Attachment Scale Research Articles

Determination of Prenatal Attachment and Anxiety Levels in Postterm Pregnancy

Introduction and Aim: To compare anxiety and attachment levels besides obstetric and sociodemographic characteristics between late term and non-late term pregnants. 
 Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 49 pregnant women who were over 41 weeks of pregnancy as late-term pregnancy group and 67 pregnant women who were 37-41 weeks of pregnancy were included in the study as control group. Data were collected using demographic and obstetrics data form, Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised-2, and prenatal attachment scale. 
 Results: The prenatal attachment scale median score of late term pregnant women was 68 (39-81) and the anxiety scale median score was 28 (13-55). The median score of the prenatal attachment scale for may not affect the non-late term pregnant women was 64 (30-84), and the median score of the anxiety scale was 26 (11-43). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of scale scores (p>0.05). 
 Conclusions: It was found that prenatal attachment and anxiety levels were not affected by the late term state of pregnant women in our study. In the presence of other conditions that positively affect attachment, although late term pregnancy is risky, it did not have an effect on attachment and anxiety.

Relationship between maternal antenatal attachment and traumatic childbirth perception among pregnant women.

To examine the relationship between the perception of traumatic birth and maternal attachment in pregnant women. This descriptive and correlational study recruited 370 pregnant women who applied for an antenatal visit to outpatient clinics of a state hospital. The data were collected using a Personal Information Form, Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS), and Traumatic Birth Perception Scale (TBPS). Data were collected using the face-to-face method. The study was reported according to the STROBE. The mean total score of MAAS was 75.71 ± 7.72 and the mean TBPS score was 73.21 ± 28.34. Normal birth pain was perceived as "severe" by 38.3% of pregnant women and as "very severe" by 46.1%. It was determined that 29.2% of pregnant women had a "high" level of traumatic birth perception and 14.5% had a "very high" level. A negative correlation was found between the mean scores of MAAS and TBPS of pregnant women. The trimester of pregnancy, listening to the birth story, planned pregnancy, and traumatic birth perception, was a significant predictor of maternal antenatal attachment. As the maternal antenatal attachment levels of pregnant women increased, their perceptions of traumatic birth decreased.

Mental health based on ecological psychology on college students with personality disorder

BackgroundIn the current field of contemporary psychology, ecological psychology has become a new theoretical orientation, believing that everything in the ecosystem interacts and is interrelated. Depressive Personality Disorder (DPD) is a common and severe mental illness that is common among college students worldwide. Exploring the factors influencing depression among college students from the perspective of ecological psychology, with a focus on the effects of attachment anxiety, self-esteem cognition, and academic adaptation on depression among Chinese college students.Subjects and MethodsIn this study, 452 college students from Nanjing University in Jiangsu Province were assessed by Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) and Self-esteem and Academic Adjustment Scale (SES). Amos software was used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis on the survey results.ResultsThere were significant differences in the dimensions of academic adaptation, self-esteem and adult attachment (P=0.000, P<0.05), and there were significant differences between gender and total score of depression (t= -2.098, P<0.05). Attachment anxiety not only predicts depression directly but also indirectly through self-esteem. Academic adaptation not only predicts depression directly but also influences depressive anxiety through the mediating effects of self-esteem and attachment.ConclusionsAcademic adjustment, depression disorder, attachment anxiety and self-esteem were significantly correlated with depression disorder in college students. Self-esteem plays a mediating role between attachment anxiety and depression, and attachment anxiety and self-esteem play a mediating role between academic adaptation and depression.Acknowledgement2021 Research Project on Internet Ideological and Political Work in Guangdong Colleges and Universities (No. GDWL21YB99).

The Impact of Parental Attachment Styles on the Expression of Personality Traits among Emerging Adults: A Study of UK University Students

Prior research indicates that attachment to primary caregivers significantly influences individuals’ personality traits and exerts lasting effects on their interpersonal relationships in adulthood. This study investigated the impact of parental attachment styles to primary caregivers on the Big-Five Personality traits during the period of Emerging Adulthood. Participants (N = 184) comprised students enrolled at an English University utilising convenience sampling. Using a quantitative methodology, a one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was employed to examine the relationship between parental attachment styles (Secure, Insecure, and Avoidant) and the Big-Five-Personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism). Participants completed two online questionnaires (The Big-Five Inventory Scale (BFI) and The Adult Scale of Parental Attachment – Short Form) to measure the effects of parental attachment style to a primary caregiver on the Big-Five Personality traits. The results revealed a statistically significant main effect of parental attachment style on the Big-Five Personality traits in emerging adults, with Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism showing notable significance. Furthermore, a gender-based comparison between those reporting a male or female primary caregiver presented similar results, particularly for female primary caregivers. These findings explain the essential role of primary caregivers in shaping their children’s development, providing valuable insights that may assist primary caregivers in better understanding their impact on their children’s future lives. This study contributes to our understanding of the manifestation of personality traits across the lifespan. It could act as a catalyst for future research investigating personality manifestation at critical periods across the lifespan.

