongation in the N1 stage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (P=0.002), and reduction in the N2 stage of NREM (P<0.001) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (P<0.001). The median PSQI score was higher in patients with JME, suggesting poor sleep quality (P<0.001), and the daytime sleepiness was not different as indicated by the similar median ESS score (P=0.033).
 Conclusion: Our results suggest a significant alteration in the sleep architecture of patients with JME with reduced sleep efficiency and poor sleep quality. The possible role of the disease itself is suggested for these alterations as a simi- lar trend was also observed in drug naïve patients.
 
 
 

Identifying Typical Presentations of Vitamin B-12 Deficiency among Individuals Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Central Gujarat: A Case Control Study.

Introduction: Vitamin B12 is mainly obtained through non vegetarian diet, milk and milk products. Malabsorption and inadequate intake leads to haematological and neurological disorders. Objective:To determine the symptoms and signs associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency. Method: A case control study was conducted at the medicine department of tertiary care hospital. Patients visiting hospital with serum Vitamin B12 level below 200pg/ml were labelled as cases and more than 200 pg/ml were labelled as controls, irrespective of signs and symptoms of Vitamin B 12 deficiency.Controls were matched for age to minimize confounding. 160 cases and 160 controls were selected. Pretested semi structured questionnaire was used to identify signs and symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency among cases and controls. Chi square test was applied for each symptom between cases and control, of which 10 were significant (p<0.05). ROC curve was plotted for the 10 symptoms to check their usefulness for diagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency. Results: Area-Under Curve (AUC) was maximum under knuckle pigmentation (0.794), (Positive Likelihood Ratio (PLR)=3.24) followed by poor memory (0.684), (PLR=3.25) tingling and numbness (0.624), (PLR=1.84) and dizziness (0.605), (PLR=1.38) in respective order. Whereas fatigue, sore and swollen tongue, pale skin, breathlessness, palpitation, insomnia, memory loss were not associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency(p>0.05).Conclusion: Presence of knuckle pigmentation, poor memory, tingling and numbness, and dizziness can be defined as hallmarks of Vitamin B12 deficiency and can be used to predict and start Vitamin B12 supplementation.

Assessment of Depression and Anxiety among Patients with Hypothyroidism Attending Tertiary Care Hospital

Abstract Background: Hypothyroidism is a condition that develops due to the deficiency of circulating thyroid hormones. The correlation between psychiatric disorders and thyroid status is a major concern. Aim and Objective: The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety in such patients and to determine the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: It was an observational and cross-sectional study conducted among 256 patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism attending the department of general medicine and endocrinology in a tertiary care hospital for 2 months. The study participants were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The permission from the institutional ethics committee was obtained and informed written consent was taken from all the study participants. The questionnaire was a standardized tool. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel worksheet 2013 and analysis was done using the SPSS software trial version 21. Results: Out of 256 study participants, the majority 204 (79.7%) were female. In the present study, 27.3% of study participants had mild depression, 19.10% had moderate depression, 10.5% had severe depression, and 10.5% of study participants had very severe depression. In the present study, 17.6% of study participants had a mild form of anxiety, 23% had moderate anxiety, and 7.7% had severe anxiety. Conclusion: Any patient on treatment for hypothyroidism for longer clinical periods must be screened for depression and anxiety symptoms and treated accordingly.

Prevalence of Glaucoma in Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan

Prevalence of Glaucoma in Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan

Association of dermatological manifestations with CD4 count among people living with HIV attending tertiary care hospital of South Gujarat.

