Disease Attack Research Articles

Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker for acute hepatic porphyrias.

Acute hepatic porphyrias (AHP) represent a rare group of inherited metabolic disorders of heme biosynthesis pathway. This study aims to determine the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) as potential biomarker for AHP. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study to evaluate NfL levels in patients with AHP. They were divided in different groups: normal health individuals; patients with definitive diagnosis of AHP during acute episodes; patients with AHP and infrequent attacks; patients with AHP and recurrent attacks; asymptomatic individuals with positive genetic testing and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) levels elevated 4 or more times ("high excretors"); asymptomatic individuals with exclusive positive genetic test; control group with Hereditary Amyloidosis related to Transthyretin with Polyneuropathy (ATTRv-PN). During acute attacks, serum NfL levels were 68 times higher compared to normal controls and disclosed a strong correlation with ALA and PBG levels; also exhibited elevated levels in patients with chronic symptoms regardless of the number of disease attacks compared to healthy controls, and at similar levels to patients with ATTRv-PN, which is a model of progressive neuropathy. This study represents the first to establish NfL as a biomarker for AHP, disclosing NfL as a sensitive biomarker for axonal damage and chronic symptom occurrence. This study not only underscores that neurological damage associated with the disease in any patient, irrespective of the number of attacks, but also reinforces the progressive and profoundly debilitating nature of acute and chronic symptoms observed in individuals with AHP.

Analysis of the Impact of Temperature Changes on the Productivity of Arabica Coffee Plants (Coffea arabica) Based on Coffee Farmer Adaptation Response

The productivity of coffee plants is highly dependent on changes in environmental temperature. This change caused several problems with its productivity, including: crop failure, decreased coffee bean quality, and decreased crop quantity. In addition, coffee farmers do not understand the impact it causes so that farmers are unable to make appropriate adaptation responses to the threat of changes in environmental temperature. This study aims to determine the impact caused by changes in environmental temperature on Arabica coffee plants based on the response of coffee farmers in Cipaganti village, Garut regency, Indonesia. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection was carried out using interviews, observation and documentation studies. Sampling using purposive sampling technique with the criteria of respondents who have their own land and have been farming for at least 5 years. The results showed that all farmers knew and felt changes in environmental temperature at the study site with an indicator of temperature rise. Changes in temperature have caused a decrease in productivity, a decrease in fruit quality, an increase in pest and disease attacks such as fruit borer, stem borer and leaf rust.

Key lifestyles and health outcomes across 16 prevalent chronic diseases: A network analysis of an international observational study.

Central and bridge nodes can drive significant overall improvements within their respective networks. We aimed to identify them in 16 prevalent chronic diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to guide effective intervention strategies and appropriate resource allocation for most significant holistic lifestyle and health improvements. We surveyed 16 512 adults from July 2020 to August 2021 in 30 territories. Participants self-reported their medical histories and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on 18 lifestyle factors and 13 health outcomes. For each disease subgroup, we generated lifestyle, health outcome, and bridge networks. Variables with the highest centrality indices in each were identified central or bridge. We validated these networks using nonparametric and case-dropping subset bootstrapping and confirmed central and bridge variables' significantly higher indices through a centrality difference test. Among the 48 networks, 44 were validated (all correlation-stability coefficients >0.25). Six central lifestyle factors were identified: less consumption of snacks (for the chronic disease: anxiety), less sugary drinks (cancer, gastric ulcer, hypertension, insomnia, and pre-diabetes), less smoking tobacco (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), frequency of exercise (depression and fatty liver disease), duration of exercise (irritable bowel syndrome), and overall amount of exercise (autoimmune disease, diabetes, eczema, heart attack, and high cholesterol). Two central health outcomes emerged: less emotional distress (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eczema, fatty liver disease, gastric ulcer, heart attack, high cholesterol, hypertension, insomnia, and pre-diabetes) and quality of life (anxiety, autoimmune disease, cancer, depression, diabetes, and irritable bowel syndrome). Four bridge lifestyles were identified: consumption of fruits and vegetables (diabetes, high cholesterol, hypertension, and insomnia), less duration of sitting (eczema, fatty liver disease, and heart attack), frequency of exercise (autoimmune disease, depression, and heart attack), and overall amount of exercise (anxiety, gastric ulcer, and insomnia). The centrality difference test showed the central and bridge variables had significantly higher centrality indices than others in their networks (P < 0.05). To effectively manage chronic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic, enhanced interventions and optimised resource allocation toward central lifestyle factors, health outcomes, and bridge lifestyles are paramount. The key variables shared across chronic diseases emphasise the importance of coordinated intervention strategies.

