Animal Attacks Research Articles

Challenges and Opportunities Resulting from Mau Forest Evictions of Ogiek Community, Kenya

This paper presents the results and discussions of the objective of the study, which assessed the challenges and opportunities resulting from the evictions of the Ogiek people from the Mau Forest Complex. The study looked at the challenges faced by the Ogiek and the government following the evictions. Secondly, it examined the opportunities that the Ogiek community and the government experienced after the evictions. Public interest and human needs theories underpinned the study. The study used a descriptive research design. The study sampled 465 respondents, who included 384 household heads, 1 county commissioner, 2 deputy county commissioners, 7 chiefs, 14 village elders, 1 county police commander, 2 sub-county police commanders, 5 conservationist organizations, 5 environmentalist groups, 1 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) officer, 1 UN Habitat officer, 1 officer from the ministry of environment, 10 officers from Kenya Forest Service (KFS), 10 officers from Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), 5 officers from NGOs, 1 officer from the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), and 15 heads of NGOs and CBOs. The study applied simple random, purposive, and census sampling techniques. Interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGD), and observation made up the data collection instruments. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze quantitative data and was presented in tables, graphs, and charts. The study examined the challenges and opportunities of Mau forest evictions, where poaching, animal attacks, hunger, malnutrition, mental illnesses, and poor health plagued the Ogiek community. The study recommends clear and transparent guidelines regarding the eviction process and any form of compensation set and discussed with the affected households so as to avoid unnecessary impoverishment and protect livelihoods. This information is useful as it will better inform forest managers, policymakers, and other actors in their efforts to fairly and responsibly manage and balance ecological and social development. The study suggests that the government of Kenya adopts a more humane and sustainable relocation policy and involves the Ogiek community in decision-making and investment in alternative livelihoods.

Intruder Detector for Crop Protection Using Image Processing and RFID Technology

One of the major issues threatening the livelihood security of many farmers is wildlife crop destruction. This may lead to human-wildlife conflict. So, reducing this is an important conservation goal for animal-human coexistence. For their betterment, it is crucial to find viable means of preventing such conflicts. So this project aims at providing safety to farmlands from crop theft and animal attacks. The proposed system provides surveillance security for agriculture by real-time animal and human detection based on the analysis of video content feeds from the surveillance cameras. The camera module in the field turns ON upon detecting the motion and takes a snapshot of the environment. Once the image has been received, it is processed using openCV to determine the object detected as human/animal. If it is an animal, the alarm gets ON and at the same time, a notification conveying the name of the detected animal will be sent to the farmer through an IoT platform so that the farmer can take necessary precautions. If it is a human, authorization of RFID will be checked. If no such authorization is detected the person will be considered an intruder and a notification will be sent thereby reducing crop losses and harm happening to both humans and animals. It serves as a flexible security system for the farmers, ensuring that their farmlands are completely protected from human incursion and animal attacks.

The Airport Wildlife Control Unit Design as the Safety Measure

Safety is the main goal that should be achieved in the aircraft operation activities. Birds and other wild animals could give a serious impact to the aircraft operation activities that could endanger the safety and secure activities of aviation. For this reason, wildlife hazard management is very important to reduce the impact. The goal of the wildlife hazard implementation is one of the efforts to secure the Airport Wildlife Control Unit by manipulating the animals’ behavior of their habitats. Based on the regulation of Director General of Air Transportation, Number: SKEP/42/III/2010 Advisory Circular CASR 139-03, the wildlife hazard management is in the area of airport. This research was done by conducting the needs assessment of stakeholder groups to find out the needs related to AWCU. After getting the data, the product design and validation were carried out by experts in the field of safety management system. The results are to form the AWCU and develop procedures to handle wild animals. The aim of the Research and Development is to describe the formation of the Airport Wildlife Control Unit by identifying potential danger of birds and wild animals attack, implementing the habitat management, by conducting birds and wild animals’ surveillance and coordinating with related units.

