Flower Oil Research Articles

Comparative Study of the Yield and Chemical Profile of Rose Oils and Hydrosols Obtained by Industrial Plantations of Oil-Bearing Roses in Bulgaria

Bulgaria is famous for its oil-bearing rose. R. damascena Mill. and R. alba L. are mainly cultivated in the country, but a recent survey of industrial plantations in 2020 revealed that R. centifolia L. and hybrids of R. damascena Mill. X R. gallica L. are also common in the rose valley. Although their essential oil cannot be compared in quality with the classic, these species are preferred by farmers with high yields of flowers and resistance to diseases and pests. All these roses are also used to produce rose water and extracts. The aim of this investigation was to compare the yield and chromatographic fingerprints of seven rose oils and hydrosols produced in Bulgaria. The quantitative composition of the main components of the oils was compared with the norms of the world standards. Our study showed that the yield of essential oil from these roses was in the range of 0.015–0.048%. The main group in the chemical composition is terpene alcohols, which vary in range: geraniol (15.85–34.02%), citronellol (6.70–28.72%), and nerol (5.80–11.90%) but with a different ratio. Hydrocarbons are represented by saturated aliphatic homologs with an odd number of carbon atoms, the main ones being nonadecane (8.10–22.67%), heneicosane (4.37–10.21%), heptadecane (1.07–2.98%), and triclosan (0.81–5.90%). In contrast, the chemical profile of the hydrosols was performed using phenylethyl alcohol (27.45–69.88%), geraniol (13.72–28.67%), and citronelol+nerol (4.56–17.37%). The results show that the presence of plantations with a genotype different from that of R. damascena implies differences in the quality of rose oils and hydrosols. This determines their properties of use.

Boosting Geranyl Diphosphate Synthesis for Linalool Production in Engineered Yarrowia lipolytica.

Linalool is a pleasant-smelling monoterpenoid widely found in the essential oils of most flowers. Due to its biologically active properties, linalool has considerable commercial potential, especially in the food and perfume industries. In this study, the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was successfully engineered to produce linalool de novo. The (S)-linalool synthase (LIS) gene from Actinidia argute was overexpressed to convert geranyl diphosphate (GPP) into linalool. Flux was diverted from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthesis to GPP by introducing a mutated copy of the native ERG20F88W-N119W gene, and CrGPPS gene from Catharanthus roseus on its own and as part of a fusion with LIS. Disruption of native diacylglycerol kinase enzyme, DGK1, by oligo-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 inactivation further increased linalool production. The resulting strain accumulated 109.6mg/L of linalool during cultivation in shake flasks with sucrose as a carbon source. CrGPPS expression in Yarrowia lipolytica increased linalool accumulation more efficiently than the ERG20F88W-N119W expression, suggesting that the increase in linalool production was predominantly influenced by the level of GPP precursor supply.

Produksi Kelapa Sawit Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhinya

The palm oil processing industry is one that is believed to be able to help the Indonesian state in increasing per capita income, providing employment, reducing poverty, and as a foreign exchange income. When compared to other vegetable oils like coconut, soybean, or flower oil, palm oil offers advantages sun. This study's goal was to examine the factors impacting the province of West Kalimantan's palm oil production yield between 2015 to 2021. This research uses a scientific techniques and a type of quantitative descriptive research. Secondary sources of data were used in this research. This research's data was obtained between the years of 2015 and 2021 from the websites of the West Kalimantan Province Agricultural Department and the BPS (Central Statistics Administration). In this study, regression with panel data analysis was the analytical technique. The independent factors in this study are land area, labor, and rainfall, while the dependent variable is palm oil production. The outcomes obtained from the panel data regression analysis are land area has a positive effect on oil palm production and rainfall has a positive effect on oil palm production. Meanwhile, labor does not affect palm oil production.

Antibacterial characteristics of allyl methyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide of Allium tenuissimum flower essential oil against Escherichia coli O157:H7

