Attachment Sites Research Articles

Is diabetes a real susceptibility for SARS-CoV-2 oral manifestation?

Furin, a polybasic cleavage enzyme, is increasingly recognized in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndromes like diabetes. Its cleavage action is an essential activation step for the SARS-CoV-2 attachment site at the junction of S1 and S2, the two subunits of the spike. This allows effective cleavage by furin and has a role in determining viral infectivity and host range. The increased expression of the furin enzyme in the saliva is remarkable enough to be noted as a susceptibility factor for diabetic patients. The present study focuses on the qualitative assessment of the furin enzyme through an immunological ELISA test. The study consisted of three groups, each of whom was a COVID-19 recovered patient (n = 20), a diabetic patient (n = 20), and a healthy patient (n = 20). The study assessed significantly increased levels of the furin enzyme generally in diabetic patients and COVID-19 recovered patients as compared to the healthy control group. The estimation of furin in saliva still holds the possibility of being a prognostic marker in many COVID-19 infected patients. Further evidence-based studies are required to establish the same.

Novel Co-MOF/GO triggered peroxymonosulfate activation: Insight into singlet oxygen generation mechanism from peroxymonosulfate self-decomposition and secondary radical conversion

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-triggered non-radical pathways have potential for environmental application due to the high activity and pH tolerance of singlet oxygen (1O2). However, the mechanism of 1O2 generation remains unclear. Herein, new insights into 1O2 generation are discussed based on the postulated precursors of PMS, DO, O2–, SO4−, and OH with Co-MOF/GO catalyst. According to experimental results and theoretical calculation, Co (II) and Co (III) were identified as dominant active sites for PMS attachment, leading to the simultaneous breakage of S-O and O-O bonds and the generation of SO4−, OH, and 1O2. SO4− and OH were critical precursors for 1O2 generation, while PMS self-decomposition had a small contribution. DO and O2– acted more likely as quenchers than vital precursors of 1O2. Results provide in-depth understanding of the mechanism of 1O2 generation to broaden the application prospects of PMS oxidation technology.

Extracellular polymeric substances altered the physicochemical properties of molybdenum disulfide nanomaterials to mitigate its toxicity to Chlorella vulgaris

Although the toxic effects of two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D-NMs) have been widely reported, the influence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the environmental fate and risk of 2D-NMs in aquatic environments is largely unknown, and the processes and mechanisms involved remain to be revealed. Herein, we investigated the impact of EPS secreted by microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris)) on the environmental transformation and risk of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). We found that the attachment of EPS increased the thickness of MoS2 (from 2 nm to 5 nm), changed it from a monolayer sheet to a fuzzy multilayer structure, and promoted the formation of defects on MoS2. The blue-shift of the peak associated with the plasmon resonances in the 1 T phase and the generation of electron-hole pairs suggested that EPS altered the surface electronic structure of MoS2. EPS interacted mainly with the S atoms on the 1 T phase, and the attachment of EPS promoted the oxidation of MoS2. The reduction in hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) and the decrease in zeta potential indicated that EPS inhibited the agglomeration behavior of MoS2 and enhanced its dispersion and stability in aqueous media. Notably, EPS reduced the generation of free radicals (superoxide anion (•O2−), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH−)). Furthermore, EPS mitigated the toxicity of MoS2 to C. vulgaris, such as attenuated reduction in biomass and chlorophyll content. Compared to pristine MoS2, MoS2 + BG11 + EPS exhibited weaker oxidative stress, membrane damage and lipid peroxidation. The adsorption of EPS on MoS2 surface reduced the attachment sites of MoS2, making MoS2 less likely to be enriched on the cell surface. The findings have significant contribution for understanding the interactions between EPS and MoS2 in aquatic ecosystems, providing scientific guidance for risk assessment of 2D-NMs.