Two decades of wildlife rehabilitation in Greece: Major threats, admission trends and treatment outcomes from a prominent rehabilitation centre

The ultimate goal of Wildlife Rehabilitation Centres is to release wild animals back into the wild, after providing care and treatment according to protocol. The data collected during the process though, can be an invaluable resource of information, and act as a proxy of the anthropogenic impact on wild populations. They can even help to propose mitigation and conservation measures that could reduce pressure on wildlife. In the current study, we analysed the records of ANIMA, a prominent Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in Athens, Greece, over a 17-year study period. Using a database of 54,445 animals representing 353 species from 104 families, we draw connections between the magnitude of admission causes and their predicted outcomes based on the animals admitted. We found that while many animals that are admitted as orphans or after living in captivity have good chances of being released, that is not the case for victims of electrocution or domestic animal attacks. Illegal shooting is clearly present in our data and seems to also affect wild populations negatively. We highlight the importance of Wildlife Rehabilitation Centres’ data towards understanding and defining human impact on wildlife, the importance of communicating the results to policymakers for biodiversity conservation and even proposing possible management directions. In that context, we also urge for more population monitoring field studies, so that admission data can be accurately combined and make meaningful predictions for the status of wild populations.

Evisceration of intestines with diaphragmatic laceration and gastric perforation secondary to trauma by rhinoceros attack and its management: a case report.

A 36-year-old male presented with an alleged history of attack by two rhinoceros sustaining injuries over the abdomen, chest, shoulder and thigh. There was a lacerated abdomen with evisceration of the stomach, small intestine, transverse colon and omentum and a lacerated wound over the left lateral thigh and left buttock along with the right shoulder. Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma ultrasound showed minimal free fluid in the pelvis. Blood profile revealed reduced haemoglobin and deranged prothrombin time/international normalized ratio. Patient underwent exploratory laparotomy twice with repair of diaphragmatic injury, excision of avulsed greater omentum in the first setting and repair of gastric perforation in the second setting with stable haemodynamic status. Abdominal evisceration injury by rhinoceros attack is life threatening though rare. Its management should consist of assessing for and controlling associated haemorrhage, assessing for bowel content leakage, covering the eviscerated abdominal contents and early reduction of viscera if there is no active bleeding.

Smart Agriculture Fencing Using IOT

This project present the design of Smart agriculture fencing using IOT to tackle the problems of agricultural sector like animals attack. Animals like wild boars, elephant, tiger and monkeys etc. Cause serious damage to crops by animals running over the field and trampling over the crops. In the crop fields trespassing by animals leads to destruction of crops. The implementation of an IoT-based smart agriculture fencing system for protecting crops against wild animals. The data collected by these sensors is processed using a microcontroller, and the farmer is alerted in real-time via a mobile application or SMS. The system also includes a deterrent sounds to scare away the animals. Overall, the smart agriculture fencing system offers a reliable and efficient solution to prevent crop damage caused by wild animals.

An 8-year long retrospective analysis identifies the major causes of morbidity and mortality in rescued koala joeys

Context Wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centres aid millions of species worldwide. The clinical databases from these wildlife rehabilitation centres are increasingly being recognised as valuable scientific resources that have the potential to yield information on animal biology and inform conservation efforts. Although orphaned koala joeys constitute a substantial proportion of wildlife rescues in Australia, the causes of morbidity and mortality, specifically in rescued young koalas, remain largely unexplored. Aims The primary aim of this study is to analyse the trends in causes and outcomes of koala joeys admitted for rehabilitation at the Adelaide Koala Wildlife Centre (AKWC). Methods We analysed the hospital records of koala joeys admitted to the AKWC over an 8-year period (2014–2021) to identify the major causes of morbidity and mortality, and analysed the trends in arrivals in terms of season, sex and release rate. Key results Our examination indicates that the top five major reasons for admission and mortality in koala joeys are as follows – renal disease, heat stress, chlamydiosis, animal attack and vehicle collision. A significant increase in the proportion of heat stress, renal disease and chlamydiosis cases can be observed over the study period. Of the major causes of mortality, the most distinctive feature is the exceptionally high mortality rate of koala joeys with renal disease. Over the study period, the overall positive outcome for all joeys increased up to two-fold, and the mortality rate also declined slightly. Conclusion Despite the significant increase in positive outcome, it is evident that renal disease, chlamydiosis and heat stress are increasing at a rapid rate. Renal disease poses a major threat to rehabilitating koala joeys due to its severely high mortality rate. Implication This is the first study identifying the key drivers of morbidity and mortality of rescued koala joeys, and the rapid increase of renal disease, chlamydiosis and heat stress warrant the attention of future conservation policy developers. Furthermore, the severely high mortality rate of koala joeys due to renal disease warrants improving treatment protocols and any measures that can help reduce the mortality rate of this disease in koala joeys.