Crohn’s disease in patients with Hirschsprung disease and Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis: A review

In the last decade, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in children has been increasing. Some studies have reported the development of Crohn’s disease in patients with Hirschsprung disease and Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis. Suggestions have been made about the possible causes of the development of Crohn’s-like lesions after intestinal resection in early childhood. This study aimed to summarize information about Hirschsprung-associated Crohn’s disease and Crohn’s-like lesions after surgical treatment of Hirschsprung disease. The search was carried out in scientific databases of eLibrary, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The search time interval was 2000–2023. Fourteen articles dedicated to Hirschsprung-associated Crohn’s disease were identified. Common pathogenesis factors in inflammatory bowel diseases and Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis were identified, such as microbiota disturbance and chronic inflammation. Predisposing factors for pathological immune response to dysbiosis and incidence of enterocolitis included enteric nervous system dysfunction, impaired neuroimmune regulatory mechanisms, general immunological disturbance, and “immaturity” and abnormality of the barrier function of the intestinal mucosa. The “classic form” of Crohn’s disease may not develop in patients with Hirschsprung disease and recurrent attacks of enterocolitis but Crohn’s-like lesions. Persistent functional or organic obstruction after surgical treatment of Hirschsprung disease enhances the negative effect of predisposing factors, leading to chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Delayed occurrence of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis is a predisposing factor for the development of chronic inflammation. When Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis occurs repeatedly, endoscopic assessment should be performed for the exclusion of Crohn’s disease and chronic inflammatory changes in the anastomosis area for treatment selection.

Sustainability of Corn Farming Systems on Post-Sand Mining Land in Malang, East Java, Indonesia

The sand mining activities leave a wide area ex-sand mining land. In Bambang Village, farmers who live in that area try to get their land back to produce agricultural activities that were used previously for sand mining. However, there are several obstacles to the sustainability of farming in this area, especially the matter of critical land issues, pest and disease attacks, unpredictability of price, and technology used still not optimized suboptimal use of technology. To analyze the sustainability index and the attributes that influence continuity of corn farming on post-mine sand land, a quantitative study was conducted used a five-dimension sustainability approach. This approach included the consist of ecological, economic, social, institutional, and technological dimensions. Data collected by distributing questionnaires to the respondents which are divided into 72 of farmers and five key informants, so that, total of respondents are 77 people. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and leverage analysis were used to determine the attributes that influence sustainability. The results of the research show corn farming continuity on post-sand mining land produce a sustainability index for about 54.86%. It is considered quite able to maintain in terms of the economic dimension (62.12%), social dimension (60.82%), and institutional dimension (60.27%). Though, the ecological dimension (46.88%) and technological dimension (44.23%) were classified as weak in terms of sustainability. Additionally, leverage analysis shows about 25 sensitive attributes which is influenced the sustainability of corn farming on post-sand mining land.

PENYULUHAN PERAN ASI EKSKLUSIF TERHADAP TUMBUH KEMBANG ANAK DITENGAH WANITA PEKERJA PEDAGANG PASAR TRADISIONAL

Exclusive breastfeeding is giving breast milk to babies from 0-6 months of age exclusively without additional food or drink. Exclusive breastfeeding provides many benefits for both baby and mother. Some of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for babies are increasing the baby's body resistance or antibodies against disease attacks and helping the baby's brain and physical development. For the Deli Serdang Regency area, the percentage of babies who receive exclusive breast milk is only 47.26%. From these data it can be seen that there is still a lack of exclusive breastfeeding for babies. The low level of exclusive breastfeeding will have an impact on the quality and vitality of the next generation. One of the factors that hinders exclusive breastfeeding is working mothers, especially in the informal sector such as traditional market traders. This PKM activity using the counseling method aims to provide information to breastfeeding mothers about the role of exclusive breastfeeding in the growth and development of babies among women who work as traders at the Deli Tua traditional market. The process of implementing this community service activity is carried out by providing information and education to respondents regarding the role of exclusive breastfeeding in the growth and development of babies and tips on how to meet the needs of exclusive breastfeeding for children among women who work as traditional market traders. Then the respondents distributed pre-test and post-test questionnaires to the participants and the results obtained were 76.9% of the 13 respondents had increased knowledge regarding the role of exclusive breastfeeding in the growth and development of babies and tips on how to meet the needs of exclusive breastfeeding for children among working women. as a traditional market trader.