Morphological variability of the fibularis brevis tendon in human fetuses

IntroductionThe morphological variability of the fibularis brevis tendon in adults is well known. However, studies on its classification in the human fetus do not exist. The aim of this study was to provide the first comprehensive classification of the fibularis brevis tendon based on its insertion in human fetuses. The second aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of fibularis digiti quinti. Material and MethodsForty-three spontaneously aborted human fetuses were studied (21 male, 22 female, 86 lower limbs). All were from a Central European population), aged 18–38 weeks of gestation at the time of death. ResultsThree main types of fibularis brevis tendon were distinguished. The most common was Type I (77%), characterized by a single distal attachment. The tendon was attached to the tuberosity at the base of the fifth metatarsal, on the lateral side. The second most common was Type II (19%) - a bifurcated distal attachment. The main tendon was attached to the tuberosity at the base of the fifth metatarsal on the lateral side. Based on the attachment site of the accessory tendon, four subtypes were determined: Type IIA - the accessory tendon attached to the dorsal surface of the base of the fifth metatarsal. At the side of attachment, the fibularis brevis tendon was connected with a portion of the fibularis tertius tendon. Type IIB - the accessory tendon attached to the proximal part of the shaft of the fifth metatarsal. Type IIC - the accessory tendon was attached to the fascia covering the fourth interosseous space. Type IID - the accessory tendon was fused with fibularis longus tendon. Type III is the rarest (4%) - triple branched distal attachment. The main tendon was attached to the tuberosity at the base of the fifth metatarsal. The first accessory tendon was attached to the proximal part of the shaft of the fifth metatarsal, and the second accessory tendon was attached to the fascia covering the fourth interosseous space. The fibularis digiti quinti was present in 24 feet (28%) of the 86 lower limbs dissected. ConclusionThe fibularis brevis is characterized by high morphological variability. The proposed classification consists of three main Types (I-III), with Type II divided into subtypes (A-D). The fibularis digiti quinti is not closely related to the type of fibularis brevis tendon.

Nucleation crystallization pelleting process for highly efficient manganese ion recovery in electrolytic manganese wastewater

To address the issues of wasting manganese resources and generating hazardous chemical sludge during the removal of manganese (Mn) ions from acidic electrolytic manganese wastewater using conventional chemical precipitation, an innovative nucleation crystallization pelleting process (NCP) was proposed. The NCP aimed to recover Mn ions without generating hazardous sludge. By pre-adding seeds with active sites for Mn ions attachment into the NCP reactor, Mn ions were induced to adhere to the seed surfaces in the form of MnCO3 by adjusting the Na2CO3 dosage and hydraulic conditions. The results demonstrated effective Mn ion removal, with Mn ions being reduced from 3800 mg/L to about 20 mg/L after five-stage NCP reactors. The Na2CO3 dosage for the first to fifth stage was 3.0, 2.6, 2.2, 1.65, and 1.2 g/L, respectively. Optimizing the hydraulic conditions facilitated enhanced mass transfer between Mn ions and seeds, with the optimum upward flow rate of the reactor determined as 60 m/h. In addition, the optimized seed filling ratio was found to be 15 %. The seeds exhibited stability as they were recycled three times, and the crystallization of Mn ions showed little variation. Moreover, after a 20-day operation, the crystal seeds reached a size of approximately 0.8 mm, exhibiting a moisture content below 3 %. The grade of manganese ions exceeded 44 %, in terms of ore, and the extraction rate of manganese ions reached 98.17 % after acid leaching of the crystals. These crystals can be directly reused in the electrolytic manganese production, thereby improving the utilization rate of manganese ions. In conclusion, the NCP technology shows promise for effective Mn ion removal and recover without generating hazardous sludge.

Mandibular anatomy of the paracryptodire Glyptops ornatus supports active hunting behavior in a Jurassic turtle.

