Attending Dental Clinics Research Articles

Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis Among Patients Attending Dental Clinics in Wasit Province

Gingivitis and periodontitis are two inflammatory illnesses that are also considered infectious diseases in the context of periodontal disease diagnosis, periodontitis is a widespread oral illness that affects people all over the world .The current study used the wet mount technique with physiological saline and Giemsa stain to ascertain the incidence of Entamoeba gingivalis among 30 subjects (15 men and 15 females). (73%), E. gingivalis was prevalent overall (21 - 30) year olds had the highest frequency of E. gingivalis (54.55%). Infection was highly significant in female (59%) than male (41%). The conclusion that periodontal disease has a higher prevalence of E. gingivalis. The presence of E. gingivalis in the oral cavity is interpreted as an indication of inadequate dental hygiene, even though it is not often linked to pathogenesis. It is important to emphasise that patients' oral hygiene practices are not up to scratch. They employ mostly ineffective oral cavity hygiene products.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Azadirachta Indica Leaves Against Tooth Decay Microbes in Kirkuk City

100 samples were collected from people suffering from tooth decay attending dental clinics in Kirkuk City. The results showed that 59(59%) of samples have positive growth on Mannitol salt agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar. While the remaining samples had no growth. Isolates were identified using biochemical and microscopic tests, 20 samples of Streptococcus mutans bacteria were isolated, with the highest percentage reaching (33.9%), 16 Staphylococcus aureus isolates representing (27.1%), followed by 13 (22%) Candida albicans isolates and 10 (17%) Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the neem plant were prepared, the aqueous extract showed higher activity against the isolates than the alcoholic extract. Neem extracts also showed higher effectiveness against bacteria compared to fungi, Ciprofloxacin was used as a control agent for bacteria and fluconazole for fungi. Streptococcus mutans recorded the highest inhibition zone of 4.5±0.53 and 2.3±0.51 at 100 mg/mL concentrations for aqueous and alcoholic extracts, respectively, followed by the rest of the isolates with different inhibition zones. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the aqueous extract of neem was (40 mg/ml) and (60 mg/ml) for the alcoholic extract, While C. albicans recorded (20 mg/ml) and (40 mg/ml) for the aqueous and alcoholic extracts, respectively. Keywords: dental caries, neem plant, bacteria, fungi.

Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax among patients with periodontal disease attending Dental Clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan.

Periodontal disease is often caused by bacterial plaque. However, there are indications that some infective agents, including parasites, may play important roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis, as well as the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, in the oral biofilm of individuals with periodontal diseases using polymerase chain reaction. One hundred and six respondents with periodontal disease participated in the study. All study participants had a full-mouth examination, and dental plaque samples were collected with a sterile curette. Samples were transported to the laboratory in a cold chain and stored frozen till analyzed. DNA was extracted from the samples and amplified using EGO and ENTAM primers for Entamoeba and TGBK primers for T. tenax. The mean age of respondents was 45 ± 16.3 years, with none using tobacco. The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis obtained from this study was 84.9% and 15.1%. The prevalence obtained for Entamoeba and T. tenax was 0.9% each; however, no participant had both parasites. The positive samples were from male participants with moderate gingivitis. Gingivitis was more prevalent than periodontitis, though with a high preponderance in females. E. gingivalis and T. tenax may not be of etiologic importance in periodontal disease as they occurred sparsely in the studied population.

Prevalence of Dental Caries and Related Factors among Patients Attending Dental Clinics in Dentistry Department - Hilla University College, Iraq

