Attending Preschool Institutions Research Articles

Investigation of the Relationship Between Mothers' Perceptions of Risky Play and Their Children's Self-Concepts

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the perceptions of mothers of children attending preschool institutions about risky play and children's self-concept and the relationship between gender. In line with this purpose, it was conducted using the relational survey model, one of the quantitative research methods. The sample of the study was determined using the convenience sampling method. The sample of the study consisted of 257 volunteer children and the mothers of the same children. In the study, a general information form developed by the researcher was used to obtain information about the demographic characteristics of the children and their families. As a data collection tool, "Scale for the Attitudes Towards Risky Play at Early Childhood - Parent Form (SATRPEC-PF)" was used to evaluate mothers' perceptions about risky play, and Perception of Child Self-Concept (PCSC) was used to evaluate children's self-concept. The data obtained from the study were created using Spearman Rank Correlation analysis. When the scores obtained from SATRPEC-PF and PCSC were compared, a positive correlation was found between PCSC scores and Pro-beliefs scores from SATRPEC-PF sub-factors, and a negative correlation was found between Feeling Anxiety. No significant relationship was found between Distinguishing Risky Behaviors, Supporting Children, and Parental Support factors. While there was a significant relationship between girls' PCSC scores and SATRPEC-PF Pro-beliefs sub-factor, Distinguishing Risky Behaviors sub-factor, and Feeling Anxiety sub-factor, no significant relationship was found between the Supporting Children and Parental Support sub-factors. A significant relationship was found only between boys' PCSC scores and the Pro-beliefs sub-factor of SATRPEC-PF. Suggestions were presented in line with the findings obtained from the study.

Characteristics of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> carriage in the pediatric population

Objective: to investigate the regional peculiarities of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in the pediatric population and characterize the dominant serotypes of the pathogen.
 Materials and methods. The clinical study group consisted of 509 healthy children attending preschool institutions. Examination of nasopharyngeal samples for the detection of S. pneumonae was carried out by classical bacteriological and molecular biological methods. The serotype was determined by real-time PCR. Genome-wide sequencing of the serogroups 15 and 11 isolates and bioinformatic analysis were performed.
 Results. The S. pneumoniae bacterial carriers in the group of healthy children was detected in 207 children (40.7%), while the frequency of detection of S. pneumoniae in urban children living in Kazan was significantly higher than in children living in rural area and amounted to 53.4 and 31.1%, respectively (p 0.05). Among children vaccinated with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13), S. pneumoniae carriers were not detected in 57.5% of cases. There were no significant differences in the degree of nasopharyngeal contamination depending on the vaccination status. Analysis of the serotype composition indicates the predominance of vaccine serotypes (57.7%), while the share of serotypes included in the PСV-13 vaccine accounts for only 24.7%, the share of non-vaccine serotypes was 32.1%, untyped — 10.2%. In unvaccinated children, vaccine serotypes that are part of the PCV-13 and 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine prevailed (PPSV-23): 6ABCD (21%), 11 AD (15%), 14 (13%). In vaccinated children, serotypes not included in the active vaccines dominated: 15AF (17.4%), 23A (19.2%), as well as 11AD (19.6%) (11А is included in PPSV-23). The 27 Kz isolate (serotype 15C) belonged to one of the most common sequence types ST1025. The 105_Kz isolate (serotype 11D) belonged to another common sequence type ST 62.
 Conclusion. In order to improve epidemiological surveillance of pneumococcal infection, it is necessary to introduce the monitoring of circulating clonal complexes of dominant S. pneumoniae serogroups and analyze the genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance and virulence depending on the sequence type.

