COVID-19 Attack Research Articles

Performance measurement of e-commerce supply chains using BWM and fuzzy TOPSIS

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to persuade a hybrid framework, which can be used to assess the performance of various supply chains and can be further used to segregate supply chains concerning critical KPMs. The KPMs have been selected in the COVID-19 pandemic condition.Design/methodology/approachA real case of e-commerce is presented to illustrate the working of the proposed framework comprising a hybrid methodology of BWM and Fuzzy TOPSIS to measure the performance of the e-commerce supply chains by identifying the critical key performance metrics (KPMs) and measuring the performance of the considered supply chains against these.FindingsThe proposed framework is illustrated using real-time data from experts, collected through interviews and discussions. It is found that rate of return on investment (SCPM 27), flexibility of service systems to meet particular customer needs (SCPM 23) and supplier lead time against industry norm (SCPM 33) are significantly weighed in assessing performance of the selected supply chains, with weights 0.07764, 0.06863 and 0.0547, respectively. Amazon and Flipkart are seen to stand out among the other supply chains taken for the present study with closeness coefficients as 0.945 and 0.516, respectively.Originality/valueThe contemporary world has seen the drastic attack of COVID-19 on many firms worldwide, and hence measuring the performance of the supply chains has become necessary so as to understand the critical factors affecting performance, their relative importance and the firm's relative standings. There have been studies in the recent past where researchers worked on similar motives to generate a framework to measure performance of supply chains, but it is seen that the methodologies lack flexibility with respect to effectively handling large data, uncertainty in human emotions, consistency, etc. This is where the current study stands out in effectively measuring the performance of supply chains so as to aid many firms affected by the pandemic.

Low-dose COVID-19 CT Image Denoising Using CNN and its Method Noise Thresholding.

The novel coronavirus outbreak has ushered in different new areas of research in medical instrumentation and technology. Medical diagnostics and imaging are one of the ways in which the area and level of infection can be detected. COVID-19 attacks people with less immunity, so infants, kids, and pregnant women are more vulnerable to the infection. So, they need to undergo CT scanning to find the infection level. But the high radiation diagnostic is also fatal for them, so the intensity of radiation needs to be reduced significantly, which may generate the noise in the CT images. This paper introduces a new denoising technique for low-dose Covid-19 CT images using a convolution neural network (CNN) and noise-based thresholding method. The major concern of the methodology for reducing the risk associated with radiation while diagnosing. The results are evaluated visually and using standard performance metrics. From comparative analysis, it was observed that proposed works give better outcomes. The proposed low-dose COVID-19 CT image denoising model is therefore concluded to have a better potential to be effective in various pragmatic medical image processing applications in noise suppression and clinical edge preservation.

Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Liver-Associated Injuries, Management, and Current Challenges in COVID-19 Patients.

The global outbreak of COVID-19 possesses serious challenges and adverse impacts for patients with progression of chronic liver disease and has become a major threat to public health. COVID-19 patients have a high risk of lung injury and multiorgan dysfunction that remains a major challenge to hepatology. COVID-19 patients and those with liver injury exhibit clinical manifestations, including elevation in ALT, AST, GGT, bilirubin, TNF-α, and IL-6 and reduction in the levels of CD4 and CD8. Liver injury in COVID-19 patients is induced through multiple factors, including a direct attack of SARS-CoV-2 on liver hepatocytes, hypoxia reperfusion dysfunction, cytokine release syndrome, drug-induced hepatotoxicity caused by lopinavir and ritonavir, immune-mediated inflammation, renin-angiotensin system, and coagulopathy. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying liver dysfunction are not fully understood in severe COVID-19 attacks. High mortality and the development of chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma are also associated with patients with liver damage. COVID-19 patients with preexisting or developing liver disease should be managed. They often need hospitalization and medication, especially in conjunction with liver transplants. In the present review, we highlight the attack of SARS-CoV-2 on liver hepatocytes by exploring the cellular and molecular events underlying the pathophysiological mechanisms in COVID-19 patients with liver injury. We also discuss the development of chronic liver diseases during the progression of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Lastly, we explore management principles in COVID-19 patients with liver injury and liver transplantation.