SMART AGRICULTURAL SECURITY SYSTEM

Farmers generally suffer a lot of crop damage due to animal attacks, a constant threat to agricultural lands that concern farmers severely. To circumvent this damage, farmers have been using scarecrows. To settle on a plan of action for this issue, a simple application has been developed that detects the animal in the field and plays that particular animal's nemesis sound. The real-time motion of the animals in the fields is captured by interfacing the Pi camera with the raspberry pi. Then, by using image processing and machine learning the animal can be identified and the nemesis sound is generated using the speakers connected in the fields to scare away the animals. It is a more efficient way of protecting the field as the real-time motion is captured and the sound of the nemesis animal from the speaker is produced immediately

Patterns and Management of Unprovoked Bull Attack Injuries: A Retrospective Case Series.

Introduction Animal attacks cause a considerable number of injuries andlead to morbidity and mortality among children and adults. Bull gore injuries following bullfighting and other provoked attacks have been frequently described in literature. Our study describes the pattern of injuries and the unique mechanismsand management of blunt and penetrating trauma associated with unprovoked bull attacks. Methods In this retrospective study, we collected the data of 36 patients presenting to our emergency department with a history of bullhorn injury. The datacomprised age, sex, location of injury, type and description of the injury, surgical procedure performed if any, requirement of postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality. The data were then compiled and analyzed with MS Excel. Results Among the 36 patients, blunt injuries constituted 58.3% of cases, whereas penetrating injuries were seen in 41.7%. Men were commonly injured with a mean age of 39.1 years. Thorax (36%) and abdomen (33%) were the common sites of injury followed by perineum (17%), head (5%), spine (6%), and extremity (2%).Fall following the impact of bull led to indirect injuries, such as intracranial hemorrhage, parietal bone fracture, cervical spine injuries, and tibial fracture. More than half of the patients (n=19, 52.8%) required some form of surgery under local or general anesthesia. Among the operated patients, seven required postoperative ICU care and two expired. Conclusion Animal attack injuries represent a less explored niche of surgical conditions.Management in the emergency department includes prompt resuscitation to achieve hemodynamic stability, thorough wound wash to remove the contaminants, and appropriate imaging, if indicated. Wound exploration is recommended for penetrating injuries and on a case-to-casebasisfor blunt injuries.The complications of these wounds are due tomultiple wound paths, muscle tearing, evisceration of internal organs, and high risk of wound infection.

Crop raiding and livestock predation by wildlife in Khaptad National Park, Nepal

Crop raiding and livestock predation are major conservation problems throughout most protected areas in Nepal, including the Khaptad National Park (KNP). However, no information exists on the extent of crop raiding, livestock predation, and animal attacks among villages surrounding KNP. We conducted a survey of 304 households in 30 villages in four districts (Bajhang, Bajura, Doti, and Achham) in the buffer zone of KNP between 24 May and 20 June 2019, using the snowball sampling technique. All households experienced numerous major incidents of crop raiding between April 2017 and May 2019. Major wildlife involved were Wild Boar Sus scrofa, Himalayan Black Bear Ursus thibetanus, Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta, Barking Deer Muntiacus vaginalis, Common Leopard Panthera pardus, Golden Jackal Canis aureus, and Porcupine Hystrix spp. Of the 304 households, all had their crops raided over the past two years, 55.5% (n = 169) faced livestock predation, and 2% (n = 6) attacks resulting in death or injury. Over 40% of households reported taking mitigation measures to minimize crop raiding. Common measures such as night guarding, noise making, use of scarecrows, watch dogs, and fencing were practiced. More than half of respondents had negative opinions towards wildlife but they still believed that wildlife should be conserved. There was no or negligible correlation between general opinion of respondents towards wildlife and wildlife conservation with their education, sex, or involvement in natural resources management group. We established baseline information on crop raiding and livestock predation in villages surrounding KNP. Gathered information will be transmitted to relevant authorities to design and implement measures to mitigate such conflicts.