The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial properties of allyl methyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide with the chemical compositions of Allium tenuissimum flower essential oil against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Allium tenuissimum flower essential oil was extracted from fresh Allium tenuissimum flower by hydro-distillation method. Its antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes were determined by diameters of the inhibition zone. Escherichia coli O157:H7 treated with the essential oil had the largest diameter of the inhibition zone (15.2 mm) among the three strains. Allyl methyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide were two main compounds of the essential oil, as analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antibacterial characteristics of these two compounds against Escherichia coli O157:H7 were evaluated by minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, morphologies, cytomembrane destructions, biomacromolecule contents, and metabolic enzyme activities. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of allyl methyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide were both 0.7 mg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentrations of these two compounds were both 1.4 mg/mL. The images of atomic force microscopy exhibited that the surface structures and cytomembranes of Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells were rigorously damaged by 1.4 mg/mL of allyl methyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, leading to the change of β-galactosidases and the leakage of cellular nucleic acids from the bacterial cells. Moreover, the intensities of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein bands of the bacterial cells were significantly decreased after treated with these two compounds at 1.4 mg/mL. Adenosine triphosphatase activities (3.75 and 1.97 U/mg prot) of the bacterial cells treated with allyl methyl disulfide (1.4 mg/mL) and dimethyl trisulfide (1.4 mg/mL) were distinctly lower than the activity of the control (6.05 U/mg prot). Allyl methyl disulfide (1.4 mg/mL) and dimethyl trisulfide (1.4 mg/mL) inactivated 84.20 % and 90.76 % respiratory-chain dehydrogenase of the bacterial cells, respectively. These results demonstrated that allyl methyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide exhibited efficient antibacterial characteristics against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and could be used as natural antibacterial agents in the prevention of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection.

Phytochemical screening, biological evaluation, anatomical, and morphological investigation of Ferula tingitana L. (Apiaceae).

Ferula tingitana L. is a high perennial plant and its leaf is an alternate arrangement and yellow, and its flowers are unisexual like other Apiaceae. It has been used as a spice and for various medicinal purposes in the Mediterranean region. The paper reports antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and genotoxic activities of leaves, flowers, stems, and fruits methanol extracts of F. tingitana. Also, quantitative determination of some secondary metabolites was also analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Moreover, chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed. Consequently, anatomical, and morphological properties of plant were investigated. Germacrene D (23.6%), 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (18.4%), and α-pinene (50.0%) were found as the main compounds in flower, leaf, and stem oils, respectively. The cortex in stem, pedicel, and fruit is characterized by angular collenchyma cells and a distinct cambium layer. 6 compounds (quinic acid, fumaric acid, keracyanin chloride, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin) were observed in samples. Leaf extract showed anticholinesterase activity. Leaf and flower extracts showed the highest % inhibition value on ABTS·+ and DPPH•. Leaf extract has the strongest antioxidant effect because it is rich in total phenolic contents. All extracts of F. tingitana were found generally effective against C. albicans. Stem extract was found effective against E. coli and flower extract was found more effective against S. enterica and C. albicans. Bacterial genotoxicity results showed that extracts did not have genotoxic activity on tester strains S. typhimurium and E. coli WP2uvrA. Thus, it revealed that extracts were genotoxic-ally safe at applied concentrations up to 3 mg/plate.

Role of Essential Oil Used Pharmaceutical Cosmetic Product

When it comes to choosing which cosmetics to buy, consumers typically identify the smell as the factor that is most important to them. When uncovered, the fatty acids, oils, and surfactants that are frequently included in cosmetic formulations can all contribute to the production of odours that are unpleasant. Essential oils are used in a wide variety of cosmetic products because, in addition to the fragrant contributions they make, they serve as preservatives, active agents, and additions that are helpful to the skin. In addition, the growing demand for natural components has significantly contributed to the revival of interest in plant derivatives, particularly essential oils, in the industries of cosmetics and health. Popular cosmetic companies have been forced to promote natural fragrances and pick for minimally processed natural materials as a result of the potential health concerns related with artificial smell compounds, which are major components of cosmetics. As a result of this pressure, the cosmetic industry as a whole has moved towards natural fragrances. Some of the most highly regarded essential oils that are utilised in the creation of fragrances include citrus, lavender, eucalyptus, tea tree, and other flower oils. Some of the most highly prized scent components that are utilised in the creation of various cosmetics include linalool, geraniol, limonene, citronellol, and citral. In the fields of cosmetics and cosmeceuticals, essential oils have a wide variety of applications, including use as a source of natural fragrances. The purpose of this review was to shed light on those applications. Origins of essential oils, commercial viability of essential oils, chemical makeup of essential oils, fragrance classification, olfactory character of essential oils, authenticity, and safety will all receive the attention they deserve.