The Effect of Pancasila Education, Civic Education, and Religion Education on Value Education for The Students During COVID 19 Pandemic

During COVID-19 attack, there are change in the teaching and learning process from onsite to online. It is the challenge for the lecturers in Bina Nusantara to instill value education through Pancasila Education, Civic Education, and Religion Education to instill Value Education. In this situation the purpose of this study is to observe the extent of students' understanding of Pancasila Education, Civic Education and Religion Education on Value Education for the students during Covid-19 pandemic. This research used a quantitative method carried out by distributing questionnaires to 150 respondents as simple random sampling. The collected data were processed using SPSS 22, then completing it using path analysis. This research showed that Pancasila Education and Religion Education in Covid-19 pandemic significantly affect on Value Education. But there is no significant effect of Civic Education on the Value Education. The implication is that Pancasila Education and Religion Education should be delivered more intensively and seriously to instill value education more over Civic Education, so that the students as the young generation are not only having Pancasila, Civic, and Religion understanding but also can live up to the values which are used as core values by Bina Nusantara University.

Impact of cyber-attacks on the financial institutions

In this paper we are presenting the impact of cyber-attacks on the financial institutions and highlighting the potential impact of these attacks on the global economy.Given their role in the economy the financial institutions are necessary to ensure liquidity, to guarantee the money supply in the economy, provide loans, savings and deposits, but also to ensure payments and settlements are made. Financial institutions are the backbone of the economy. Due to this last the impact of cyber-attacks against the financial institutions can have very severe effects.We will examine the increase of cyber-attack vectors financial institutions are facing, the methods of attack most used by cybercriminals. The impact of COVID-19 and large-scale attacks are huge topics; thus, we will only analyze their direct impact on the financial institutions. We will review the possible cyber security measures: strategies and DLT as a possible solution against cyber threats. Finally, we will touch the topic of cyberwarfare.

Radiological Features in Deceased COVID-19 Patients at a Hospital in Bandung

COVID-19 attacks the respiratory system, especially the lung. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the lung radiology of COVID-19 patients to plan the best treatment. This study aimed to describe radiological features in deceased patients at a hospital in Bandung, Indonesia. This study uses secondary data from the medical records of deceased COVID-19 patients from December 2020 to February 2021. Amongst the 129 patients who died whilst hospitalized, their chest X-ray showed pneumonia consisting of ground glass opacities (GGO) and consolidated lesions. The mean distribution of lesions was unilateral in 3 (2.33%) and bilateral in 126 (97.67%). In comparison, peripheral lesions were found in 80 (62.02%), and peripheral-medial lesions were found in 49 (37.98%). The mean of the lesions affecting the upper lung fields were 2.63 (DS 1.19), the middle lung fields were 4.39 (DS 1.82), and the lower lung fields were 4.88 (DS 1.53). When admitted to the isolation ward, the average Brixia score on a chest X-ray was 11.9 (95% CI 12.74; 11.16). In conclusion, the radiological features of COVID-19 patients who died under treatment showed ground glass opacities and consolidated lesions. The predominant distribution was on bilateral, peripheral, and lower lesions with a high Brixia score.
 Keywords: COVID-19, mortality, the brixia score.

E-Learning Application Training for Junior High School and Madrasah Tsanawiyah Teachers in Manado City

E-learning has always been a need for everyone. It develops to be utilized since Covid-19 attack. For this reason, many parties including Education attempts to involve applications in E-learning materials. Teachers, in particular required a lot of methods to apply teaching and learning materials through online materials. Within this case, this community service aims to train teachers in using and applying E-learning applications into the classroom. The following community service was accomplished in several schools located in Manado city, such as SMP Yapim, MTs Assalaam, Mts Al Muhajirin. The subjects were teachers from the following schools who have been teaching during covid-pandemic. This activity was held during one month. The results say that the teachers feel motivated, improved and getting understood to have an easier method to use E-learning application such as Edmodo and Google Classroom for their Classroom. The tools in those applications are useful, for instance, to perform an understanding about how to use formula in Math, how to express ideas in English, how to write an assignment in History, and how to learn sufficiently and properly. In the meantime, students are also conveyed grateful and enjoyable to use google classroom and Edmodo application. However, factors such as do not have and have limited smartphone, internet network, and the late to access the apps can be said as the problems found during the service by the team. 
 