The mandible of turtles is rich in osteological characters that are relevant for systematic purposes. Shape variation additionally reflects upon various feeding strategies and are thus informative for the palaeoecological interpretation of extinct species based on fossils. The mandibular anatomy of non-baenid paracryptodires has so far been undescribed. Based on digital segmentation of a computed tomography scan, I herein describe the mandible of the pleurosternid paracryptodire Glyptops ornatus. This taxon has a slender and gracile jaw, with weakly developed muscle attachment sites for adductor muscles (i.e., adductor fossa, coronoid process, and retroarticular process) and strongly reduced triturating ridges. These features are typical for suction-feeding aquatic hunters, thereby contrasting with the robust, durophagous-adapted mandibles of many baenid or compsemydid paracryptodires. In addition, the mandible of G. ornatus is characterized by the presence of a large splenial with a dorsal splenial-dentary contact, the presence of a splenial foramen, and the strong reduction of the foramen dentofaciale majus and the absence of a posterior intermandibular foramen.

A REVIEW ON THE RECEPTORS AND PATHWAYS USED BY THE DENGUE VIRUS TO INFECT HOST CELLS

Dengue fever is caused by a virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family. Around 400 million individuals worldwide contract the mosquito-borne disease dengue each year, which has a 20% fatality rate in patients who have the most severe cases. People may contract many acute DENV infections during their lifetimes because there are four DENV serotypes, each of which has some immunologic cross-reactivity. A vaccine that is active against all four DENV serotypes has not yet been created. Studies on the virus's receptors and transmission pathways identified putative host targets crucial for virus internalization and propagation in host cells. In this review article, we'll cover information about potential receptors and attachment sites in mammalian and mosquito cells. We'll also go through the many entry points and mechanisms that enable the viral genome to reach the cytoplasm and lead to the internalization of the virus. Keywords: non-structural proteins, structural proteins, dengue virus, entry routes, receptors.

Using Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Assess the Anatomy of the Eustachian Tube in Children with and without Otitis Media.

Otitis media (OM) is among the most common of childhood illnesses. It has long been hypothesized that children under age two are predisposed to OM due to differences in the anatomy of the Eustachian tube (ET), including the angle of the ET. OM in later childhood is less common but does occur, begging the question, are there shape differences in the ET that persist underlying later occurrences of OM? To answer this question, a novel method, which applied geometric and morphometric shape analysis to landmarks obtained from MRI data, was used. MRI scans were performed on 16 children (5 control, 3 cOME, and 8 rAOM) between 2011 and 2015. Sixteen landmarks representing the shape of the ET, cranial base, and palate were analyzed. The results of a Procrustes ANOVA indicate that the shape of the ET varies significantly (p < 0.01) between the OM and control groups. The shape differences between the OM group and the control are a medial and low attachment site of the tensor veli palatini (TVP) muscle, a posterior and high torus tubarius, and an anteriorly projected palate. These results support previous findings that a relatively horizontal ET is associated with a predisposition for OM. This study used a novel approach to examine anatomical differences in children with and without OM. First, the data set is unique in that it includes MRI scans of children with a confirmed OM diagnosis. Second, the use of MRI scans in craniofacial anatomy OM research is novel and allows for the collection of soft tissue landmarks and the visualization of soft tissue structures. Third, geometric morphometric shape analysis is a statistical method that captures shape differences, offering a more universal picture of nuanced changes within the entire set of landmarks, in contrast to more traditional linear and angular measurements used in prior OM studies examining craniofacial anatomy.

Bone morphology features associated with knee kinematics may not be predictive of ACL elongation during high-demand activities.