Self-Regulation in Children Attending Preschool Institutions That Implement Different Educational Approaches

In recent years, there has been a rise in preschools adopting alternative educational approaches due to increased interest. Researchers have focused on how these approaches affect children's development. This study compares self-regulation in Montessori Preschool and preschools implementing the Ministry of National Education curriculum using a casual comparative research model. The sample includes 140 children aged 48-72 months from Montessori, private, and state preschools. Data was collected with a Personal Information Form and Preschool Self-Regulation Assessment measuring attention, emotion, and behaviour regulation. Montessori students exhibited higher self-regulation and positive emotion regulation. Six-year-olds scored higher in attention/impulse control. Young parents' children had higher self-regulation levels. Overall, self-regulation in the study group was high. The study discusses these findings in the context of existing literature and offers practical recommendations for future research.

Inclusion in the System of State Preschool Institutions of Serbia from the Parents’ Perspective

The realization of inclusive education at the preschool age is an important effort within the school system of a country. It has been established that inclusive education has a stimulating effect on children with disabilities, as well as on typically developing children. Because of this, it is necessary to start with its realization at the preschool age. The paper presents the results of empirical research conducted on a sample of 763 parents of children attending preschool institutions in the territory of eastern and southeastern Serbia, which were collected using an assessment scale specially constructed for this research. Bearing in mind the importance of the formation of positive attitudes of parents as key actors in the upbringing of typically developing children, who should represent to their children a model of adequate behavior towards persons with developmental disabilities, the research aims to examine the attitudes of parents about inclusion in the system of state preschool institutions. It was established that the majority of parents recognize the most significant advantages of inclusion and the prerequisite for achieving inclusion in the context of institutional preschool education. When it comes to obstacles to achieving inclusive education, it was found that parents recognize them to a lesser extent. Also, it was established that there are statistically significant differences in parents' responses to certain items concerning the variables of gender, age, and level of education. The findings of this research can represent a good starting point for improving existing institutional practice in the context of inclusive education.

Analysis of nutrition of children attending preschool institutions of various forms of ownership

Introduction. An important role in the protection of children’s health is played by educational institutions with proper nutrition. In this regard, the study of nutrition in preschool institutions with different ownership forms is relevant. Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of the qualitative and quantitative indices of the diet composition in children was carried out on the base of the current regulatory and methodological documents. Nutrition was assessed according to two-week implemented menus in 9 preschool institutions of various ownership forms. The study involved 33 infants aged 2 to 3 years. Results. The nutritional and energy value of infants’ diets covered the norms of physiological needs, however, there was an imbalance in the intake of both macro- and micronutrients. In private kindergartens, the imbalance of nutrient intake with food was more pronounced, had a carbohydrate-fat orientation, and a deficiency in the protein component was revealed. In the diets of all babies, dietary fiber was not enough, the deficit ranged from 27% to 39% of the norm. The structure of the grocery set in all institutions was irrational. Recommended consumption rate (from 94 to 104% of the norm) infans received with the main food (poultry, milk and fermented milk products, cottage cheese, sour cream). There was a deficit in the grocery set for all infants of rye bread (10-47% of the norm), meat (13-15%), fish (14-24%), hard cheese (15-45%), eggs (by an average of 42.1%), vegetable oils (14-24%); excess consumption of pasta (by an average of 17.9% of the recommended consumption rate), confectionery (from 16% to 167%). The presence in the menu of private preschool institutions of products not recommended for infants in organized groups (sausages) was noted. Limitations. This investigation is limited to a selection of children of primary preschool age attending preschool organizations of various ownership forms. Conclusion. The lack of proper control over the management of nutrition in private preschool institutions leads to more significant violations in its institution, requires the development of recommendations for correcting the nutrition of infants.

A Study Of Anxiety Levels Of Children Attending Preschool Instirutions According To Teachers’ Views

The goal of this study is to reveal anxiety levels of children attending preschool institutions according to teachers’ views, identify any correlation between anxiety levels and demographic features of children and their teachers. Study group of the research comprise 1465 children attending preschool institutions in Ankara province. Study data were collected by means of Personal Data Form and Preschool Children Anxiety Scale- Teacher’s Form. The study was designed in screening model, one of the qualitative research methods. Study results conclude that anxiety levels are significantly correlated with children’s age. It was also revealed that anxiety levels are not significantly correlated with children’s age, parental educational status, monthly income and family structure. It is revealed that children’s anxiety levels are correlated with teachers’ educational status; anxiety levels of children whose teachers are graduates of high school are lower while anxiety levels of children whose teachers have master’s degree are higher than other children.