 Keywords: E-learning; Learning Applications, Junior High Schoool Teachers.

Readiness of the Czech Republic to Join the Euro Area

The Czech Republic has been a member of the European Union since 2004. As a Member State, it is obliged to join the euro area upon meeting all the Maastricht criteria. There is still no fixed date for adopting the single European currency. The Czech Republic is failing to meet some criteria. There are ongoing discussions about joining the euro among experts, bank representatives, politicians, entrepreneurs, representatives of the Czech Chamber of Commerce and various associations, economics students and the general public. The aim of this paper is to assess the ongoing fulfilment of the Maastricht convergence criteria in the Czech Republic and to identify the relationship between actual and perceived inflation. The paper reflects new aspects, which were generated by the recent development on financial markets during the last 2 years, including COVID-19 and Russian attack to Ukraine. Due to the fact, that not all statistics reflects recent development, some tables and charts are not reflecting this for hundred percent. The analyses carried out reveal that the only criterion that is currently met is the level of public debt (sustainability will be assessed at the time of application). Smooth adoption of the euro by the public is associated with an increased perception of inflation above actual inflation. This situation should be addressed by economic policy actors in preparation for joining the euro area. The importance of a government communication and explanation campaign was confirmed by countries in a similar position. Since February this year, Europe and the whole world have been facing a new geopolitical situation. There are voices calling for Europe to become stronger, more compact, perhaps move towards a federation, including a strengthening of the common currency’s position. Therefore, this is a highly topical issue. The final decision in the Czech Republic to start the process of adopting the euro and to set the date for joining the euro area rests with the Czech Government in cooperation with the Czech National Bank.

The correlation between attack rates and urban health indicators during the third wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey.

This study aims to analyze the inter-provincial variation in the increase of attack rates in the third wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey and to determine their relationship with potential urban health indicators. In this ecological study, dependent variables were selected as the COVID-19 attack rates of provinces before the third wave and during the third peak and the attack rate increase ratio. Urban health indicators that can function as determinants of health were calculated for each province under five headings: demographic, health capacity, economic, environmental, and socio-cultural. The epidemiologic maps were produced to show the spatial distribution of COVID-19 attack rates pre- and during the third wave. The associations with urban indicators were conducted using bivariate analysis, including Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis. A multiple linear regression model was run with variables significantly associated with increased attack rates. The results of our study show significant regional variations in COVID-19 attack rates both at the beginning and during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Among the provinces, the attack rate increase ratio has only shown significant correlations to education level and some economic indicators, such as income, employment, industrial activity measured by electric consumption, and economic activity in the manufacturing industry. The multivariate analysis determined that the indicator of economic activity in the manufacturing industry is related to the increase of the attack rate in the third wave. Our results show that the COVID-19 cases are higher in more developed cities with more manufacturing sector activity. It makes us think that it is mainly related to inequalities arising from access to health institutions and testing. It can be determined that the partly lockdown strategy, which excluded the industrial activity in the country, concluded the higher increase in the attack rates in highly industrialized provinces.

Spatiotemporal changes of COVID-19 outbreak in Shanghai

Objective: To clarify the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering dynamics of COVID-19 in Shanghai in 2022. Methods: The COVID-19 data presented on the official websites of Municipal Health Commissions of Shanghai during March 1, 2022 and May 31, 2022 were collected for a spatial autocorrelation analysis by GeoDa software. A logistic growth model was used to fit the epidemic situation and make a comparison with the actual infection situation. Results: Pudong district had the highest number of symptomatic and asymptomatic infectants, accounting for 29.30% and 35.58% of the total infectants. Differences in cumulative attack rates and infection rates among 16 districts (P<0.001) were significant. The rates were significantly higher in Huangpu district than in other districts. The attack rate of COVID-19 from March 1, 2022 to May 31, 2022 had a global spatial positive correlation (P<0.05). Spatial distribution of COVID-19 attack rate was different at different periods. The global autocorrelation coefficient from March 16 to March 29, April 6 to April 12 and May 18 to May 24 had no statistical significance (P>0.05). Our local autocorrelation analysis showed that 22 high-high clustering areas were detected in eight periods.The high-risk hot-spot areas have experienced a "less-more-less" change process. The growth model fitting results were consistent with the actual infection situation. Conclusion: There was a clear spatiotemporal correlation in the distribution of COVID-19 in Shanghai. The comprehensive prevention and control measures of COVID-19 epidemic in Shanghai have effectively prohibited the growth of the epidemic, not only curbing the spatially spread of high-risk epidemic areas, but also reducing the risk of transmission to other cities.