Bony morphology has been proposed as a potential risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The relationship between bony morphology, knee kinematics, and ACL elongation during high-demand activities remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if bone morphology features that have been associated with ACL injury risk and knee kinematics are also predictive of ACL elongation during fast running and double-legged drop jump. Nineteen healthy athletes performed fast running and double-legged drop jump within a biplane radiography imaging system. Knee kinematics and ACL elongation were measured bilaterally after using a validated registration process to track bone motion in the radiographs and after identifying ACL attachment sites on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Bony morphological features of lateral posterior tibial slope (LPTS), medial tibial plateau (MTP) depth, and lateral femoral condyle anteroposterior width (LCAP)/lateral tibial plateau anteroposterior width (TPAP) were measured on MRI. Relationships between bony morphology and knee kinematics or ACL elongation were identified using multiple linear regression analysis. No associations between bony morphology and knee kinematics or ACL elongation were observed during fast running. During double-legged drop jump, a greater range of tibiofemoral rotation was associated with a steeper LPTS (β = 0.382, p = 0.012) and a deeper MTP depth (β = 0.331, p = 0.028), and a greater range of anterior tibial translation was associated with a shallower MTP depth (β = -0.352, p = 0.018) and a larger LCAP/ TPAP (β = 0.441, p = 0.005); however, greater ACL elongation was only associated with a deeper MTP depth (β = 0.456, p = 0.006) at toe-off. These findings indicate that observed relationships between bony morphology and kinematics should not be extrapolated to imply a relationship also exists between those bone morphology features and ACL elongation during high-demand activities. These new findings deepen our understanding of the relationship between bony morphology and ACL elongation during high-demand activities. This knowledge can help identify high-risk patients for whom additional procedures during ACL reconstruction are most appropriate.

Radiological diagnosis of apophyseal injuries of the pelvic region

Avulsion injuries of the pelvis are common sports-related findings in skeletally immature adolescent patients. They usually present as an avulsion of the unfused apophysis, resulting from forced muscular contraction during typical athletic movements or from chronic traction injuries. Acute apophyseal avulsion injuries are usually easily detected with radiography. Occasionally, advanced imaging such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging is required in order to detect or fully assess the extent of injury. Chronic injuries can mimic aggressive entities, such as neoplasms and may thus cause difficulties in differential diagnosis. Profound knowledge of typical locations of apophyseal tendon attachment sites at the osseous pelvis and correct interpretation of imaging findings can facilitate accurate diagnosis. This article discusses the clinical and radiological findings of pelvic apophyseal avulsion injuries in pediatric patients and highlights potential complications and differential diagnoses.

Comparison of anterior segment optical coherence tomography and ultrasound biomicroscopy in localizing horizontal rectus muscle insertions.

To evaluate the viability and precision of measuring the distance from the limbus to extraocular muscle insertion using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and panoramic ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) before and after strabismus surgery. We recruited primary strabismus patients and measured the limbus-insertion distance by AS-OCT and UBM preoperatively, 2 weeks, and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Values were also measured using callipers intraoperatively before and after the planned procedures. Preoperative AS-OCT and UBM values were compared to intraoperative calliper measurements as the gold standard. Postoperative AS-OCT and UBM values were compared to the new postoperative limbus-insertion distance. The limit of agreement deemed clinically acceptable was defined as 1 mm. A total of 85 horizontal muscles of 40 patients, including 48 lateral rectus muscles and 37 medial rectus muscles, were analysed. Primary muscles could be successfully detected by AS-OCT (95%) and UBM (100%). At 2 weeks and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively, the new rectus muscle attachment site detection rate by AS-OCT was 6%, 32%, 80%, and 89%, respectively, and that by UBM was 24%, 60%, 85%, and 93%, respectively. The Bland-Altman plots revealed better consistency in pairs of AS-OCT, UBM, and calliper measurements of primary muscles than postoperative muscles. For primary muscles, 89% of AS-OCT measurements fell within the permissible range of surgical measurements (1 mm), but this dropped to 67% at 6 months postoperatively (P < 0.001). The accuracy of UBM measurements of primary muscles was 81%, and this decreased to 59% at 6 months postoperatively (P = 0.001). AS-OCT and UBM performed well in terms of imaging primary horizontal rectus muscles, but showed decreased accuracy and reproducibility in postoperative muscle measures.