ANALISIS STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN KAMPUNG PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT DI DESA LONTAR KABUPATEN SERANG

The amount of seaweed production in Lontar Village which decreases every year needs to be analyzed to increase the amount of seaweed production in Lontar Village. In this study, an analysis of internal and external factors of seaweed cultivation business in Lontar Village will be conducted. Formulation of development directions using SWOT analysis. Based on the results of IFAS and EFAS analysis, internal and external factors have 5 factors. Strengths include people's interest in large seaweed farming businesses, labor is easy to obtain from families and communities, seaweed cultivation technology is simple and easy, large seaweed cultivation areas are available and harvesting and maintenance periods can be arranged. Weaknesses include lack of knowledge and skills in the cultivation business, seaweed is susceptible to pest and disease attacks, the quality and quantity of seeds are not supportive, there is no seaweed processing industry and poor water quality that affects harvesting. Opportunities include export market potential, superior products of government programs, seaweed processing industry, seaweed processing technology and facilities and infrastructure. Threats include the threat of climate change, lack of training from extension workers, fluctuating seaweed prices, loss of generations of seaweed farmers and assistance from the government has not met the needs of farmers and has not been evenly distributed. Based on the results of the matrix analysis, the right strategy applied to seaweed farming business in Lontar Village is the S-O (Progressive) strategy. The S-O (Progressive) strategy consists of investing in innovative technology and training, creating a sustainable seaweed processing industry, utilizing government program support, optimizing the use of cultivated areas and taking advantage of export opportunities. Keywords: SWOT analysis, Seaweed, Lontar Village.

Application of Rhizobacteria to Control Phytophthora capsici Disease Causes Stem Base Rot and Increase Growth of Pepper Seedlings In-Vivo

One of the obstacles to pepper production is the high intensity of plant disease attacks. One of them is stem rot disease caused by the fungus Phytophthora capsici. Therefore, appropriate technology is needed that can control disease and at the same time increase plant growth by using rhizobacteria which are environmentally friendly, and can produce growth hormones, dissolve phosphate, and fix nitrogen. This research aims to obtain rhizobacteria isolates that can control the pathogen P. capsici which causes root rot disease, while also being able to increase plant growth. This research was carried out at the Agronomy Laboratory of the Plantation Plant Cultivation Study Program, Samarinda State Agricultural Polytechnic. The research used a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments with 4 replications to obtain 16 experimental units. Variables observed included the latent period, disease incidence and severity, increase in plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter. The resulting data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the analysis showing a real effect were followed by the Least Significant Difference test (BNT)α=0.05. The results of the research showed that the application of a combination of rhizobacteria was able to overcome stem rot disease and at the same time increased the growth of pepper plant seedlings. The combination of rhizobacteria isolates P01 + TA2 treatment can reduce the latent period of disease to 12.00 days compared to 5.50 days without rhizobacteria, the disease incidence rate is 6.25% with a severity level of 2.50%, lower than without treatment (control) at 37.50 % (disease incidence) and 47.50% (disease severity). Apart from that, the combination of rhizobacteria isolates P01 + TA2 was able to increase the growth of pepper plant seeds as shown by observing the increase in plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter

Edukasi Imunisasi Dasar Lengkap pada Anak bagi Anggota PKK Wajok Hilir Kecamatan Jongkat Kabupaten Mempawah

Immunization is a safe and effective method to protect a person from dangerous diseases before exposure to disease-causing agents. Immunization for children is essential to strengthen the body's defense system so it's immune to disease attacks. Community Service Activities (PKM) aim to equip the Wajok Hilir cadres or PKK mothers with information, education, and skills regarding complete basic immunization information for children. This PKM activity consists of several activities, including designing educational methods, creating complete basic immunization educational media, administering pretest and posttest, and evaluating the level of understanding. The results show that there has been an increase in the understanding of cadres or PKK mothers with the indicator that the average pretest score is 39.58 and the average posttest score is 65.72. The conclusion, there has been an increase in the understanding of the Wajok Hilir cadres or PKK mothers.