Solar-Powered Plant Protection Equipment: Perspective and Prospects

The major challenges in sustainable and profitable agriculture are developing high-yielding crop varieties and reducing crop losses. Presently, there are significant crop losses due to weed/bird/insect/animal attacks. Among the various renewable energy sources, solar energy is utilized for different agricultural operations, especially in plant protection applications. Solar photovoltaic (PV) devices present a positive approach to sustainable crop production by reducing crop loss in various ways. This might result in the extensive use of PV devices in the near future. PV-based plant protection equipment/devices are primarily utilized in protecting crops from birds, weeds, or insects. Solar-powered plant protection equipment such as light traps, bird scarers, sprayers, weeders, and fencing are gaining interest due to their lower operational costs, simple design, no fuel requirements, and zero carbon emissions. Most of these PV devices require 12 V rechargeable batteries with different currents to meet the load, which varies from 2 to 1500 W. This paper briefly discusses the applications of solar-powered plant protection devices in sustainable agriculture and their future prospects.

An Intelligent Animal Repellent System for Crop Protection: A Deep Learning Approach

Human Wildlife Conflicts (HWC) refers to the negative interactions between human and wild animals, with undesirable consequences both for people and their resources, on the one hand, and wildlife and their habitats on the other (IUCN 2020).HWC, caused by competition for natural resources between humans and wildlife, influences human food security and the well-being of both humans and animals. As a result of human population growth and the transformation of land use in many regions, the number of these conflicts has increased in recent decades. HWC is a significant global threat to reliable development, food security, and conservation in urban and rural landscapes alike. In general, the consequences of HWC include crop destruction, reduced agricultural productivity, competition for grazing lands and water supply, livestock predation, injury and death to humans, damage to infrastructure, etc. From farmers’ perspectives, their main concern is to protect their crops from animal intrusion and crop destruction. It is necessary to have an affordable better technique for crop protection from animal attacks. Human-wildlife conflict is on the verge of its extremity. Because of the increased deforestation and human penetration into their area, the wild animals have to roam around aimlessly and intrude into the human habitats. While considering the safety of both humans and animals, it is necessary to think and act differently than the traditional solutions (like shooting, trapping, electric fences, etc). This work presents an intelligent animal repellent system, particularly for crop protection, with the advent of some deep learning techniques. This automatic intrusion and repellent system uses the MobileNet SSD model for better performance. On detection of the hazardous animal, the system produces an alarm sound and makes an alert notification to the responsible authorities to make an awareness of the detection. This rapid way of detection makes it more human-friendly and the harmless way of repulsion makes it more animal friendly at the same time.

The challenge of compassion in predator conservation.

This paper argues that compassion for wild animals and the humans living alongside them should be integral to wildlife conservation. Nowhere is this more apparent than in predator conservation, and case studies are used to explore the consequences of wild animal attacks for human victims. Some arguments for extending compassionate consideration to animals seen as individuals are considered, along with the challenges these pose for predator conservation. A way forward from this apparent impasse is suggested, drawing on the capacity approach to embrace human with animal actors. The paper concludes with implications for predator conservation and recommendations, including incident responses sensitive to the traumatic impacts of attacks, and more collaborative approaches to handling human-wildlife interactions taking account of the capacities of local humans and wildlife.

Program Bedah Rumah Sebagai Bentuk Sosial Untuk Minimalisir Rumah Tidak Layak Huni

The house is a basic need that must be met for a place of protection from the sun's heat, rain, disease, and animal attacks. This study aims to help the underprivileged so that this program is useful as a social form. Community service activities in Banjar Puragae, Pempatan Village, Rendang District, Karangasem Regency as a form of applying knowledge and experience to minimize uninhabitable houses. A house is said to be well designed and implemented with attention to its users. Through the home renovation program, it is hoped that its implementation will target one of the poorest communities. The survey was conducted using an approach with interviews and observations with village heads and the surrounding community. The house renovation program is one of the efforts to equalize the development and welfare of the poor in remote areas. The problem is that the physical condition of the house is badly damaged and the environment of the house is unfit for habitation. The solution that will be offered is home renovation in the form of social, of course, this program is expected to have a positive impact on the community.