Background: Dental caries is the most common dental health problem caused by bacteria that affecting the teeth of huge population worldwide. Many factors are contribute in the prevalence and evolution of caries, such as standard of living, behavior, hygiene, eating habits, social status and socio-demographic factors. Aim: This study aimed to determine and assess the prevalence, frequency and pattern of dental caries and associated factors among patients attending the dental clinics in dentistry department - Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq. Method: An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 924 systematically selected patients attending dental clinics in Dentistry Department - Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq from Oct./2021 to Apr./2022. The data were collected using pre-tested questionnaire form and oral examination by a qualified dental professional basic hygienic procedures were applied during an oral examination. Results: A total of 924 patients affected with dental caries that were being more in females nearly two-thirds 578 (62.6 %) and in males nearly one-thirds 346 (37.4 % ). Dental caries was lower among respondents who had good oral hygiene status, non- smokers, with blood group AB. Dental caries was higher among respondents rural than urban. Conclusions: Prevalence of dental caries was high and found as public health problem. Socioeconomic status, educational level, and poor oral hygiene practices were associated factors for dental caries. Health promotion about oral hygiene and integration of services are supremely important for the prevention of the problem of dental caries. Smokers patients, who taking sweets, antibiotics and corticosteroids are among the higher cases.

Prevalence of Dental Caries and Related Factors among Patients Attending Dental Clinics in Dentistry Department - Hilla University College, Iraq

Prevalence of Dental Caries and Related Factors among Patients Attending Dental Clinics in Dentistry Department - Hilla University College, Iraq

Prevalence and Microbial Detection of Denture Induced Stomatitis among Individuals Attending Dental Clinics in Duhok City

Background & Objectives: Denture stomatitis is an inflammatory change in the mucosa of the oral cavity in denture bearing areas mostly in upper residual ridge characterized by erythema and many microbial causes are behind of the diseases. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of denture induced stomatitis among population and detection of microbial profile causing denture stomatitis among persons wearing upper removable prosthesis in Duhok province. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed on patients with Denture induced stomatitis. The data was collected during one year from February 2020 to February 2021.The study involved 46 patients had denture induced stomatitis (26 male and 20 females). The prevalence rate of dentures stomatitis and the associated factors were analyzed . Results: Denture stomatitis showed as type I (58.70%), type II (36.96%) and type III (4.35%). Type I rate was the highest and followed by type II and type III denture stomatitis. Yeasts such as Candida albicans 14 (30.43%) was predominant followed by Cryptococcus glabrata 4 (8.7%), Cryptococcus laurentii 4 (8.7%) and Candida famata 1 (2.17%) in cases with denture stomatitis. The predominant bacterial microorganisms were gram positive in accordance to oxygen requirements mostly was facultative aerobes. Conclusion: The study revealed three types of denture stomatitis; type I, type II and type III stomatitis; Regarding microbial detection; Candida albicans was the most identified yeast and facultative aerobic Gram positive bacterial accounted mostly compared with, aerobic and anaerobic.

Prevalence of oral HPV in the adult sample population in Sydney.

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas are increasing in incidence. Risk factors include sexual behaviour, high-risk oral HPV infection and poor oral hygiene. We aimed to provide initial information on the prevalence and assess the feasibility of testing in dental settings. Patients ≥18 years old attending dental clinics in Sydney, Australia, were recruited, oral hygiene assessed, and 10 mL saline oral rinses obtained. Rinses were tested for HBG and HPV by PCR. Participants completed demographic and behavioural questionnaires. The mean age was 48 years, of whom 131 (43.6%) were male. HPV genotypes, one each of 16, 66, 51, 35 and 58 in five participants, and 18 and 52 in one participant, were detected in six samples (2.0%), all men. Oral sex was reported by 89 (67.9%) male participants. One participant (4.3%) of the 23 with poor OH had at least one HPV genotype detected. With dental patients willing to provide rinse samples and disclose potentially sensitive information, we found the hrHPV prevalence of 2%. Given large proportions of the general population attending dental clinics regularly, dentists may be ideally placed to screen for oropharyngeal carcinoma and contribute to the currently limited knowledge of oral HPV prevalence in Australian adults. © 2022 Australian Dental Association.

Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiogram of Non-Oral Bacteria Isolates from Patients Attending Dental Clinic at Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Medical Center Enugu

Background and Objectives: Antibiotic-resistance among microbiota found within the oral cavity is a growing concern due to extensive use of antibiotics in dental practice both for therapeutic and prophylactic reasons, but has so far received little attention in recent time. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiogram of non-oral bacteria isolates from patients attending dental clinic at Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Medical Center Enugu (FEDCODTTEN) Methodology: A total of two hundred (200) oral swab samples were collected from patients with dental disease, placed in sterilized Brain Heart Infusion broth and immediately transported to the Microbiology Laboratory Unit of Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Enugu, for bacteriological analysis using standard microbiological methods for isolation and characterization. Antibiogram studies of non-oral bacteria was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and the results were interpreted using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was determined for Multidrug Resistant (MDR) non-oral bacteria.
 Results: Phenotypic characterization of non-oral bacteria revealed an occurrence rate of S. aureus
 35(17.5%) followed by E. coli 18(9.0%), Salmonella typhi 16(8.0 %) and K. oxytoca 4(2.0%) as the least predominant bacteria species. Among the oral site, lower right quadrant showed increase isolation rate of 30(15.0%) bacteria followed by lower left quadrant 23(11.5%) while upper right quadrant accounted 15(7.5 %) with the least isolation rate. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of non-oral bacteria in right quadrant and left quadrant samples from dental disease patients (P < 0.05). Non-oral bacteria isolate exhibited 57.1-100% resistant to Ertapenem, colisitn, amoxillicin, azetronam, colistin, ampicillin and clindamycin with Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index (MARI) ranged from 0.4-0.7, indicating high level of multi-drug resistance but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin 77.8%, gentamicin 100% and imipenem 100%.
 Conclusion: The high antibiotic resistant and increase multi-drug resistance outcome reported among non-oral bacteria in this study calls for strengthened efforts in antibiotic stewardship and infection prevention and control measures in dental practices with the need to implement regular awareness programs at time interval to control and manage multi-drug resistance bacteria through judicious use of antibiotic to re-establish dominance over multi-drug resistance non-oral bacteria implicated in dental diseases.

Parental Knowledge Regarding Dental Radiography of Children Attending Dental Clinics in Ilam, Iran

Background: Radiological examinations expose the patient to the adverse effects of ionizing radiation, which is more severe among developing children. This can cause excessive and unreasonable fear and anxiety for parents and even disrupt the treatment process. This study aimed to evaluate the parents’ knowledge about dental radiographs for children referred to dentistry, and to assess the relevant factors. Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional analytical study examining parents of children referred to dental clinics from October 2019 to April 2020. The required information included demographic information, and nine statements for assessing parents’ level of knowledge. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent t-test, and linear regression were used to analyze the data. Ward’s cluster analysis method with a squared Euclidean distance was adopted to include the background and demographic variables. Results: A total of 108 parents of children referred to Ilam dental clinics – including 69 females (68.3%) and 32 males (31.7%) in the 24-51 age range, participated in this study. Among the studied variables, the level of educational attainment of the parents had a highly significant influence (P<0.01) on their knowledge of pediatric radiography. Furthermore, parents holding bachelor’s degrees or higher with an average score of 5.35 had more heightened awareness of radiography than those in other educational groups. Conclusions: Examining the parental radiographic knowledge revealed significant differences among three groups of parents with educational attainment in favor of those with higher educational achievement. In general, three biographical variables, namely age, gender, and household size were found to be less influential. Therefore, the dentists should learn about the educational attainment of the parents and provide them with the required information on treatment accordingly. Due to the relatively poor knowledge of the parents about children’s dental radiographs, it is recommended that plans be developed for raising the parental awareness of the issue in order for reducing their unreasonable fears which may create a burden for dental treatment procedures.

Prevalence of Impacted Teeth in Saudi Patients Attending Dental Clinics in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: A Radiographic Retrospective Study.