Dermatological manifestations are common manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, seen in 80% to 95% of HIV-infected patients. Dermatological manifestations are considered clinical indicators to predict and assess the underlying immune status. This study aims to document the dermatological manifestations in relation to CD4 count in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Cross-sectional study in 250 PLHIV fulfilling inclusion-exclusion criteria was conducted. Variables including sociodemographic profile, recent CD4 count (data from antiretroviral therapy center), and dermatological manifestation (physical examination) were collected. Clinical diagnosis was established, and patients were grouped according to the World Health Organization immunological staging. Majority of PLHIV (39.6%) were in the age group of 31-40 years. Males were affected more than females (1.6:1). A total of 364 dermatoses were observed; dermatological manifestation per patient ranged from 1 to 4. 32.80%. PLHIV had CD4 count >500 cells/mm3, 15.60% had CD4 count between 200-349 cells/mm3. Majority of dermatosis had infectious etiology (77.6%), out of which dermatophytosis (27.2%) was the most common infectious condition, whereas pruritic papular eruption was the most common (11.6%) noninfectious condition. A statistically significant association of CD4 count was found with dermatophytosis (P ≤ 0.001) and candidiasis (P = 0.001). The study showed a significant association between the number of dermatological manifestation and CD4 count as majority of study participants (67.2%) had CD4 <500 cells/mm3 at the time of episode of dermatosis.

Association between Glycated Hemoglobin and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION Glycated haemoglobin levels are routinely measured in type 2 diabetes mellitus to monitor their glycaemic control. Lipid disorder in diabetes is common issues either independently or in association with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. We aim to establish the association between Glycated haemoglobin and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending our centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS This is hospital based cross-sectional study conducted on 161 patients conducted in out-patient department of internal medicine and from 10/02/2079 to 20/04/079 at Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute (DMCRI). Patients were enrolled after taking informed consent fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criterias. Data were entered on Microsoft Excel 2010 and analyzed using SPSS v25. RESULTS Among 161 Participants, male to female ratio was almost 1:1, with mean age of diabetes of male and female was 58.1 ± 11.2 standard deviation (SD) and 56.7 ± 10.4 SD, with 13.04% were alcohol consumer; 1.86% were smokers; 57.76% of them had high blood pressure; (29.19%) had known dyslipidaemia and 11.18% had hypothyroidism. While comparing controlled (HBA1c&lt;7%) with uncontrolled (HBA1c ≥7%) glycated hemoglobin and level of different components of lipid profile like total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL- cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, there is statistical correlation [χ²=4.67; df=1; p=0.031] between only high triglyceride level and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION High value of glycated hemoglobin not only measures uncontrolled type 2 diabetes but can also be considered for high lipid disorder biomarker. Early detection of high glycated hemoglobin could prevent complications related with diabetes independently or in combine with dyslipidemia.

Awareness of Labor Analgesia among Antenatal Women in Women Attending Tertiary Care Hospital

Awareness of Labor Analgesia among Antenatal Women in Women Attending Tertiary Care Hospital

Epidemiological characteristics of patients with breast cancer attending tertiary care hospital in Southern Rajasthan

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of death worldwide. The risk factors for breast cancer can be genetic mutation, age, and family history, reproductive risk factors such as early age at menarche and late age at menopause, older age at first full-term birth, number of children, nulliparity, and duration of breastfeeding. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of the patients with breast cancer attending tertiary care hospital in Southern Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective record-based study that was conducted in a tertiary health care hospital in Southern Rajasthan. Data were collected from the case files/records of the patients suffering from breast cancer. Information regarding the demographic details of patients (age at time of diagnosis, religion, place of residence, and education level), reproductive (age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first child birth, duration of breast feeding, and number of children) and life style related data were collected from case files for analysis. Results: The majority of the patients at the time of diagnosis were between 35 and 45 year age group followed by 46–55 year age group in the present study. The majority of the patients, 72.01% were from urban areas. The most of the patients at the time of diagnosis were in clinical Stage II and III. In the present study, 16% of the patients were &lt;13 years of age at menarche, 12.23% had attained late menopause at &gt;51 years, 7.99% patients had the first child birth at the age of &gt;30 years, and 12.98% patients had the family history of breast cancer. Conclusion: Breast cancer develops earlier in Indian women compared to Western population and is one of the leading cause of mortality. Early detection and awareness about breast cancer through implementation of public health programs can help in reducing mortality.

Low Prevalence of Mumps IgG Antibodies among the Paediatric Population Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India- A Pilot Study

Low Prevalence of Mumps IgG Antibodies among the Paediatric Population Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India- A Pilot Study

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Antenatal Depression among Pregnant Women Attending Tertiary Care Hospitals in South India.