Acute dermal toxicity study of flower essential oil from Etlingera fenzlii (Kurz.) K. Schum. in Wistar albino rats

WHO has emphasized the value of using green repellents to combat disease and supplement insecticide-based vector control strategies. These products are frequently labelled as safe which is a common misperception due to the presence of varying bioactive compounds that can either be toxic or non-toxic. Pertaining to this scenario, a scarcely studied plant Etlingera fenzlii is studied to analyse its toxicological effects on skin. The plant is endemic to Kamorta and Katchal islands of Nicobar group and Mount Harriet hill ranges of Southern Andaman. These plants are used by the Shompen tribes for their honey collection and also against stomach disorders, cough etc. It is crucial to comprehend the plant's safety levels and dose limitations considering its' proven fungicidal and mosquitocidal characteristics among their other functions. The current study evaluated the acute dermal toxicity of flower essential oil in Wistar rats in accordance with OECD recommendations. Topical application at a dose of 2000mg/kg body weight showed no signs of toxicity. Any changes in body weight, water intake, feed consumption or gross pathology were not observed in the tested animals which provide considerable evidence to support the safe topical application of the essential oil.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Excipients-Based Ketoconazole Cream for Fungal Infection

The goals of the current studies were to create herbal excipients-based ketoconazole cream to enhance the efficacy against chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Ketoconazole, coconut oil and other herbal excipients namely shea butter, bees wax, Lanolin and Rose oil were used for the formulation. Each formulation was prepared with various concentrations of coconut oil. Every prepared formulations were evaluated successfully. Among all the formulations F4 was the best that exhibiting a higher in vitro diffusion rate 59.6 ± 0.10 % CDR within 480 min with maximum antifungal efficacy, compared with the marketed formulation. We might therefore say that herbal excipients-based cream improved patient compliance and is a superior alternative to oral preparation, easier administration, local bioavailability, and better results for individuals with persistent mucocutaneous candidiasis who are afflicted with fungi.

Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of flower essential oil from Forsythia koreana Nakai

Forsythia koreana Nakai is an ornamental plant widely cultivated in East Asia. The essential oil of F. koreana flowers (FEO) was extracted by hydrodistillation process and the volatile components were determined with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The anti-inflammatory activity of FEO was investigated by using TPA-induced mouse ear inflammation model. The major components of FEO were identified as n-tetracosane (29.85%), n-heneicosane (17.45%), myristic acid (8.46%) and palmitaldehyde (6.22%). The TPA-induced mouse ear edema, water content, dermis thickness, epidermis thickness and nitric oxide production were decreased by FEO. Our findings suppose that the flower essential oil of F. koreana exerted anti-inflammatory activity, and may be used in the development of anti-inflammatory products in future.

Rose Oil Industry in Bulgaria from the Onset of the Great Depression to the Beginning of the Second World War

The article aims to make a critical analysis of the changes in the Bulgarian rose production and essential oil industry in the period from the beginning of the Great Depression to the end of the 1930s. During the above mentioned years, there was a profound change in political, economic and social development of the world, which in turn was reflected in the development of Bulgaria and Bulgarian society. The article analyzes at a micro level the problems of the Bulgarian rose oil industry related to the drastic changes in this sector. The Great Depression caused a crisis in rose production and in the oil industry. The government made attempts at limiting the areas occupied by oil rose plantations which were not particularly successful.

Physicochemical and Organoleptic Characterization of Flavoured Pineapple Candy (Ananas comosus L.)

An experiment was conducted at the Post Harvest Technology, Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh) during the year 2022-2023. The pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) is a popular tropical fruit in India. It is well-known for its nutritional and therapeutic properties, but it is not an easy food to consume on its own. It has a lot of potential in processed forms like candy. Attempts are being made to create products that are not only nutritionally delicious but also consumer-acceptable. The medicinal, nutritional, and organoleptic quality of pineapple candy can be improved by mixing in different syrups such as mint syrup, rose syrup, tulsi syrup, ginger syrup, and cardamom syrup. The study followed a completely randomised design with three replications. The pineapple candy samples were examined for physicochemical changes after preparation and sensory evaluation was performed on a panel of 7 experts using a 9-point hedonic scale. These candies were kept at room temperature for around 90 days. The storage experiments demonstrated that total soluble solids and pH gradually increase till the end of the experiment, whereas titratable acidity and ascorbic acid decrease in decreasing order. Based on the organoleptic test results, treatment T3 (Pineapple + Sugar syrup @ 60% + Rose extract @ 10%) was determined to be the best-flavoured pineapple candy.

Phenotyping floral traits and essential oil profiling revealed considerable variations in clonal selections of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.)

Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is a high-value aromatic plant species belonging to the family Rosaceae. It is being cultivated throughout the world for rose essential oil production. Besides its higher demand in the aromatic and cosmetic industry, the essential oil obtained has many pharmacological and cytotoxic activities. The primary concern of growers with the available varieties of damask rose is short flowering duration, low essential oil content and unstable yield. Thus, there is a requirement for developing new stable varieties with higher flower yield and essential oil content. The present study evaluated the variations in the flower yield parameters, essential oil content, and essential oil compounds in different clonal selections of damask rose. These clonal selections have been developed through a half-sib progeny approach from commercially available varieties 'Jwala' and 'Himroz.' The fresh flower yield varied from 629.57 to 965.7 g per plant, while the essential oil content ranged from 0.030–0.045% among the clonal selections. The essential oil profiling via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed significant variations in the essential oil compounds. Acyclic monoterpene alcohols citronellol (20.35–44.75%) and geraniol (15.63–27.76%) were highest, followed by long-chain hydrocarbons, i.e., nonadecane (13.02–28.78%). The clonal selection CSIR-IHBT-RD-04 was unique in terms of the highest citronellol content (44.75%) and citronellol/geraniol (C/G) ratio of 1.93%. This selection has the potential use as a parental line in future genetic improvement programs of damask rose to achieve higher yield and better quality of rose essential oil.

An Experimental Study of the Effects of Coolant Fluid on Surface Roughness in Turning Operation for Brass Alloy

The effect of different cutting fluids on surface roughness of brass alloy workpiece during turning operation was carried out in this research. This was performed with different cutting speed, while other cutting parameters had been regarded as constants(feeding rate , and depth of cut). Surface roughness of machined parts that will be tested by electronic surface roughness tester .The results show that the standard coolant gives the best values of surface roughness for fixed cutting speed ,followed by sun flower oil that has approximately the same effect, while the air stream as a coolant gave unsatisfied results for the evaluation of surface roughness.
 In the other hand the best values of surface roughness were recorded for maximum cutting speed with all other types of cutting fluids.

Exogenous trans-cinnamic acid applications affect leaf, flower and peel essential oils of Banzhair lime cultivated on arid region

Exogenous trans-cinnamic acid applications affect leaf, flower and peel essential oils of Banzhair lime cultivated on arid region

A study on the chemical profile of cultivated chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) flower essential oil from North East India with special emphasis on its pharmacological importance

A study on the chemical profile of cultivated chamomile (<i>Matricaria chamomilla</i> L.) flower essential oil from North East India with special emphasis on its pharmacological importance

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils from the flowers and leaves of Celtis planchoniana K.I.Chr.

Most plant parts are used in traditional food and medicine. Plants are significant resources of potential phytochemicals. This study investigated the properties of essential oil, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the flowers and leaves of the Celtis planchoniana plant. Based on the GC/MS-FID analysis of essential oils extracted from the flowers and leaves of C. planchoniana, 101 and 91 compounds were identified from their structures, respectively. Chemical classes with the highest percentage of compounds found in essential oils of plants were oil acids, with 31.51% in flowers, and aldehydes, with 32.89% in leaves. Hexadecanoic acid (29.94%) and (E)-2-hexenal (16.11%) compounds were determined as the main components in the plant’s flowers and leaves. Among the flower and leaf samples, the highest antioxidant levels were 132.77-80.10 mg AA eq./100 mL in TAC, 17.63-118.23 mg AA eq./100 mL in ABTS, 71.41-85.15 mg GA eq./100 mL in TPC, and 15.08-15.71 mg AA eq./100 mL in DPPH capacity. According to the TFC, TPC, ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP tests conducted to determine the antioxidant properties of C. planchoniana, the essential oil obtained from its leaves demonstrated more significant antioxidant properties than the essential oil obtained from its flowers. According to the antimicrobial activity analysis, the leaf and flower essential oil samples exhibited no antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms tested.

Chemical content of volatile oil of Primula veris subsp. columnae, obtaining the methanol extracts and their biological activities

The proportions and constituents of the essential oils of flowers and leaves of Primula veris subsp. columnae were determined, and the antioxidant and the antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) properties of their methanol extracts were investigated. Percentage ratios and main components of the Primula veris subsp. columnae plant, which grows naturally, were detected by extracting flower and leaf volatile oils. The components of the volatile oil were identified with Gas Chromatography Mass Detector-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-MS/FID). A total of 62 compounds were identified in flower volatile oil, and methyl 4-methoxysalicylate (37.1%) was determined as the main compound. While defining the structure of 50 compounds in leaf essential oil, linoleic acid (40.1%) was established as the main compound. As the result of the extraction of flowers and leaves with methanol, the extractive substance was obtained as 34.5% in flowers and as 28.8% in leaves. Methanol extraction and the antioxidant properties of the Primula veris subsp. columnae plant were quite high. In the antifungal and antibacterial activity test conducted on the volatile oils and methanol extracts of flowers and leaves of the Primula veris subsp. columnae species, only flower volatile oil showed weak inhibition properties.