Aim To evaluate the prevalence of impacted teeth in Saudi patients and compare between male and female subjects. Method This cross-sectional study comprised of Saudi patients who attended dental clinics in major hospitals in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Patients' dental records and panoramic radiographs were reviewed retrospectively. Impacted teeth excluding third molars and spaces occupied by primary, permanent, and transmigrated teeth were recorded from panoramic radiographs. The Pearson chi-squared test was performed to determine gender differences regarding impacted teeth and spaces occupied by other teeth. Results The study included radiographs of 539 patients with a mean age of 23.3 ± 10.8 years. Seventy-one patients (13.2%) had at least one impacted tooth. The total number of impacted teeth was 115 in the sample, out of which 91 (79.1%) were in the upper arch and 24 (20.8%) in the lower arch. Fifty-eight maxillary canines (50.4%) were impacted making them the most commonly impacted teeth, followed by 21 upper second premolars (18.2%) and 14 lower second premolars (12.2%). More females (70.7%) than males (29.3%) had impacted teeth (P=0.82). Of 61 spaces occupied, 35 (57.4%) were occupied by permanent teeth, 24 (39.3%) by primary teeth, and 2 (3.3%) by transmigrated teeth. Greater proportions of spaces were occupied in female than male participants (P > 0.05). Conclusion There was a high prevalence of impacted teeth in Saudi patients. The canines were the most commonly impacted teeth followed by the second premolars. Females demonstrated a higher occurrence of impacted teeth than males. Early detection of impacted teeth can help prevent malocclusion and maintain a healthy dentition.

Assessment of Oral Bacterial Profile and Antibiogram of Patients Attending Dental Clinic of a Private Tertiary Hospital in Ogun State, Nigeria

Assessment of Oral Bacterial Profile and Antibiogram of Patients Attending Dental Clinic of a Private Tertiary Hospital in Ogun State, Nigeria

Oral Health-related Knowledge and Assessment of Oral Health Status of Diabetic Patients Attending Dental Clinic at College of Dentistry, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This study was aimed to evaluate the oral health status and knowledge of diabetic and nondiabetic patients attending dental clinic at College of Dentistry, Hail, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It was an observational cross-sectional study. Using nonprobability convenient sampling technique, data were collected from 202 respondents. A total of 202 diabetic and nondiabetic patients were screened for the study. Data were collected by interview using the structured, self-administered questionnaire, and assessment of oral health status was done by clinical examination. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. The data were displayed as numbers and percentages and association among the variable of interests was measured using Pearson Chi-square. Of the 202 patients, 102 (50.6%) were males and 100 (49.4%) were females. Majority of the patients, 71 (35.2%) were in the age-group of 30-40 years. In all, 128 (63.4%) participants knew the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on oral health, 167 (82.7%) knew that diabetic patients needed special healthcare, 152 (75.25%) had never spoken to their doctors about oral health, and 164 (81.19%) had never spoken to their dentists regarding diabetes. The complications associated with oral health are more common in diabetic patients when compared to the nondiabetic patients. This is the case in both male and female patients visiting the College of Dentistry in the Hail region. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased susceptibility to oral infections especially periodontal disease. Role of a general dentist in diagnosis and raising patient awareness toward DM and its effects on oral health need to be emphasized.

Quantitative Oral HPV16 and HPV18 Detection in Persons Attending Dental Clinics.

This study aimed to assess quantitative human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and HPV18 detection in oral rinses obtained in dental offices in Seattle, Washington. We evaluated oral rinses collected during dental visits from 2016 to 2018. Multiplex TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine HPV16 and HPV18 viral load (VL). Of 15,313 persons, 152 (1%) had detectable oral HPV16/18. Men were at higher risk of oral HPV16/18 infection than women (1.6% vs. 0.6%; odds ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-4.4). Compared with women, men with HPV16 were older (median, 55 vs. 48 years; P < 0.001) and had higher VL (39.7 vs. 1.1 copies/mL, P < 0.001). Of 39 with HPV16 at baseline and a second oral rinse, 13 remained positive at subsequent rinse; of 8 with HPV18 at baseline, 2 remained positive at subsequent rinse. Persons with consecutive positive test results were all men and had higher baseline VL compared with those with first positive and second negative samples. Oral rinse is an acceptable method of HPV testing, and persons are interested in testing. Overall HPV16/18 prevalence was low, and detection was more frequent among men than women, especially at higher copy numbers. HPV16 persistence was more common in men with high VL at baseline test. Future studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility of an effective secondary prevention strategy for oropharyngeal cancer using quantitative oral HPV detection.