Determinants of Productivity and Problems Associated With Betel Leaf Cultivation in Sylhet Region of Bangladesh

The study aimed at evaluating the determinants of productivity of betel leaf cultivation among the farmers of two districts namely Sylhet and Moulvibazar administered under Sylhet division, Bangladesh. A total of 80 respondents were selected as the sample using multistage random sampling technique for achieving objectives of the study. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire during the month of March, 2020. Based on the objective’s descriptive statistics, ANCOVA and stepwise regression model were employed to analyze the data. The study found that, most of the farmers of betel leaf were followed their indigenous knowledge and technology to cultivate betel leaf. ANCOVA and stepwise regression model were employed to identify the factors as well as their impact on betel leaf production. The study identified the factors that significantly influenced the productivity of betel leaf farming i.e. the involvement of marketing agreement, access to training, access to irrigation, amount of cow dung applied and land area under betel leaf cultivation. The study also confronted some problems associated with the betel leaf cultivation like excess rainfall during peak season, insufficiency of irrigation water, disease attacks and low price of betel leaf. Therefore, this study provide essential information that can be used by the growers, scientists, exporters, policy makers to increase the productivity of betel leaf cultivation in the future. This study will build a foundation for further research based on the present background.

ISOLATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM VANAME SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) AND ITS ANTAGONISM TO PATHOGEN BACTERIA

Vaname shrimp is one of Indonesia's leading export species and is widely cultivated. The main problem in vaname shrimp pond cultivation is the attack of shrimp diseases caused by bacteria or viruses. This study aims to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (BAL) from vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and test their antagonism against pathogenic bacteria. The research was conducted from February to April 2023. The method used in this study is a survey method. Sampling was conducted at the vaname shrimp pond of the Fisheries Service Task Unit (UPT), Tanjung Punak Village, Rupat Utara District, Bengkalis Regency, Riau. The method used in this research was a survey method. BAL was isolated using MRS Agar + CaCO3 media. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to test bacterial antagonism against pathogenic bacteria. Based on the identification of seven isolates, it was found that only four isolates were positively identified as LAB bacteria, namely 47D, 54T1, 73DB1, and 73BD2. The results of the antagonism test against pathogenic bacteria showed that all BAL isolates could not suppress the growth of E. coli bacteria. However, these isolates suppressed the growth of A. hydrophila bacteria, with the widest inhibition zone diameter on isolate 54T1 (4.2 mm). On Vibrio sp. bacteria, the widest inhibition zone of BAL was on isolate 73DB1 (6 mm). These results indicate that the antibacterial activity produced by BAL is still relatively weak

Constraints faced in production and marketing of arecanut in Karnataka

The arecanut is one of the most important crops grown in Karnataka and the state’s area under arecanut cultivation has nearly doubled in the last 15 years. Shivamogga, Davanagere, Chikkamagaluru, Dakshina Kannada. Tumkur and Uttara Kannada are the major arecanut producing districts of Karnataka, the accounting for a sizable share of 60 per cent of the area and 65 per cent of arecanut production in the state. The random sampling method was used for selection of arecanut growers and four districts were selected namely Dakshina Kannada, Chikkamagaluru, Davanagere and Shivamogga. Each districts two talukas were selected based on highest area and production of arecanut, each talukas six villages were selected and four farmers from each village were chosen for the study. Thus a total of 192 arecanut farmers were selected. To analyse the problems faced by the market intermediaries five traders, five wholesalers, five pre harvest contractors and five retailers were selected from talukas from selected districts. The total marketing intermediaries were 160. Thus, the total sample size was 360. The majority of the farmers are facing problems in production mammalians pest attacking on arecanut bunch (73.56) in Davanagere district, high wage rates of labour in Chikkamagaluru and incidence of pest and diseases attack in Shivamogga and Dakshina Kannada districts. In case of arecanut marketing problems were lack of storage facilities, poor transport facility and price fluctuations. The need of present era is to increase the productivity of arecanut crop. This could be achieved by adopting improved production practice, high yield varieties and new technologies of crop