Clinical outcomes comparison in diabetic and non-diabetic COVID-19 patients

Aim: To compare the clinical outcomes of a severe attack of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes and patients with no diabetes. Study design: A case-control study. Place and Duration: This study was conducted at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro Pakistan from October 2020 to October 2021. Methodology: Out of 62 patients who visited the emergency department during the study period with shortness of breath, 55 participants tested positive for COVID-19. Those 55 were included in the present study. All the patients were admitted to ICU. A detailed demographic and clinical history was taken. All the patients were categorized as diabetic and non-diabetic based on their blood sugar levels. The clinical outcomes were assessed by monitoring blood pressure, rate of shock, renal function tests, and level of troponin. Result: Out of a total of 55 patients, 33 (60%) patients were detected with diabetes and the remaining 22 (40%) did not have diabetes. A total of 21 (63.64%) of the diabetic patients needed invasive ventilation and 9 (27.27%) needed non-invasive ventilation. A total of 20 (60.6%) diabetic patients had acute kidney injury and 29 (87.88%) had elevated levels of troponin.

Preventing of the COVID-19 pandemic spreading through the yoga sūrya namaskāra practices at the Hindu Community in Mataram

This study aims to find out a way in overcoming the spread of COVID-19 pandemic by practicing the yoga Sūrya Namaskāra at Bali-Hindu communities in Mataram city, West Nusa Tenggara. This study uses an interpretive qualitative method in order to find a link between the practice of the yoga Sūrya Namaskāra carried out by a number of practitioners and the prevention of COVID-19. This research resulted in three new findings. First, the practice of the yoga Sūrya Namaskāra is the implementation of Hindu religious teachings as a form of worshiping Lord Sūrya through the discipline of yoga. Second, yoga practitioners believe that by doing the yoga Sūrya Namaskāra practice regularly, they can increase the body's immunity which can be used to prevent diseases in themselves. Third, increasing the body's immunity through the practice of the yoga Sūrya Namaskāra is believed to be able to prevent the occurrence of COVID-19 attacks.

COVID-19 and mental health

British Journal of Healthcare AssistantsVol. 16, No. 8 Mental HealthCOVID-19 and mental healthSarah Jane PalmerSarah Jane PalmerRegistered Nurse and Freelance WriterSearch for more papers by this authorSarah Jane PalmerPublished Online:19 Aug 2022https://doi.org/10.12968/bjha.2022.16.8.380AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Asthma and Lung UK. What treatment can I expect if I have long COVID symptoms? 2021 https://www.blf.org.uk/support-for-you/long-covid/long-covid-care-in-the-nhs/what-treatment-can-I-expect-if-I-have-Long-COVID-symptoms (accessed 22 July 2022) Google ScholarDouaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F et al. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature. 2022;604(7907):697-707. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04569-5 Crossref, Google ScholarLi X, Ma X. Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: is it “typical” ARDS? Crit Care. 2020;24(1):198. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02911-9 Crossref, Google ScholarNabavi N. Long covid: How to define it and how to manage it. BMJ. 2020;370:m3489. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3489 Crossref, Google ScholarNHS. Long-term effects of coronavirus (long COVID). 2021a. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/long-term-effects-of-coronavirus-long-covid/ (accessed 22 July 2022) Google ScholarNHS. Long COVID: the NHS plan for 2021/22. 2021b. https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/documents/long-covid-the-nhs-plan-for-2021-22/ (accessed 29 July 2022) Google ScholarPandharipande PP, Ely EW, Arora RC et al. The intensive care delirium research agenda: a multinational, interprofessional perspective. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(9):1329-1339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4860-7 Crossref, Google ScholarRogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):611-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0. Crossref, Google ScholarTaquet M, Geddes J, Husain M et al. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236,379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021a;8(5):416-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5 Crossref, Google ScholarTaquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Harrison PJ. Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021b;8(2):130-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30462- Crossref, Google ScholarTorales J, O'Higgins M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Ventriglio A. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2020;66(4):317-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212 Crossref, Google ScholarWeir K. How COVID-19 attacks the brain. 2020. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/11/attacks-brain (accessed 22 July 2022) Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2 August 2022Volume 16Issue 8ISSN (print): 1753-1586ISSN (online): 2052-4420 Metrics History Published online 19 August 2022 Published in print 2 August 2022 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