Preparedness of senior preschool children with mental retardation to learn ball games

Introduction. Ball games, being a unique motor activity, combine the opportunities for favourable psychomotor, social and personal development of children. According to World Health Organisation experts, the value of ball games as a means and form of physical activity lies in the fact that they improve cognitive abilities and physical fitness of children with intellectual disabilities and hyperkinetic behaviour / hyperactivity syndrome. However, in order to achieve effective results in teaching ball games to children with disabilities, their level of physical fitness and functional abilities needs to be taken into account. The aim of the study was to examine and assess the level of readiness of senior preschool children with mental retardation to learn ball games, with further comparison of the findings with survey results in respect of children without developmental disabilities. Materials and methods. The research involved two groups of senior preschool children attending preschool institutions of Belgorod (Russian Federation). The diagnostic ball game exercises recommended in the programme “Play to your heart’s content”, as well as the methods of mathematical statistics (Student’s t-test), were used. Results. Talking of preschool children’s readiness to master ball games, we mean a well-formed orientative framework of motor actions with a ball in the form of knowledge and ideas about the motor task, mastering the ways to effectuate these actions, motivation towards achieving the result. The obtained data confirmed that children with mental retardation have insufficient readiness to master ball games and exercises. The optimal and average level of readiness to master ball games and exercises is recorded in 54.83% of children with mental retardation and in 80.64% of children without developmental disabilities. A total of 45.16% of children with mental retardation and 19.35% of children without developmental disabilities have problems of visuomotor coordination, attention development, low control and regulation of own actions, low level of coordinating a motor act with external environment. The processing of the obtained results shows statistical reliability of differences (p<0.05) in average indicator values (score) in game exercise performance within the modules “Football” and “Basketball” between children with mental retardation and children without developmental disabilities. Conclusion. The data obtained on the level of readiness of preschool children with mental retardation to master ball games testify to the need to identify due goals and content of individual assignments towards overcoming existing problems, the feasibility of organising child-adult interaction aimed at conveying and mastering motor experience.

Factors that are associated with the development of acute respiratory infections in the kindergarten - an analysis of the population of 1,528 children

Introduction/Objective. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are very common amongst children attending preschool institutions (PIs) and they represent a significant public health problem. Strict compliance with the legal regulations should reduce the incidence of respiratory infections in children. The aim of this research was to determine predictors for the appearance of ARI in kindergarten. Methods. The research was conducted as a cross-sectional study at the six PIs located on the territory of Vozdovac municipality during a six-month period (from January to June 2016). The target population consisted of 1,528 children who were between three and seven years old. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (?2 test and Spearman?s rank correlation coefficient). Results The increase in the number of children for 30% above the norm was a predictive factor for the increase of respiratory infections (p < 0.001). Sex differences were not a predictive factor for the emergence of respiratory infections in any age group. In all organizational units, March was the period when respiratory infections were on the increase (37.2%, p < 0.001), and it was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in cases, when the diseased child had a brother and/or a sister in the same kindergarten. During the observed period, the number of teachers corresponded to the range of one educator per 12 to 19 children. A constant number of educators could not reduce the incidence of respiratory infections, especially during the February?March period (p < 0.001). Conclusion. In addition to active treatment and strict compliance with the legal regulations in the organization of PIs, the reduction in incidence of respiratory infections in preschool children could be achieved if the number of enrolled children complied with the standard, as well as by preventive procedures in children?s groups: avoiding overheated and dry air, regular ventilation, fresh air, well-planned diet, physical activity, personal hygiene and cleanliness.