Bacterial and Fungal Oral Infections Among Patients Attending Dental Clinics in Sana’a City-Yemen

Bacterial and Fungal Oral Infections Among Patients Attending Dental Clinics in Sana’a City-Yemen

The Relationship Between the Skeletal Age and the Chronological Age Among Patients Attending Dental Clinic of Faculty of Dentistry, USIM

The Relationship Between the Skeletal Age and the Chronological Age Among Patients Attending Dental Clinic of Faculty of Dentistry, USIM

Comparative Assessment of the Effects of Three Local Anesthetics: Lidocaine, Prilocaine, and Mepivacaine on Blood Pressure Changes in Patients with Controlled Hypertension.

Given large number of patients with hypertension attending dental clinics and the profound effects of local anesthetics containing vasoconstrictors, this study aimed to compare the effects of lidocaine 2% + epinephrine, prilocaine 3% + felypressin0.03, and mepivacaine 3% on blood pressure changes. The current study was carried out from May 2014 to February 2015.Patients with controlled hypertension (systolic blood pressure<159.94 mmHg before the injection) who attended Zahedan dental school (Zahedan , Iran) for the extraction of a mandibular tooth were selected and randomly allocated to three groups of 20. Groups 1-3 received lidocaine 2% + epinephrine, prilocaine 3% + felypressin 0.03 units, and mepivacaine3%, respectively. Patients were only included if they were injected with a maximum of two 1.8 ml cartridges (3.6 ml) for tooth extraction (maximum epinephrine dose of 0.04 mg was maintained in systemic patients).The collected data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS 19.0. (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the three groups. The three evaluated local anesthetic solutions had similar effects in patients with controlled hypertension. While no significant changes in blood pressure were observed in three groups, all dental procedures on the mentioned group of patients have to be performed under careful monitoring and aspiration. Moreover, the maximum epinephrine dose (0.04mg) should never be exceeded in these patients.

Frequent detection of high human papillomavirus DNA loads in oral potentially malignant disorders

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is estimated to be the cause of 40–-80% of the squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx but only of a small fraction of the oral cavity cancers. The prevalence of oral HPV infection has significantly increased in the last decade, raising concerns about the role of HPV in progression of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) toward squamous cell carcinomas. We sought to study HPV infection in patients with oral lesions, and in control individuals, using non-invasive and site-specific oral brushing and sensitive molecular methods. HPV DNA positivity and viral loads were evaluated in relation to patient data and clinical diagnosis. We enrolled 116 individuals attending Dental Clinics: 62 patients with benign oral lesions (e.g. fibromas, papillomatosis, ulcers) or OPMD (e.g. lichen, leukoplakia) and 54 controls. Oral cells were collected with Cytobrush and HPV-DNA was detected with quantitative real-time PCR for the more common high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) genotypes. HPV detection rate, percentage of HR HPVs and HPV-DNA loads (namely HPV16 and in particular, HPV18) were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Lichen planus cases had the highest HPV-positive rate (75.0%), hairy leukoplakia the lowest (33.3%). This study detected unexpectedly high rates of HPV infection in cells of the oral mucosa. The elevated HR HPV loads found in OPMD suggest the effectiveness of quantitative PCR in testing oral lesions. Prospective studies are needed to establish whether elevated viral loads represent a clinically useful marker of the risk of malignant progression.

Assessment of the Prevalence of Dental Anxiety among Palestinian Clients Attending Dental Clinics in Bethlehem City: Cross Sectional Study

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of dental anxiety as well as the relationships between socio-demographic data and perceived dental anxiety among Palestinian clients who attend dental clinics in Palestine. Materials and methods: Participants were recruited into the study from July to August, 2013 from several dental clinics. The modified Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) was used to measure dental anxiety among the study population. Results: One hundred and sixty four respondents returned the questionnaire after they filled it while in the reception area waiting their turn to see the dentists. Findings reveal that more than one third of the participants experienced a severe level of dental anxiety and were anxious mostly about tooth drilling and local anesthetic injection. Females experienced significantly more dental anxiety than males, but the relationships with other socio-demographic data (including education, place of residency, marital status, and visit habits ) were not significant. Conclusion: This study found high prevalence of dental anxiety which may represent special challenges to the dentists to treat individuals with dental fear. Non of the socio-demographic data except gender revealed statistically significant relation with dental anxiety among the study population Further studies are required to investigate the factors that may lead to increased the prevalence of this phenomena among the Palestinian clients.