Antenatal depression (AND) is a common mood disorder that affects both the mother and the child. The current study is aimed at identifying the prevalence of antenatal depression and the risk factors associated with it in South Indian pregnant women. The current study was carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital where pregnancy and postnatal care are offered. In the study, 314 pregnant women who visited the antenatal clinic for their prenatal checkups were included. To diagnose possible depression, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used. The chi-square test was applied to determine the association between antenatal depression and various socioeconomic, obstetric, and medical factors. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significant confounding variables. Of the total 314 women, 69 (21.98%) were suffering from possible depression with the mean EPDS score being 10.61 ± 7.48. Women of younger age had greater risks for depression than older women (AOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 0.56-7.20). Maternal age (χ 2 = 0.013, p = 0.009) and the presence of health issues during the current pregnancy (χ 2 = 5.18, p = 0.023) were the factors significantly associated with antenatal depression. Clinical efforts should focus on screening antenatal depression, early identification, and effective care, thus preventing progression to postpartum depression and its detrimental effects.

Suppression of bile acid synthesis as a tipping point in the disease course of primary sclerosing cholangitis

Background & AimsFarnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) analogues suppress bile acid synthesis and are being investigated for their potential therapeutic efficacy in cholestatic liver diseases. We investigated whether bile acid synthesis associated with outcomes in 2 independent populations of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) not receiving such therapy.MethodsConcentrations of individual bile acids and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) were measured in blood samples from 330 patients with PSC attending tertiary care hospitals in the discovery and validation cohorts and from 100 healthy donors. We used a predefined multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to evaluate the prognostic value of C4 to predict liver transplantation-free survival and evaluated its performance in the validation cohort.ResultsThe bile acid synthesis marker C4 was negatively associated with total bile acids. Patients with fully suppressed bile acid synthesis had strongly elevated total bile acids and short liver transplantation-free survival. In multivariable models, a 50% reduction in C4 corresponded to increased hazards for liver transplantation or death in both the discovery (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.24, 95% CI 1.06–1.43) and validation (adjusted HR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.03–1.47) cohorts. Adding C4 to established risk scores added value to predict future events, and predicted survival probabilities were well calibrated externally. There was no discernible impact of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment on bile acid synthesis.ConclusionsBile acid accumulation-associated suppression of bile acid synthesis was apparent in patients with advanced PSC and associated with reduced transplantation-free survival. In a subset of the patients, bile acid synthesis was likely suppressed beyond a tipping point at which any further pharmacological suppression may be futile. Implications for patient stratification and inclusion criteria for clinical trials in PSC warrant further investigation.Lay summaryWe show, by measuring the level of the metabolite C4 in the blood from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), that low production of bile acids in the liver predicts a more rapid progression to severe disease. Many people with PSC appear to have fully suppressed bile acid production, and both established and new drugs that aim to reduce bile acid production may therefore be futile for them. We propose C4 as a test to find those likely to respond to these treatments.

Association between Blood Eosinophil Count and Tissue Eosinophil Grading Among Patients Suffering From Sinonasal Polyposis Attending Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Present study aimed to evaluate the association between blood eosinophil count and tissue eosinophil grading among Patients suffering from Sinonasal Polyposis attending routine ENT OPD in Dr. RPGMC Tanda. Material and Methods: The present study was done as a hospital based cross sectional study in the department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, in Dr. RPGMC Kangra at Tanda. It was done in 30 patients of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) from June 2018 to June 2019 who met the inclusion criteria. Data regarding Blood and Tissue eosinophil count was retrieved. Results: in the present study,there were a total of 30 patients out of which there were 16 males and 14 females. The mean age observed of patients was 42.47±13.68. Among the total, 17 patients were classified as Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis (ECRSwNP) while 13 were classified as Non-Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis (NECRSwNP). There were 9 cases of ECRSwNP where tissue eosinophils were &gt;10/HPF while 8 cases had less than 10 tissue eosinophils/HPF. Similarly 9 cases of NECRSwNP had less than 10 tissue eosinophils/HPF while 4 cases had tissue eosinophils were &gt;10/HPF. The association between blood eosinophil count and tissue eosinophil grading was not significant with p value of 0.225. Conclusion: Present study concluded that there was no significant association of blood eosinophil count between NECRSwNP and ECRSwNP with tissue eosinophils.