Establishment of a uniform histological evaluation method for early stage osteophytes in the destabilization of the medial meniscus mouse model

BackgroundOsteophyte formation is attracting attention as an early-stage pathology of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Although osteophyte formation is understood as a defense response to joint instability, its role and impact on OA remain largely unknown. Many studies have been conducted using the surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse model, but there are few standard evaluation methods, especially in the histological evaluation of early-stage osteophytes. The purpose of this study was to establish a reproducible and uniform method for histological evaluation of characteristics of early osteophyte formation in the DMM mouse model. MethodsMale mice were operated with DMM at 12 weeks old and histologically evaluated at 4 days and 1, 2 and 4 weeks after DMM. Osteophyte Width, Osteophyte Area, and Original and Modified Maturity Scores were used to evaluate osteophytes for all sections. ResultsOsteophyte Width, Osteophyte Area and Maturity Scores were all greater anteriorly than posteriorly in the knee joint. The Modified Maturity Score was more strongly correlated with position than the Original Maturity Score, and could be used to evaluate early-stage osteophyte formation. ConclusionThe Modified Maturity Score as well as Osteophyte Width and Area at the section of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attachment site can provide a reproducible evaluation method to histologically assess the early-stage osteophyte formation in the DMM mouse model.

Coal Tar Pitch-Based Porous Carbon Loaded MoS2 and Its Application in Supercapacitors.

In this paper, with coal tar pitch as the carbon source, porous carbon (PC) was prepared by one-step carbonization. To improve the energy density of coal tar pitch-based porous carbon, MoS2@PC was prepared by a hydrothermal method on a PC substrate. The effect of MoS2 loading on the structure and electrochemical properties of the sample was studied. The results show that the specific surface area of the MoS2@PC-0.3 synthesized is 3053 m2 g-1, and the large specific surface area provides sufficient attachment sites for the storage of electrolyte ions. In the three-electrode system, the specific capacitance of MoS2@PC-0.3 at 0.5 A g-1 is 422.5 F g-1, and the magnification performance is 57.3% at 20 A g-1. After 10,000 charge/discharge cycles, the capacitance retention rate of the sample is 76.73%, with the Coulombic efficiency being 100%. In the two-electrode test system, the specific capacitance of MoS2@PC-0.3 at 0.5 A g-1 is 321.4 F g-1, with the power density and energy density being 500 W kg-1 and 44.6 Wh kg-1, respectively. At a current density of 20 A g-1, the capacitance retention rate is 87.69% after 10,000 cycles. This study greatly improves the energy density of PC as the electrode material of supercapacitors.

Refractory Achilles Tendinopathy and Multiple Pain on the Tendon and Tendon Attachment Site of the Foot Related to Intermittent Levofloxacin Usage: A Case Report

Refractory Achilles Tendinopathy and Multiple Pain on the Tendon and Tendon Attachment Site of the Foot Related to Intermittent Levofloxacin Usage: A Case Report

The RNF220 domain nuclear factor Teyrha-Meyrha (Tey) regulates the migration and differentiation of specific visceral and somatic muscles in Drosophila.

Development of the visceral musculature of the Drosophila midgut encompasses a closely coordinated sequence of migration events of cells from the trunk and caudal visceral mesoderm that underlies the formation of the stereotypic orthogonal pattern of circular and longitudinal midgut muscles. Our study focuses on the last step of migration and morphogenesis of longitudinal visceral muscle precursors and shows that these multinucleated precursors utilize dynamic filopodial extensions to migrate in dorsal and ventral directions over the forming midgut tube. The establishment of maximal dorsoventral distances from one another, and anteroposterior alignments, lead to the equidistant coverage of the midgut with longitudinal muscle fibers. We identify Teyrha-Meyhra (Tey), a tissue-specific nuclear factor related to the RNF220 domain protein family, as a crucial regulator of this process of muscle migration and morphogenesis that is further required for proper differentiation of longitudinal visceral muscles. In addition, Tey is expressed in a single somatic muscle founder cell in each hemisegment, regulates the migration of this founder cell, and is required for proper pathfinding of its developing myotube to specific myotendinous attachment sites.