Essential oil Ageratum conyzoides chemotypes and anti-tick activities

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus represents a significant obstacle to animal productivity in tropical and subtropical areas, leading to considerable economic losses for the dairy and meat production industries. Essential oils (EO) extracted from Ageratum conyzoides are known to cause death and induce morphogenetic abnormalities in several insect species. This plant, however, presents morphological flower variations, which range from white to purple, associated to different chemotypes. In this context, this study aimed to conduct a novel assessment on the effects of EO extracted from two A. conyzoides chemotypes in the control of the bovine tick R. microplus. The primary constituents of the oil obtained from white flower samples (WFs) were precocene I (80.4 %) and (E)-caryophyllene (14.8 %), while purple flower oil samples (PFs) contained predominantly β-acoradiene (12.9 %), γ-amorphene (12.3 %), α-pinene (9.9 %), bicyclogermacrene (8.9 %), α-santalene (8.7 %), and andro encecalinol (5.6 %). Interestingly, only the EO chemotype from A. conyzoides PFs displayed acaricidal activity towards R. microplus larvae, with an LC50 of 1.49 mg/mL.

Characterization of p(PmO), p(LO) and p(RO) organoparticles, their bioactivity properties and their effect on pancreatic cancer Capan-1 cell

For the first time in the literature, p (PmO), p (LO) and p (RO) organo-particles were synthesized from Peppermint oil, Lemon oil and Rose oil. Of the organo-particles L-929 cell line viability/cytotoxicity and anticancer effect against Capan-1 pancreatic cancer cell line were investigated. p (PmO), p (LO) and p (RO) organo-particles were featured by thermogravimetry (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Particle size (DLS), and particle charge (zeta potential, Zeta) analyses. Antioxidant, biocompatible, and antimicrobial activities and in vitro cytotoxicity specialties were investigated. In studies on Capan-1 and L-929 cell lines, it was observed that p (PmO), p (LO) and p (RO) organo-particles were effective on L-929 fibroblast cell line on Capan-1 pancreatic cancer cell line. In addition, it was observed that p (PmO), p (LO) and p (RO) organo-particles were not toxic in L-929 cell lines at high doses. When the Capan-1 cell line MTT analysis results of p (PmO), p (LO) and p (RO) organo-particles were examined, a difference was observed between cell viability rates and apoptosis and necrosis values. The highest % apoptosis rate was observed in the p (RO) organo particle.

Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies of Ethanol, Chloroform extracts and Flower oil of Senecio edgeworthii hook plant

This study investigated the acute and subacute oral toxicity of SE- Oil, SE-Alcohol and SE-Chloro extracts of Senecio edgeworthii (SE) in a rodent for evaluating its safety profile. Senecio edgeworthii (SE) plant for the acute oral toxicity (300 to 5000mg/kg) and subacute oral toxicity SE- Oil (SE-Oil 50, 200, 500mg/kg) and SE-Chloro (SEC 100, 500, 1000mg/kg) and SE-Alcohol (SEA 100, 500, 1000mg/kg) studies were administered orally according to the guidelines 423 and 407 of OECD, respectively. In the acute oral toxicity study, doses are administered by 300mg/kg, 1000mg/kg, 2000mg/kg and 5000mg/kg (OECD guideline no. 423). SEA and SEC do not show toxicity up to 5000mg/kg; SE- Oil shows toxicity at a dose of 2500mg/kg. In the subacute toxicity study, the daily oral treatment with extracts of SEA and SEC 100, 500, 1000mg/kg, SE-Oil 50, 250, 500mg/kg of extracts for 28 days did not produce any death or hazard. Likewise, SEA and SEC 100, 500, 1000mg/kg, SE-Oil 50, 250mg/kg of Senecio edgeworthii hook no significant changes were recorded in food intake, body weight gain, the biochemical and haematological parameter of control and treated rats. SE-Oil 500mg/kg of significant changes were recorded in food intake and body weight gains are decreased compared to the control group and SE-Oil 500mg/kg there was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease in RBC counts in the treated animals compared to that of the control group counts in the treated animals and induction (ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase and Total protein). SE- Oil 500mg/kg of extract treaded group saw mild liver pathological findings characterized by abnormal hepatic configuration was observed with treated animals. The present result from the acute and subacute toxicity study Senecio edgeworthii hook alcohol and chloroform extract is considered relatively safe on acute and subacute oral exposure. Senecio edgeworthii hook flower hexane extract shows acute toxicity at dose 2500mg/kg and in subacute toxicity study, higher dose 500mg/kg.