MO471: Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug–Drug Interaction in Chronic Kidney Disease With Tuberculosis

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS The risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) is 10–25% in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. TB in CKD patients may have a mortality of 16–37%. Standard treatment with four drugs (Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol) predisposes to side effects, drug interactions and incomplete adherence in this population. We studied adverse drug reactions and potential drug–drug interactions in CKD patients with TB. METHOD Consecutive patients with CKD and TB attending tertiary care hospitals in South India were included over a period of 12 months. CKD was diagnosed based on estimated GFR using CKD EPI and TB using standard methodology. Data on demographic details and adverse drug reactions were collected from case records. Potential drug–drug interactions were checked using Micromedex Drug-Reax® (Truven Health Analytics, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. RESULTS Of 1300 TB patients, 59 had CKD. The demographic details are as per Table 1. CONCLUSION In CKD with TB, adverse drug reactions were seen in 45.5% and potential drug–drug interactions were seen mostly with rifampin (28.81% in CKD).

Awareness and Acceptance of PPIUCD among Pregnant Females Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan

Introduction: The postpartum intrauterine contraceptive devices (PPIUCD) is the only family planning strategy for couples asking highly viable, reliable, reasonable, non-hormonal, instantly reversible, and long-acting contraceptive that can be started during the immediate postpartum period and it has no a negative impact on lactation. In spite of this advantage, the acknowledgment and utilization of prompt PPIUCD were exceptionally low and the reasons for dismissing quick PPIUCD utilization have not been characterized in Pakistan. Subsequently, this study determined the level of adequacy and factors related with quick PPIUCD utilize among ladies who gave birth. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2020 to June 2021 at Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. Two hundred females patients were effectively met utilizing structured and pre-tested survey. Health facilities were chosen. Study participants were chosen systematically. Information entered and data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Calculated relapse examinations were done. A significant association was pronounced at a p-value less than 0.05. Results: Out of these 200 females, 80 females patients (40%) had information of PPIUCD, as it were 30 % of ladies had past information almost PPIUCD however only 8 % of ladies practiced it within the past. After counseling 22% of ladies concurred for addition of PPIUCD after this delivery. Conclusion: The study concludes that the antenatal ladies had poor information with respect to PPIUCD. Practices were indeed more awful. This might be credited to low education, refusal by family particularly male partner, and religious convictions. But once suitable information and data is given, state of mind gradually changes. Keywords: PPIUCD, Awareness, Pregnancy, Hospital

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers Attending Tertiary Care Hospital

OBJECTIVES: To determine knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding exclusive breastfeeding among mothers attending tertiary care hospitals. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics in Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. A total of 162 mothers were selected who were practicing breastfeeding of ages between 20 to 35 years, having a full-term baby of age up to 6 months old. The data is collected through a pre-planned questionnaire and then was analyzed using statistics version 24.0. The duration of the study was from 1st June 2020 to 30th October 2020. RESULTS: The results showed that no significant association was found between age groups, socio-economic status regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice (p&gt;0.05). However, there was a significant difference between knowledge, attitude, and practice with respect to educational status (p&lt;0.05). 123 (73.21%) mothers had unsatisfactory; whereas 39 (24.07%) mothers had excellent knowledge regarding breastfeeding. 39 (27.07%) of breast-feeding mothers had a positive attitude towards breastfeeding. 123 (73.21%) women showed a negative response regarding the practice of breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: Most of the mothers didn’t have adequate knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice. As a result, it is suggested that media can be used as a medium to educate women about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF).