The effectiveness of the use of the drug recombinant interferon alfa-2b for the prevention of acute respiratory infections in preschool children

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the most common diseases of children, the main reasons for which are the age-related characteristics of the immune response, exacerbated by adverse perinatal factors, allergies, and increased contact with potential pathogens (the beginning of visits to preschool institutions, etc.).Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the drug recombinant interferon α-2b to reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections in preschool children.Throughout the year, there were 50 children under observation (average age 29.2 ± 0.97 months) attending preschool institutions. Recombinant interferon α-2b, ointment — VIFERON® 2500 IU 2 times a day for 14 days, in the next 4 weeks — 2500 IU 2 times a day 3 times a week was used for 25 children of the main group for the prevention of ARI in the pre-epidemic period.Results: The use of recombinant interferon α-2b in children of the main group showed a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of ARI, pneumonia, otitis, and the disappearance of pathological symptoms in the nasopharynx. An increase in the level of antiviral cytokines (IFN-α, p = 0.0088, IFN-γ, p = 0.0014) and a decrease in the concentration of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, p = 0.0072) were recorded. Carriage of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Candida albicans decreased by 2 times. Decrease in titer of antibodies to Str. pyogenes (p = 0.0251), Str. pneumoniae (p = 0.0491), Branchamella catarrhalis (p = 0.0369), Haemophilus influenzae (p = 0.0251) indicates a decrease in the sensitization of the child's organism to microbial antigens.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO ASSESS NOISE DOSE FOR THE TASKS OF ESTIMATING THE POPULATION HEALTH RISKS

The available methodological approaches to assessing the noise dose characterize the multiplicity of exceeding the permissible dose, but do not reflect the transition to the weighted average equivalent level for the tasks of assessment of health risk to population living under exposure to the noise factor. Within the framework of the study, there were proposed methodical approaches which allow the transition from the multiplicity of exceedences of an individual noise dose to the calculation of the weighted average daily noise equivalent (Lden) by taking into account the number and duration of noise events. The proposed method allows the assessment and prognosis of the risks of health disorders using the approved method from the impact of noise factor (MR 2.1.10.0059-12 [9]). Testing methodological approaches using the example of children's pre-school institutions in the city of Perm made it possible to establish a daily noise dose with an assessment of the impact of each factor and determine the possible risks to health of children attending preschool institutions near transport infrastructure facilities. According to the results of this study, it was found that self-induced noise makes the main contribution to the daily noise dose.

ON THE HEALTH OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN OF KRASNODAR REGION RURAL LOCALITY

Aim. This study was performed to assess the state of health of preschool children from Krasnodar Region rural locality according to the incidence rate.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of six municipal preschool institutions in Krasnodar Region rural locality with the coverage of 855 preschool children aged 3 to 7 years.Results. When dividing children into health groups, it was evident that most of them belonged to I health group. Among children with various health abnormalities categorized as II, III, IV and V health groups, chronic tonsillitis, reduced visual acuity, and anemia were more common. Girls more often than boys had chronic pyelonephritis, bronchial asthma, Type I diabetes mellitus, anemia, chronic pancreatitis, chronic bronchitis, and cystitis. The boys were more likely to experience reduced visual acuity and tunnel vision.Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that the majority of children attending preschool institutions in Krasnodar Region rural localities were almost healthy. In comparison with other regions (according to the literature), the health indicators of rural preschool children in Krasnodar Region are somewhat better. The results of the study also showed gender differences in the morbidity patterns of preschool children, indicating that girls are at risk.

ASPECTS OF CHILDREN’S DERMATOLOGY: FROM STROPHULUS INFANTUM TO ATOPIC DERMATITIS

In recent years, there has been an increase in atopic dermatitis all over the world. The disease is more common in highly developed countries, in cities, less often in rural areas and with a higher socioeconomic status, which implies insufficient exposure to infectious agents. Children attending preschool institutions with extensive contacts with their peers are less likely to have atopic dermatitis than their peers with a low index of infectious morbidity. In this article, the author provides a literature review of new pathogenetic factors in the development of atopic dermatitis, a mitigating effect of emollients in the therapy and prevention of atopic dermatitis in children, describes his own clinical experience.

COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA PNEUMOCOCCAL ETIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE IN CHILDREN IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Prevalence estimate of pneumococcus carrier in preschool age children (medically fragile children with respiratory diseases and practically healthy organized children) have been carried out; microbiological features of clinical isolates S. pneumoniae have been studied. 511 S. pneumoniae strains isolated from medically fragile children with respiratory diseases aged between 6 months to 7 years during the period 2009–2016 and 47 isolates isolated from 200 practically healthy children attending preschool institutions of Kazan (2016) have been included in the research. Among 343 strains, 76 isolates were isolated during the period of 2009–2011; 82 strains — in 2012–2013; 87 strains — in 2014; 98 strains — in 2015; 168 strains — in 2016. Analysis of microbiocenosis of nasopharynx in medically fragile children showed that S. pneumoniae was sowed in 32.9% cases. In 58.4% of children it was as a monoculture (degree of colonization is 104–106 CFU/ml). S. pneumoniae contaminated nasopharynx in bacterial associations with other respiratory pathogens (S. aureus, Moraxella spp., Haemophilus spp.) in 41.6% of children. The analysis of microbiocenosis character of nasopharynx in children aged between 2.5–7 years attending preschool institutions in Kazan (n = 200) have showed that contamination S. pneumoniae (23.5%) was observed in 47 children. Pneumococcus have been isolated in monoculture in 82.9% of children; the contamination degree made 103–106 CFU/ml. According to serotyping data, nasopharynx of often and long-term ill children living in Kazan is colonized by serotypes of pneumococcus which are covered with 13 valence conjugated serum. The obtained data on the dynamics of strain S. pneumoniae antibiotic sensitivity among medically fragile children with respiratory diseases in Kazan during 2009–2015 showed high activity of β-lactams antibiotics (from 96 to 90.8% sensitive isolates) and clyndamicin (94.7–91.8% sensitive straines). Macrolides (azytromicin, clarytromicin) and phtorchinolons (ciprof loxacin) are less active in regard to isolates S. рneumoniae. S. pneumoniae with multiple antibiotic resistance were detected in children nasopharynx: 3.8–9.95 in medically fragile children and 8.5% in organized children-bactericides. Identification of the carrier level S. pneumoniae and monitoring the dynamics on antibiotic resistance and serotyping composition of nasopharyngeal pneumococcus will optimize prevention and treatment of infections S. pneumoniae in preschool children.

Validity and Reliability Study for the Social and Emotional Competence Assessment Scale among 60-72 Months-old Children

In the present study, the aim is to adapt the scale developed by Merrell, Felver-Gant and Tom (2011) to evaluate Social-Emotional Competence of Children and Young People among 60-72 months old children. Data have been obtained 200 preschool children attending preschool institutions. In testing validity of the scale, expert opinions are taken regarding scope and appearance validity. To test the construct validity of the scale, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, it has been observed that variance of all items in the scale is loaded on three factors that explain 81.15% of the variance. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis it has been noticed that all coefficients demonstrating the relationship between variables and factors observed in the model showing the factorial structure of this scale are sufficient. Internal consistency coefficients for each dimension and among total items of the scale have been calculated. T-test is conducted on independent sample and sub-, upper-groups and a meaningful difference at .001 level was found. Consequently, findings relating to validity and reliability of Social and Emotional Competence Assessment Scale for 60-72 Months Children have showed that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

ПРОБЛЕМНІ ПИТАННЯ СУЧАСНОГО ВИГОДОВУВАННЯ ДІТЕЙ РАННЬОГО ВІКУ ТА РЕСПІРАТОРНА ПАТОЛОГІЯ.