Anatomy and Isometry of Coracoclavicular Ligaments: A Cadaveric Study

Purpose of the Study: Anatomical reconstruction of acromioclavicular joint require understanding the morphology of coracoclavicular ligament attachments. There are very few studies on morphology of coracoclavicular ligaments in the literature. There are no Indian studies looking at the morphology of these ligaments and racial differences have been identified in absolute measurements. We set out to study the morphology of coracoclavicular ligaments in Indian cadavers and define isometric points for tunnel placements during AC joint reconstructions. Methods: The current study was a cross sectional observation study on 30 cadaveric shoulders. The lateral half of clavicle was dissected from the cadaver and the footprints of the coracoclavicular attachment marked with marker and various anatomical parameters like morphology, distribution, and clavicular attachment sites of the trapezoid and conoid ligaments were measured once using a vernier caliper and a measuring scale. Results: The isometric point for trapezoid ligament is 16.3mm from lateral end of clavicle on anterior half of the clavicle whereas the isometric point for conoid ligament is 33.6 mm from lateral end of clavicle on the posterior half of the clavicle. Average distance between the two isometric points is 17.3 mm. Conclusion: The measurements in the Indian population corroborate with the measurements presented in the literature for the trapezoid and conoid components of the coracoclavicular ligaments. Our recommendations of isometric points for trapezoid and conoid tunnel preparation may help the Indian subcontinent surgeons perform anatomic reconstructions of the acromioclavicular joints in acute and chronic injuries.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals cellular and molecular heterogeneity in fibrocartilaginous enthesis formation.

The attachment site of the rotator cuff (RC) is a classic fibrocartilaginous enthesis, which is the junction between bone and tendon with typical characteristics of a fibrocartilage transition zone. Enthesis development has historically been studied with lineage tracing of individual genes selected a priori, which does not allow for the determination of single-cell landscapes yielding mature cell types and tissues. Here, in together with open-source GSE182997 datasets (three samples) provided by Fang et al., we applied Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to delineate the comprehensive postnatal RC enthesis growth and the temporal atlas from as early as postnatal day 1 up to postnatal week 8. And, we furtherly performed single-cell spatial transcriptomic sequencing on postnatal day 1 mouse enthesis, in order to deconvolute bone-tendon junction (BTJ) chondrocytes onto spatial spots. In summary, we deciphered the cellular heterogeneity and the molecular dynamics during fibrocartilage differentiation. Combined with current spatial transcriptomic data, our results provide a transcriptional resource that will support future investigations of enthesis development at the mechanistic level and may shed light on the strategies for enhanced RC healing outcomes.

The Effect of Select SARS-CoV-2 N-Linked Glycan and Variant of Concern Spike Protein Mutations on C-Type Lectin-Receptor-Mediated Infection.

The SARS-CoV-2 virion has shown remarkable resilience, capable of mutating to escape immune detection and re-establishing infectious capabilities despite new vaccine rollouts. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify relatively immutable epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 virion that are resistant to future mutations the virus may accumulate. While hACE2 has been identified as the receptor that mediates SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, it is only modestly expressed in lung tissue. C-type lectin receptors like DC-SIGN can act as attachment sites to enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells with moderate or low hACE2 expression. We developed an easy-to-implement assay system that allows for the testing of SARS-CoV-2 trans-infection. Using our assay, we assessed how SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1-domain glycans and spike proteins from different strains affected the ability of pseudotyped lentivirions to undergo DC-SIGN-mediated trans-infection. Through our experiments with seven glycan point mutants, two glycan cluster mutants and four strains of SARS-CoV-2 spike, we found that glycans N17 and N122 appear to have significant roles in maintaining COVID-19's infectious capabilities. We further found that the virus cannot retain infectivity upon the loss of multiple glycosylation sites, and that Omicron BA.2 pseudovirions may have an increased ability to bind to other non-lectin receptor proteins on the surface of cells. Taken together, our work opens the door to the development of new therapeutics that can target overlooked epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 virion to prevent C-type lectin-receptor-mediated trans-infection in lung tissue.