Coronavirus disease situation analysis and prediction using machine learning: a study on Bangladeshi population

During a pandemic, early prognostication of patient infected rates can reduce the death by ensuring treatment facility and proper resource allocation. In recent months, the number of death and infected rates has increased more distinguished than before in Bangladesh. The country is struggling to provide moderate medical treatment to many patients. This study distinguishes machine learning models and creates a prediction system to anticipate the infected and death rate for the coming days. Equipping a dataset with data from March 1, 2020, to August 10, 2021, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model was trained. The data was managed from a trusted government website and concocted manually for training purposes. Several test cases determine the model's accuracy and prediction capability. The comparison between specific models assumes that the MLP model has more reliable prediction capability than the support vector regression (SVR) and linear regression model. The model presents a report about the risky situation and impending coronavirus disease (COVID-19) attack. According to the prediction produced by the model, Bangladesh may suffer another COVID-19 attack, where the number of infected cases can be between 929 to 2443 and death cases between 19 to 57.

Doctor On-Board

Healthcare is an important aspect of human life. In developing and backward countries, the quality of healthcare is very poor. It has been instructed by WHO &amp; Governments to get vaccinated to be safe from the attack of COVID-19. But due to lack of resources and manpower of doctors &amp; nurses, the process of vaccination is taking a very long time to reach the mark globally. This project solves the above said problem by making it easy for everyone to get vaccinated irrespective of the shortage in manpower. The name “DOCTOR ON-BOARD” has been generated for this project because it contains the whole setup of vaccination on a table. By utilizing the components like motors, sensors and actuators it is possible to create a robotic arm. In turn, sensors will detect the position of the human arm and the robotic arm injects the medicine without any interference of doctors. This reduces the workload of humans which results in the increase the productivity of Mankind.

Natural Immunity Boosters as Therapeutic Interventions in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

COVID-19, a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been spread all over the world and is responsible for serious fatalities. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of β-coronavirus that affects pulmonary gas exchange and triggers cytokines storm. Vigorous inflammation, hyper-coagulation, a decrease in the lymphocytic count, and an increase in the neutrophilic count are observed in the second week after the onset of the disease. Fever, dry cough, sneezing, shortness of breath, and respiratory distress are the symptoms of COVID-19. The use of sanitizers, social distancing, vaccination, wearing gloves and face masks, and other preventative measures are all important in preventing coronavirus outbreaks. People with weak immunity are more susceptible to coronavirus. Various natural immunity boosters are known for their immune boosting properties; among them are vitamin C, D, and B complex, medicinal mushrooms, plant-based stuff, and minerals play important roles by increasing the beneficial flora of the human body. All these natural immunity boosters improve the innate and adaptive immune response against coronavirus. Hence, we conclude that the use of natural immunity boosters prevents the attack of coronavirus and makes a person stronger against the suspected attack of COVID-19 and/or other viral diseases.

The Implementation of Health Protocols by The Elderly in Urban and Rural Area in East Java, Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic has occurred since 2020 and since the appearance of the first case, Indonesia has experienced three peaks of COVID-19 attacks. The elderly are one of the vulnerable groups with high mortality due to comorbidities. Implementation of health protocols is the key to controlling the incidence of COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in the implementation of health protocols for the elderly living in urban and rural areas. This is a correlational study with a cross-sectional approach. This study involved 447 elderly living in urban and rural areas who were taken by purposive sampling technique. The data was taken using a questionnaire instrument and the analysis was carried out using the Mann Whitney test using SPSS 21 for windows. The results showed that of the 235 elderly living in urban areas, 52.3% of respondents showed compliance with health protocols and of 212 respondents who lived in rural areas, only 15% of elderly people complied with health protocols. The results by Mann Whitney analysis showed p-value of 0.000 smaller than α 0.05 so it was concluded that there was a difference in compliance to the implementation of health protocols between the elderly in rural and urban areas. People in rural areas, especially the elderly, still do not believe in COVID-19. So it is necessary to do health education with an approach that is in line with their value, for example, with a cultural approach.&#x0D;

Exploring the SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease (Mpro) and RdRp Targets by Updating Current Structure-based Drug Design Utilizing Co-crystals to Combat COVID-19.