Auto Insurance Claim System for Farmers

Abstract: Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, cyclones, and animal attacks commonly impair agriculture production and farm revenue in India. Contract farming and futures trading are two contemporary examples of procedures that are Price changes are expected to provide some protection, either explicitly or implicitly. Agricultural protection, on the other contrary, is considered a necessary tool for efficiently addressing the risk of output and revenue loss caused by a variety of natural and artificial disasters. For the benefit of farmers, the GOI (Government of India) has implemented a number of agricultural programmes around the country. Information about various government agricultural programmes is now available on the internet in the form of websites and mobile apps, thanks to advances in technology and internet services.

Automated Irrigation and Fencing using IOT

Nowadays, everything is getting automated in this world, let it be of any size. Even agriculture automation is one of the biggest concept which is now taking place the whole world. Artificial intelligence and Internet of things can give us many benefits in this topic. There are many things in Agriculture which need automation but this paper focuses on the irrigation problems which can be solved or reduced due to automation. So in this paper there are introduction of artificial intelligence and sensors which can be used for irrigation and fencing purposes. There are many problems in the existing system like, lack of manpower, non availability of electricity, natural calamities, animal attacks during both day and night. This system will resolve many problems listed above. The automation is achieved by creating a smart embedded system using Arduino and connected to many sensors. Moisture sensing is used keep a track of dryness present in the plant to water them when they actually need water not when the water is available. And the infrared sensors are used for the fencing purpose and also app is created to overall surveillance of the whole system. The system proposed here is fully automated and can be easily accessed from anywhere. It is beneficial for the world in future in automated world

Dairy 4.0: Intelligent Communication Ecosystem for the Cattle Animal Welfare with Blockchain and IoT Enabled Technologies

An intelligent ecosystem with real-time wireless technology is now playing a key role in meeting the sustainability requirements set by the United Nations. Dairy cattle are a major source of milk production all over the world. To meet the food demand of the growing population with maximum productivity, it is necessary for dairy farmers to adopt real-time monitoring technologies. In this study, we will be exploring and assimilating the limitless possibilities for technological interventions in dairy cattle to drastically improve their ecosystem. Intelligent systems for sensing, monitoring, and methods for analysis to be used in applications such as animal health monitoring, animal location tracking, milk quality, and supply chain, feed monitoring and safety, etc., have been discussed briefly. Furthermore, generalized architecture has been proposed that can be directly applied in the future for breakthroughs in research and development linked to data gathering and the processing of applications through edge devices, robots, drones, and blockchain for building intelligent ecosystems. In addition, the article discusses the possibilities and challenges of implementing previous techniques for different activities in dairy cattle. High computing power-based wearable devices, renewable energy harvesting, drone-based furious animal attack detection, and blockchain with IoT assisted systems for the milk supply chain are the vital recommendations addressed in this study for the effective implementation of the intelligent ecosystem in dairy cattle.

Evaluation of forensic cases presented to the pediatric emergency department.

OBJECTIVE:Child forensic cases constitute an essential part of emergency presentations. The most crucial point is that the correct planning of protective and preventive activities depends on the correct analysis of the problem; therefore, there is a need for studies on childhood forensic cases. This study aimed to obtain data on the etiological characteristics of forensic cases presented to the pediatric emergency department. We believe that the collected data will guide the social measures in preventing forensic cases.METHODS:This retrospective study consists of forensic cases aged from 1 month to 18 years and presented to the pediatric emergency service of Adana City Training and Research Hospital between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2019. The general forensic examination report of the cases was surveyed.RESULTS:For this study, 6577 general forensic examination reports were surveyed. 40% of the patients were females, and 60% were males. Traffic accidents were the most common (35.1%) cause of the emergency presentation, which was followed by assault (16.5%), fall from height (9.2%), accidental drug-caustic corrosive substance intake (7.8%), early pregnancy (7.4%), blunt or sharp force injuries (6.3%), electrical burn injuries (5.7%), suicide (5.1%), carbon monoxide-food poisoning (2.7%), and others that consisted of work accident, firearm injury, substance ingestion, suffocation, animal attack, sudden death, and missing child (4.2%).CONCLUSIONS:This most extensive study with 6577 cases has several important implications. First of all, traffic accidents continue to be an important public health problem today. Second, cases presented to the emergency department due to assault and blunt or sharp force injuries constitute an important part of forensic cases, and children who are driven to violence and crime in childhood are a situation that requires immediate action. Our third yet most important result is that early pregnancy is a much ignored social problem despite its importance.

