Context Of Attacks Research Articles

The Breakdown of Anti-Racist Norms: A Natural Experiment on Normative Uncertainty after Terrorist Attacks

Terrorist attacks can have profound consequences for the erosion of social norms, yet the causes of this erosion are not well understood. We argue that these attacks create substantial uncertainty about whether norms of civic conversation still hold. Observing breaches of these norms then leads people to express their own anti-immigrant attitudes more readily, as compared to a context where these norms are unambiguous. To test our theory, we examine (i) the impact of terrorist attacks on the level of hate speech against refugees in online discussions, and (ii) how the effect of terrorist attacks depends on the uncertainty about social norms of prejudice expression. To this end, we report on the results of a unique combination of a natural and a lab-in-the-field experiment. We exploit the occurrence of two consecutive Islamist terrorist attacks in Germany, the Wurzburg and Ansbach attacks, in July 2016. Hateful comments towards refugees in an experimental online forum, but not towards other minority groups (i.e., gender rights), increased as a result of the attacks. The experiment compares the effect of the terrorist attacks in contexts where a descriptive norm against the use of hate speech is emphasized, i.e., participants observe only neutral or positive comments towards a minority group, to contexts in which the norm is ambiguous because participants observe anti-minority comments. Observing anti-immigrant comments had a considerable impact on our participants’ own comments after the attacks, while observing anti-gender-rights comments did not. We end by discussing implications of the findings for the literature on social norms, sociological methods and policy.

Terrorism and the banlieues: the Charlie Hebdo attacks in context

In January 2015, French society was shocked by a sequence of fatal attacks at the offices of satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo and a kosher supermarket in Paris. In the wake of these tragic events, many social and political commentators interpreted the killings as an assault on freedom of expression and core French values of liberty, equality and laïcité. Prime Minister Manuel Valls described the perpetrators as disciples of Islamofascism. More than this, the terrorists were represented as the extreme manifestation of a deviant and nihilistic ‘other’—largely concentrated in France’s infamous banlieues—that rejected the Republic and embraced a form of ideological extremism that originated beyond France’s borders. Yet this interpretation fails to adequately consider the complexity of the situation. Drawing on the work on radicalisation by Wiktorowicz, and illustrated with lessons learned from research into the causes of the 2005 French riots, this article has two objectives: to highlight the importance of everyday exclusion in the web of causal factors that frames the path to violent extremism in France; and to offer an alternative view of the role and influence of the banlieues in this context.

Direct trust-based security scheme for RREQ flooding attack in mobile ad hoc networks

ABSTRACTThe routing algorithms in MANETs exhibit distributed and cooperative behaviour which makes them easy target for denial of service (DoS) attacks. RREQ flooding attack is a flooding-type DoS attack in context to Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, where the attacker broadcasts massive amount of bogus Route Request (RREQ) packets to set up the route with the non-existent or existent destination in the network. This paper presents direct trust-based security scheme to detect and mitigate the impact of RREQ flooding attack on the network, in which, every node evaluates the trust degree value of its neighbours through analysing the frequency of RREQ packets originated by them over a short period of time. Taking the node’s trust degree value as the input, the proposed scheme is smoothly extended for suppressing the surplus RREQ and bogus RREQ flooding packets at one-hop neighbours during the route discovery process. This scheme distinguishes itself from existing techniques by not directly blocking the service of a normal node due to increased amount of RREQ packets in some unusual conditions. The results obtained throughout the simulation experiments clearly show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed defensive scheme.

A Comparative Analysis of Sybil Attacks on VANET

In this research work a sincere attempt is made to review the problem of attacks in VANET domain since, network security in VANETs is of immensely challenging. The distributed nature of VANET allows each of the vehicle nodes to function both as a host as well as router to remain connected with other nodes. As nodes very frequently move in and out of the range of each other, consequently network topology also changes frequently compromising the security of the network. And it is prone to lot security gaps. This paper discusses the type of attacks and their possible solutions for mitigating the attack in context of Sybil attack. An alternative method after systematic review of the proposed in this research work shows that anonymity factor can be increased and sequence mining can detect the Sybil attack with low computational overhead and low false rate..

Achieving side-channel high-order correlation immunity with leakage squeezing

This article deeply analyzes high-order (HO) Boolean masking countermeasures against side-channel attacks in contexts where the shares are manipulated simultaneously and the correlation coefficient is used as a statistical distinguisher. The latter attacks are sometimes referred to as zero-offset high-order correlation power analysis (HO-CPA). In particular, the main focus is to get the most out of a single mask (i.e., for masking schemes with two shares). The relationship between the leakage characteristics and the attack efficiency is thoroughly studied. Our main contribution is to link the minimum attack order (called HO-CPA immunity) to the amount of information leaked. Interestingly, the HO-CPA immunity can be much larger than the number of shares in the masking scheme. This is made possible by the leakage squeezing. It is a variant of the Boolean masking where masks are recoded relevantly by bijections. This technique and others from the state-of-the-art (namely leak-free masking and wire-tap codes) are overviewed, and put in perspective.

Reclassifying bioterrorism risk: Are we preparing for the proper pathogens?

Existing classifications of potential biological weapons, acknowledge only limited important parameters of biological weapon potential. Certain pathogen factors would further influence the outcome of a potential attack in context with social and political aspects of the time and space of the attack. The importance of these factors was investigated through various attack scenarios that have been developed by the authors, and an individual score for each of these factors was calculated, based on the overall effect their variation had in the scenario outcome. A new classification score for potential biological weapons was subsequently developed, one, which drastically alters the perception of risk for certain pathogens, such as filoviruses and anthrax. This frame further allows for more accurate evaluation of the bioweapon potential of agents such as avian flu. Recognition of intervening factors and proper assessment of the actual risk might augment in proper distribution of interest and funds on relevant medical research.