The unprecedented pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the novel strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) engulfs millions of death worldwide. It has directly hit the socio-economic status of the affected countries. There are more than 219 countries badly affected by the COVID-19. There are no particular small molecule inhibitors to combat the dreadful virus. Many antivirals, antimalarials, antiparasitic, antibacterials, immunosuppressive antiinflammatory, and immune stimulatory agents have been repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19. But the exact mechanism of action of these drugs towards COVID-19 targets has not been experimented with yet. Under the effect of chemotherapeutics, the virus may change its genetic material and produces various strains, which are the main reasons behind the dreadful attack of COVID-19. The nuclear genetic components are composed of main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which are responsible for producing nascent virion and viral replication in the host cells. To explore the biochemical mechanisms of various small molecule inhibitors, structure-based drug design can be attempted utilizing NMR crystallography. The process identifies and validates the target protein involved in the disease pathogenesis by the binding of a chemical ligand at a well-defined pocket on the protein surface. In this way, the mode of binding of the ligands inside the target cavity can be predicted for the design of potent SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.

Benefits Of Health Protocol And Covid-19 Vaccination For Indonesian People

Maintaining health and immunity as well as the benefit of the life of the general public is a fixed price. Therefore, the Indonesian people need to improve the implementation of the Covid-19 health protocol and vaccination to prevent the spread of the coronavirus which results in the death of Indonesian citizens. This paper uses a qualitative method with a library research approach. This paper resulted in the application of health protocols as preventive measures, coronavirus vaccination as a complement to maintain body stability; and consume water and vitamin C because the human body really needs vitamin C to maintain immunity and body stability from coronavirus attacks. However, the most important thing for all mankind in the world and Indonesia is to draw closer to God Almighty because He is able to help, protect, preserve, protect, and free humans from the deadly Covid-19 attack.

Risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission, outbreak duration, and mortality in Fraser Health acute-care settings

Background: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in acute-care settings affects patients, healthcare workers, and the already-burdened healthcare system. An analysis of risk factors associated with outbreak severity was conducted to inform prevention strategies. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional analysis of COVID-19 outbreaks at Fraser Health (FH) acute-care sites between March 2020 and March 2021. Outbreak severity measures included COVID-19 attack rate, outbreak duration, and 30-day case mortality. Covariates at patient, outbreak, unit level, and facility level were included (Table 1). Generalized linear models with generalized estimation equations were used for all outcome measures, with outbreak duration and 30-day case mortality using multivariate negative binomial distributions, and attack rate using Gaussian distribution. A P value of .05 indicated statistical significance. Analyseswere performed using SAS version 3.8 software, R version 4.1.0 software, and Stata version 16.0 software. Results: Between March 2020 and March 2021, 54 COVID-19 outbreaks were declared in FH acute-care sites involving 455 SARS-CoV-2–positive patients. The average outbreak duration was 23 days, the average attack rate was 28%, and the average 30-day all-cause mortality per outbreak was 2 deaths. The results of the full models are shown in Table 1. Discussion: We identified an inverse relationship between increased hand hygiene compliance during outbreaks and all 3 severity measures. Paradoxically, hand hygiene rates in the year prior to the pandemic were positively associated with duration and mortality. Increased unit age was also associated with increases in each of the severity measures. Comorbidity total factor was correlated with outbreak attack rate and duration, demonstrating the importance of individual patient characteristics in an outbreak. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of hand hygiene practices during an outbreak. Additionally, it is important to understand the difficulties faced by older facilities, many of which face infrastructural challenges. This study reinforces the need to incorporate infection control standards into healthcare planning and construction.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None