Pediatric Dog Bite Injuries: A 5-Year Nationwide Study and Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction:Although single institution studies have analyzed various animal attacks, there has not been multicenter investigation into dog bites in children. The purpose of this study was to characterize national trends and investigate the characteristics of pediatric dog bites.Methods:Aretrospective cohort study was conducted of pediatric dog bite injuries in the United States from 2015 to 2020 using the Pediatric Health Information System national database. Patient characteristics, injury locations, and need for intervention were analyzed. Mann–Whitney U test, Pearson chi-square, and Fisher exact test, and linear multivariate regressions were performed for statistical analysis of data values; statistical significance was maintained at P < 0.05.Results:A total of 56,106 patients were included, majority male (55.1%) with a median age 6.8 years (interquartile range 3.5–10.6). Incidence peaked in July (median =1217) with nadirs in February (median = 760). A substantial increase in bites was seen per overall Emergency Department presentations during the pandemic. Most common bite location was the head (62.1%), followed by the upper extremity (25.1%). Relative proportions of dog bites to the face gradually decreased with age (B = –3.4%/year, P< 0.001), whereas proportions to the upper extremities (B = + 1.9%/year, P < 0.001) and lower extremities (B = + 1.6%/year, P = 0.002) gradually increased with age. Overall, 8.0% patients required repair in the operating suite. injuries isolated to the head (OR= 2.6, P< 0.001) and those to multiple anatomic regions were more likely to require operative intervention [operating room (OR= 2.6, P< 0.001)].Conclusions:Dog bites most commonly occur during the summer in school-aged boys. Toddlers disproportionately suffer injuries to the head, with a trend towards upper extremity bites in teenagers. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic ushered a spike in dog bite presentations among Emergency Department visits, further underscoring the need for targeted educational initiatives to halt the persistence of these preventable injuries.

The Etiology and Epidemiology of Pediatric Facial Fractures in North-Western Romania: A 10-Year Retrospective Study.

Pediatric facial fractures are not as common as facial fractures occurring in the adult population. Their therapeutic approach is different because they affect patients with active growth, and have an etiology and epidemiology that vary depending on different cultural, religious and demographic factors. This research aimed to identify the main factors involved in the etiology of pediatric facial fractures, as well as the epidemiology of pediatric facial fractures in a sample of children and adolescents from North-Western Romania. This 10-year retrospective study was performed in a tertiary center for oral and maxillofacial surgery in North-Western Romania. Medical files of patients that were admitted between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2022 were analyzed. Pediatric patients aged 0 to 18 years were included in this study. The final sample consisted of 142 children and adolescents diagnosed with facial fractures, with this number representing 14.1% of all patients affected by facial fractures. Most frequently, fractures were identified in the 13–18 age group (78.9%, n = 112), which were more often associated with fractures caused by interpersonal violence than caused by road traffic accidents, falls or animal attacks. Boys were more affected (88%, n = 125), and were more frequently associated with fractures caused by interpersonal violence. The most frequently identified etiological factors included interpersonal violence (50%, n = 71), falls (18.3%, n = 26) and road traffic accidents (11.3%, n = 16). In terms of location, the mandible was the most affected facial bone structure (66.2%, n = 94), and patients with mandibular fractures were more frequently associated with fractures caused by interpersonal violence. The incidence of pediatric facial fractures should be lowered because they may interfere with the proper development of the facial skeleton. Establishing measures aimed at preventing interpersonal violence, as well as other causes involved in the etiology of facial fractures is imperative.