<p>Визначено залежність захворюваності органів дихання у дітей раннього віку від тривалості виключно грудного<br />вигодовування. Важливим моментом є не тільки часті респіраторні захворювання, а й формування бронхітів,<br />пневмоній або інших ускладнень. Дослідження включали анкетування матерів і дітей до 7-річного віку, клініко-<br />рентгенологічні та лабораторні дослідження в стаціонарі при захворюваннях органів дихання. Всі дослідження<br />проводилися відповідно до характеристики якості харчування дитини на першому році життя з подальшою<br />статистичною обробкою. Всього обстежено 601 дитину віком від 3 міс. до 7 років. Виявлено, що тривалість грудного<br />вигодовування в регіоні складає 89 % тільки до 6-місячного віку, а до 1 року відсоток дітей на грудному вигодовуванні<br />знижується до 38 %. Це позначилося на резистентності дітей до респіраторних захворювань, особливо на першому<br />році життя. Діти, які перебували виключно на грудному вигодовуванні до 1 року, хворіли на респіраторні<br />захворювання 1-2 рази на рік. У дітей, старших року, грудне вигодовування не впливає на частоту респіраторної<br />патології. Збільшення частоти респіраторних захворювань у дітей віком від 3 до 5 років зумовлене початком<br />відвідування дитячих дошкільних закладів і збільшенням контактів між дітьми, що значно знижує їх резистентність.</p>

Modern features of infants’ feeding and its impact on respiratory diseases.

The article discusses the problem of infants’ feeding connected with the incidence of respiratory diseases. Rationality and duration of breast feeding does not cause doubts. But unfortunately today, only 60-80% of children under the age of 6 months are exclusively breastfed. Naturally, this causes impact on disease incidence of such children. Formation of bronchopulmonary pathology is of particular interest. The basis of modern research is the concept of programmed impact of nutrition in early childhood on health in lateryears. We have determined the dependence of respiratory diseases incidence in children of early age on duration of exclusively breast feeding. Not only frequent respiratory diseases, but formation of bronchitis, pneumonia or other complications of their course is of importance. The study included questioning of mothers and children under 7 years of age, clinical, radiological and laboratory investigations in the hospital in case of respiratory disease. All studies were conducted in accordance with the characteristics of diet quality of the child in the first year of life with the following biostatistical processing. 601 children aged from 3 months to 7 years were examined. It was found that the duration of breast feeding in the region is 89% only to the age of 6-months, and up to 1 year the percentage of breastfed children reduces to 38%. This affected the resistance of children to respiratory infections, especially in the first year of life. Children exclusively breastfed up to 1 year suffer from respiratory diseases 1-2 times per year. In children over one year of age breast feeding does not affect the frequency of respiratory pathology. Increase of respiratory diseases frequency in children aged 3-5 years is due to attending preschool institutions and increasing contacts between children, which significantly reduces their resistance.

The Effect of Art Education on the Selective Attention Skills and Development of Preschoolers at 4 - 5 Years

Art allows children to express their feelings and thoughts in a most convenient way, and enhance their intellectual and physical skills. This research discusses mixed-mode art education programs in preschool institutions under the auspices of the Ministry of National Education, and determines their effect on the selective attention skills of 4 - 5 years old children. The research sample included 90 children, male and female, between the ages of four and five years, who were attending preschool institutions under the auspices of the Ministry of National Education in the 2013-2014 academic year. A personal information form concerning demographic data was prepared by the researcher. Quantitative research methods were used. Pre-tests and post-tests were administered to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group was also taught about the pre-test. The Frankfurter Test, developed by Raatz and Möhling (1971), was used to measure the children’s selective attention levels. Pre-test training for the experimental group included eight sessions. Each training session was 30 minutes long. The training was four weeks long with two sessions a week. The research found a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Art education needs to be included in formal education in order to develop the selective attention skills of 4 - 5 years old children.