Utilisation of Antenatal Care Services and its Determinants among Pregnant Women Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Western India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Good quality Antenatal Care (ANC) is not uniformly distributed in the community. A better ANC coverage not only ensures a safer outcome from pregnancy but also provides a platform for improving the health status of mother and baby. Aim: To assess the utilisation of ANC services among the pregnant women and to study the associated factors related to utilisation of ANC. Materials and Methods: Present was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted among 250 full term pregnant women. Systemic random sampling technique was adapted to select required participants. Women were interviewed, using predesigned and pretested semi-structured proforma, to assess the ANC received by them. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and proportions, continuous variables as mean and standard deviation. Chi-square test was used to found association between comprehensive ANC and various determinants affecting it and logistic regressions were applied to find out the predictors. Results: Mean age of the participants was 25.31±4.09 years. A total of 205 (82%) of participants were literate and 84% pregnant women were from rural area. About 69.2% participants belonged to joint family and 92.4% were housewife. Majority of the participants were from class IV (63.6%) and V (16%) socioeconomic class. About 66% participants were multigravida. All study participants were registered. A 87.2% women had early registration of pregnancy (within 12 weeks), 93.6% had atleast four ANC visits, 98.4% had taken two doses or one booster dose of Tetnus Toxoid (TT) injections and 71.2% women had taken minimum 100 iron and folic acid tablets. About 69.2% of the mothers had received the full ANC. Significant relation was found between utilisation of full ANC with age of women, residence area, her education, socio-economic class and parity. Conclusion: Full ANC utilisation was inadequate. Most of the indicators seemed better only Iron Folic Acid (IFA) tablets consumption was poor. There is a need for intensified and targeted awareness programs for pregnant women on the importance of antenatal visits and utilisation of various services

“A Comparative Study of Efficacy of Atorvastatin Alone and Atorvastatin with Omega-3 Fatty Acids Combination in Patients with Hyperlipidaemia Attending Tertiary Care Hospital”

Background: Current treatment with statins has become an integral part of vascular diseases but monotherapy has a significant residual event rate. Due to particularly one of the factor associated with atherogenic lipid phenotype that is characterized by a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and increase in non-HDL cholesterol like Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL). Omega-3 Fatty acids have demonstrated a preventiverole in primary and, particularly secondary cardiovascular diseases. Hence this study was planned to compare the efficacy of Atorvastatin alone with Atorvastatin and Omega-3 fatty acids in treatment in hyperlipidaemia patients.&#x0D; Methods: The study was comparative, randomized, and prospective and open labeled conducted in MI patients. A total of 100 patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided randomly into two Groups (Group–A and Group-B). Group-A was given Atorvastatin 10mg/day and Group-B was given Atorvastatin 10mg/day and Omega-3 fatty acids 600mg/day for 6 months. Follow up was done every month and efficacy was measured by assessing the lipoprotein levels in serum.&#x0D; Results: The results were compared before treatment and after 6 months treatment.The levels were significantly decreased Total Cholesterol (TC), LDL, Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Triglycerides (TG) and HDL levels were increased in Group–A and Group-B. When these results compared between two Groups the HDL levels were increased also it shown high significance (&lt;0.001) but there were no significance changes in other cholesterol levels.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study results showed that Atorvastatin and Omega-3 fatty acids treatment was more effective than Atorvastatin alone treatment in improving HDL-C levels from base line and it may have a additive effect in major coronary artery diseases.

Relationship between Radiological Findings with Bacterial Etiology of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Pediatric Population

Pneumonia continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Pneumonia is the leading killer of children worldwide. For the diagnosis of pneumonia, the World Health Organization has introduced guidelines for the management of cases to reduce the mortality of these diseases on the basis of simple clinical signs followed by the empirical treatment with antibiotics. More than 99% of deaths related to pneumonia among children occur in countries having a low and middle income. To study the Radiological finding of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in children. Across sectional study was conducted in which the sample size for the study was calculated from the expected prevalence of CAP based on other studies (74%). The sample size calculated by the required criterion for this study is 96. I was able to cover 118 patients as per the inclusion criteria in this study. The Patients of pediatric age groups and either sex attending tertiary care hospital with complaints suggestive of CAP. In this study total number of patients are 118 included who presented with the signs and symptoms suggestive of pneumonia. The findings of chest X-Ray of Right Lung with respect to different bacterial agents. Consolidation of the Right upper lobe is found to be statistically significant with respect to Streptococcus pneumonia and consolidation of the right lower lobe is found to be statistically significant with respect to bacteria Staphylococcus aureus whereas there is no statistically significant association with respect to other bacteria. The radiological finding of CAP in children attending pediatric OPD was observed that there was no association with any other bacteria.