The Importance of Follow-Up and Evaluation of Intraoperative Findings to Determine Surgical Indications for Retractile Testis.

Ascending testis or acquired undescended testis develops in approximately 30% of cases of retractile testis, and orchiopexy is recommended for these cases. This study aimed at assessing the intraoperative anatomical findings of ascending testis and acquired undescended testis in search of better management for retractile testis. We retrospectively collected data of patients with confirmed diagnosis of retractile testis between February 2012 and November 2021. Orchiopexy was performed for cases with ascending testis and for patients with increasing difference of right and left testicular volume. The site of gubernaculum attachment and patent processus vaginalis were evaluated during surgery. A total of 119 testes in 71 patients with retractile testis were included in this study. Sixteen retractile testes in 12 patients (17%) underwent orchiopexy. The weight at birth was significantly higher, and bilateral retractile testes were significantly more common in the follow-up group than in the surgical intervention group. In the surgical intervention group, the abnormal site of gubernaculum attachment was found in 12 out of 16 testes (75%), and patent PV was found in nine out of sixteen testes (56%). Sites of gubernaculum attachment in testes with patent PV were significantly higher than in sites with closed processus vaginalis, and all testes with patent processus vaginalis had abnormal site of gubernaculum attachment. Patients with ascending testis and acquired undescended testis have clinical features and intraoperative abnormal findings similar to a cryptorchidism. Therefore, our surgical indication for retractile testis is considered appropriate.

P10.05.A INDUCED SENESCENCE AND CALCIFICATION TO ANAPLASTIC MENINGIOMA

Abstract BACKGROUND Although the majority of meningiomas are slow-growing and benign, atypical and anaplastic meningiomas behave aggressively with a penchant for recurrence. The 5-year risk of progression for incompletely resected meningiomas is over 80 percents. Specifically, the 5-year survival rates are 78-91% and 41-65% for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas, respectively. On the other hand, it has been reported that benign meningiomas with psammoma bodies or those with bone hyperplasia at the attachment site and subtype of high calcification have a low growth rate. Here we show that BMP signals essential for bone formation, especially GREM2 upstream inhibitor of BMP signals, are involved in meningioma growth, senescence and calcification. MATERIAL AND METHODS 1) A long-term primary cultured meningioma and commercially available anaplastic meningioma (IOMM-lee and HKB-MM) are used. For immunohistochemistry and expression analysis, 87 surgical samples operated in our hospital were used.2) We observed changes in phenotype, proliferation rate and cell cycle by inhibiting BMP signal. Overexpression of GREM2, an upstream inhibitor of BMP signals, was performed in anaplastic meningiomas and analyzed comprehensively. Downloaded RNA-seq data from GREIN, a public database, and performed a comprehensive analysis of the extent of GREM2 expression and gene expression related to cellular senescence. RESULTS 1) Inhibition of BMP signaling reduced proliferation. Moreover, long term inhibition of BMP signals induced calcification. 2) Expression of GREM2 related to proliferation in surgical samples. GREM2 mainly localized surrounding of psammoma bodies. 3)Overexpression of GREM2 increased sub-G1 population and inhibits cell proliferation. 4)Expression of GREM2 shifts tryptophan catabolism from Kynurenine/NAD/NADH to serotonin production. 5) Comprehensive analysis using RNA-seq data from GREIN showed that high expression of GREM2 decreases oxidative phosphorylation. 6)Senescence assay showed that inhibition of BMP signaling induced senescence. CONCLUSION Inhibition of BMP signaling reduced proliferation and induced calcification. The underlying mechanism is shifting tryptophan catabolism from Kynurenine/NADH/NAD to serotonin production.