Носоглоточное носительство Streptococcus pneumoniae у воспитанников детских домов, дошкольных учреждений и неорганизованных детей младше 5 лет

Nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae is a source of respiratory mucosal and invasive infections. For effective vaccine prophylaxis of these diseases the national monitoring of the circulating serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae is required. Objective : To analyze serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae in the nasopharyngeal carriage in children under 5 years. Methods and patients : The study included orphanage, nursery and children not attending preschool institutions (unorganized children) without respiratory infections and not receiving antibiotic therapy. Conducted microbiological analysis of nasopharyngeal flora, serotyping of pneumococcus, assess their sensitivity to antibiotics. Results : Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae was found in 23%, Moraxella catarrhalis - in 23%, Haemophilus influenzae - 16% of the 246 children included in the study. Serotype was determined in 54 pneumococcal isolates: predominant serotypes 19F (21%), 6B (15%), 23F (14%), 14 (8%). The coincidence of the spectrum obtained with serotypes members of the PCV7 pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and PKV10, was 81% in PKV13 - 90%. The proportion of strains sensitive to clindamycin, 31%, to macrolides - 40% to trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole - 60%. Multiple resistance was observed in 37% of the identified pneumococcal serotypes. In erythromycin-resistant strains resistance was caused by the presence of ermB-gene (in 74% of cases) or mef-dependent efflux pump as the sole determinant (9%), in 17% of cases – with its association. Maximum antibiotic resistance is observed in pneumococcal vaccine serotypes. Conclusions : The results of the study comparing with previously obtained data shows stability over the past decades the spectrum of pneumococci circulating in the Russian population of children. A substantial increase in pneumococcal resistance to (especially vaccine serotypes) antibiotic penicillin, macrolides, clindamycin is observed.

Research of Corruption in the Education System

The article presents the results of sociological research to assess the level of corruption in the education system. The survey participants were experts-teachers, post-graduate students, students, schoolchildren, parents of children attending preschool institutions and schools. The goal of research to assess the level of corruption in the monitoring mode in the system of “preschool educational establishment-school-University-postgraduate study” in Naberezhnye Chelny. The results shows that among the respondents 78% of the experts, 83,8% of students, 57.5% of students, 70% of graduate students and 61% of parents of children of preschool institutions fall into the corruption situation. At different stages of the educational process forms of corruption acquire the various forms.

Developing a sense of identity in preschoolers

Identity is understood as the whole feeling of personality, a sense of continuity and stability in spite of numerous changes and impacts that the person is exposed to. A sense of identity starts to form in childhood, with active participation of people from children’ and the social environment. Children from birth tend to develop a sense of ownership, identity. The authors cite several types of identities: the social, cultural, personal, ethnic, racial, sexual, national, and in the case of children, especially adolescents, we examine the concept of peer (group) identity, etc. Obviously, children who feel worthy and capable are mostly more optimistic and better students. Also, healthy sense of identity helps children to be more open to other communities, and not to fear from differences. A healthy sense of identity helps children to feel better about themselves. This paper deals with the analysis of the ways in which preschool children are encouraged to the identity development, what are the teachers’ attitudes about the identity development in preschoolers, what are their support methods and strategies about identity development, do preschool children understand the concept of identity, do they have encouraging environment for developing and nurturing a positive sense of identity. Also one of the questions was what type of identity is the most developed for preschool children. The research was conducted using: a questionnaire for preschool teachers (which included 50 teachers working in kindergartens at the municipality of Niksic) and interview protocol for preschool children (which included twenty five children aged 4 and 5 years attending preschool institutions of the municipality of Niksic). It has been found that teachers are helping children to develop a sense of group identity and self-identity, that they are respecting children needs and helping children in their development. The most common teachers’ activities are helping children in performing certain tasks, monitoring children's needs, building a portfolio for each child, etc. The strongest factors which had influences to the identity development are the families, the social groups to which children belong, social conditions, as well as traditions and cultural milieu. Children mostly have developed sense of the self, family and group identity, and they said that teachers implement many activities about identity development. Most of the interviewed children already have a clear idea about their own identity and future plans they want to achieve. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n22p225