Evaluation of Local Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes for Resistance to Fungal Diseases in the Bimodal-rainfall Forest Zone of Cameroon

The general objective of the present study was to evaluate the susceptibility to fungal diseases of some bean collections in the bimodal rainfall forest zone of Cameroon. To this end, 12 bean collections from Foumbot were grown at the University of Yaoundé I in a completely randomized block design without phytosanitary treatments. Symptoms identified on the leaves of diseased plants were used to characterize the fungal agents in the laboratory using an identification key. Incidence and severity were assessed, as well as the number of pods and seeds in plants under fungal pressure. Following the evolution of symptoms, all collections showed fungal disease attacks at different rates. Macroscopic and microscopic laboratory observations identified Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Uromices appendiculatus and Fusarium solani as the fungal agents responsible for these symptoms. The incidence of disease caused by F. solani was lower in the NJBPRNV (16.67%) and NJBV (22.22%) collections, as was severity (3.33% and 4.44%). On the other hand, the LGRTE (47.06%) and GGRBE (44.44%) LGRV (43.75%) collections showed high incidences of disease caused by S. sclerotiorum, U. appendiculatus and F. solani respectively. Considering the number of seeds, the KPGPV (403.2 seeds) and KPGPTV (350.4 seeds) collections recorded the highest number of seeds, compared with the GGRBE (15.93 seeds); LGRTE (23.87 seeds); GGRBTE (25.53 seeds); LGRV (42.4 seeds) and GGRTE (52.2 seeds) collections. However, the NJBPRNV collection requires special attention in varietal creation, given its greater resistance to the fungal diseases identified.

Pengendalian Hama Terpadu pada Peremajaan Sawit Rakyat di Kecamatan Pangkalan Kuras, Riau

The rapid development of oil palm replanting areas will lead to ecological problems such as plant disturbing organisms. Pest and disease attacks are obstacles farmers face when developing their farms, especially in smallholder oil palm plantations. This study aims to examine the components of cultivation techniques, environmental factors, and human resources that influence the application of IPM on smallholder oil palm replanting land in Pangkalan Kuras District, Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province. The methods used in this study included the purposive determination of 60 respondents, data collection through interviews with farmers, field surveys, and data analysis. The results showed that socio-economic aspects influenced farmers' actions in implementing IPM. Farmer knowledge about pests and diseases of oil palm plants was 36%. Farmers have applied several pest and disease control techniques in oil palm cultivation on replanting land. However, most farmers (60%) are still unfamiliar with the term IPM, need to learn the role of natural enemies in pest control in the field, and lack regular monitoring. Keywords: disease, IPM, palm oil, pest, replanting

Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Penyakit pada Tanaman Jambu Kristal Menggunakan Metode Dempster Shafer Berbasis Web

The Crystal Guava plant can be attacked by several types of diseases. Diseases in crystal guava plants can cause significant losses in fruit production. Some pests and diseases that can attack crystal guava plants include fruit flies, bagworms, whiteflies, anthracnose, and red rust. Therefore, accurate and timely disease diagnosis is crucial in controlling and managing these diseases. In this study, an Expert System for Disease Diagnosis in Crystal Guava Plants Using the Dempster Shafer Method-Based Web was developed. The Dempster Shafer method calculates the likelihood of a disease attacking crystal guava plants based on the density probability values of each symptom. The results produced by this expert system include the type of disease, solution, and the percentage probability value of the disease, with an average accuracy of 83.33%. Hence, it can be concluded that the system can diagnose diseases in crystal guava plants effectively.

Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Cengkih dan Jintan untuk Menurunkan Intensitas Serangan Penyakit Antraknosa pada Tanaman Cabai Besar

Anthracnose disease is one of the diseases in chili plants that can reduce yields by up to 80%. This study aims to determine the effectiveness and optimal concentration of natural fungicides from cloves and cumin in reducing the incidence and intensity of anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum sp.) attack directly on large chili plants in the field. The research was conducted in Sumberejo Village, Ngablak District, Magelang Regency. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with eight treatments and four replications. The extract treatments used clove leaves and cumin leaves with concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%, and no treatment and synthetic fungicides. The variables observed in this study were disease incidence, intensity of attack, and total fruit weight at harvest. The use of pesticides in the study showed significant differences from that of the control. The best natural fungicides for disease incidence in this study were CK3 (1,79%) and JK3 (2,94%), while the best natural fungicide treatments for attack intensity in this study were CK3 (11,25%) and JK3 (16,25%). Applying clove and cumin leaf fungicides to plants does not reduce crop yields.

DIAGNOSIS OF CUCUMBER PLANT DISEASES USING CERTAINTY FACTOR AND FORWARD CHAINING METHODS

Cucumber plants spread and can live in tropical climates like Indonesia. The cucumber plant has many benefits and can be a beauty ingredient. Cucumbers, like other plants, can also have disease attacks, which can threaten farmers. This expert system can help farmers discover diseases that attack cucumber plants and how to control them. The certainty Factor is a method used to measure the certainty of facts to describe an expert's confidence in facing a problem. Forward Chaining is an approach method monitored by data starting from information in the form of facts and supported by rules to reach conclusions. Implementing an expert system for diagnosing cucumber diseases using certainty factor and forward chaining methods will make it easier for farmers and the public to cultivate cucumber plants and get good results. Applying the forward chaining method and factor certainty in this expert system can produce an accuracy level of 95.918%.

Evaluation of the Implementation of Integrated Pest and Disease Control by Solanaceae Farmers in South Sumatra

Vegetables from the Solanaceae family have become a commodity that is popular with the public, however the production of these vegetables often declines due to pest attacks. Control that has a big impact on the ecosystem around the land. However, farmers still very rarely carry out integrated pest control. This research is to achieve the level of implementation of integrated pest and disease control carried out by Solanaceae plant farmers in South Sumatra. The research was conducted by surveying several Solanaceae plantations in Ogan Ilir, Banyuasin, Ogan Komering Ulu, Muara Enim, and Palembang City. The research method used was purposive sampling, which determined plant samples from each field. The research results showed that the level of IPM implementation by farmers reached a score of 61%. Although farmers generally use pesticides as the main alternative. So, farmers' application of IPM has an effect on pest and disease attacks. IPM scores affect 3% of the pest population and 46% of the percentage of disease attacks. The implementation of IPM by farmers is sufficient, so only small improvements need to be made.

Characterization of endophytic bacteria of Mindi (Melia azedarach) and Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) plants and potential inhibition in plant diseases

Plant diseases attack all parts of the plant, such as leaves, stems, and roots. The cause of pest attacks is due to several factors, namely environmental conditions that support pathogens, selected plant conditions that are susceptible to disease, and poor maintenance. Disease attacks on the roots include attacks that are harmful to plants, so it is necessary to have effective control carried out by considering the ecology and economy. One of the techniques for controlling plant-disturbing organisms (OPT) can be carried out by utilizing endophytic microbes. This study aimed to explore the types of endophytic bacteria found in balsa and mindi, which have the potential as biological control agents, as well as the effect of using endophytic bacteria in suppressing the growth of root diseases in vitro. The study found that as many as 20 endophytic bacteria were purified from balsa, and 25 individuals were purified from mindi. The hemolysis test and plant hypersensitivity test results showed seven pure isolates with endophytic potential, namely three isolates from balsa and four from mindi.

Review on Organic and Chemical Farming in Agricultural Sector

Present day healthy food is very important but farmers and market people are using more chemicals so that total recourses are polluted. Mainly farmers using more chemical fertilizer so that it is affected to soil, resource, human health, animals and plants. These all are polluted due to inorganic farming. The main objective of the study is to reduce chemical fertilizers for growing yields and also not use chemicals in marketing. So, that reduces diseases like cancer, heart attack, stroke and many other type of diseases. Improvement of organic yields is very important in that way to involve government and take initiative towards motivate the farmer to use organic fertilizers and also provide separate marketing for organic products and also encourage for government site to give more subsidies to organic farmer and also provide free certification. The paper explained what is the differences between organic and chemical farming and the main advantage of using organic farming and how organic farming save the environment and climate.