Взаимосвязь эмоционального состояния и привязанности к плоду у женщин, забеременевших с помощью ЭКО, с перинатальными исходами их детей

Children's development in the early years is significantly linked to further wellbeing. Among many factors involved in early development are mother’s attachment to the fetus and her emotional state during pregnancy. The current study prospectively explores mothers’ characteristics during the third trimester of pregnancy and their newborn children outcomes. The sample included 300 women with natural conception (NC) and 127 women with in-vitro fertilization (IVF), and their newborn children. For mothers, the following instruments were used: the Maternal Fetal Attachment Scale, the Clinical Scale for Self-assessment of Irritability, Depression and Anxiety. For newborns, the following parameters of newborn children outcomes were assessed: gestational period; the length and weight; the Apgar score in the first and fifth minutes after birth. All components of maternal attachment to the fetus were in the normal range for most women in both groups. All aspects of maternal attachment to the fetus were significantly greater in the IVF group. In both groups, more than 35% of women experienced depression and 43% of women experienced moderate/severe levels of anxiety. In the NC group, greater scores on giving of self and enjoying of watching tummy jiggle as the baby kicks inside were associated with less irritation in mothers. In the IVF group, the indicators of women’s attachment to their fetus were not associated with emotional states. Neither mothers’ attachment to their fetus nor their emotional states during pregnancy predicted newborn children outcomes. Children born from IVF had a statistically lower gestational period than in the NC group.

Exploring the Relationship between Insecure Attachment Styles and Social Anxiety in Undergraduate Students

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the correlation between Avoidant and Anxious Attachment Styles and Social Anxiety, contributing to a deeper understanding of these interconnected factors among undergraduate students.
 Methodology: Convenient Sampling was used to recruit 350 participants aged 18-26 from Forman Christian College (FCCU) in Lahore, Pakistan. The study administered the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (R-AAS) for close relationships and the Social Anxiety Scale (SAS). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS v.20, with Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, Simple Linear Regression, and Independent Sample t-Test applied.
 Findings: A statistically significant positive correlation was found between Anxious Attachment Style and Social Anxiety. Anxious Attachment Style was revealed to positively predict 19% variance in Social Anxiety with p value <.001. A significant gender difference was found among Social Anxiety and Anxious Attachment Style, but none among Avoidant Attachment Style.
 Implications: Practical implications include tailored clinical interventions and support groups for holistic treatment. Recognizing attachment styles can improve intimate relationships. Gender differences in social anxiety suggest women may need gender-sensitive therapy to address social challenges in education and careers.

Relationship Between Peer Attachment and Adolescent Positive Well-Being with Gender as the Moderating Factor in Malaysia

Identifying protective factors that could influence the positive well-being of adolescents is important as positive development view emphasizes the possibility of adolescents developing positive traits based on their strengths, positive qualities, and supportive environments. This study examines the relationship between peer attachment with positive adolescent well-being and the role of gender as a moderator for links between peer attachment with positive adolescent well-being. A total of 400 7th Grade students from government schools in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and state of Selangor were involved in this study. Adolescent positive well-being and peer attachment were measured using the Positive Youth Development Scale and Inventory of Peer and Parent Attachment. The results show that peer attachment was predictor of adolescent positive well-being. The study also found that gender moderated the relationship between peer attachment and adolescent positive well-being. This study provides information on factors that can help the positive development of adolescents. Identifying these factors will provide insight on events or experiences that will increase the occurrence of positive outcomes and reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes.

The Role of Companion Dogs in the VA Maryland Health Care System Whole Health(y) GeroFit Program.

GeroFit is a gym-based exercise program that promotes health and wellness among older sedentary veterans. The aims of the current study were to determine whether providing a companion dog as an alternative to gym-based exercise would similarly affect whole health outcomes. A total of 15 (n = 15) veterans (62 ± 11 years of age; 13 of 15 >54 years of age) underwent physical function testing, completed global and whole health questionnaires, and wore an accelerometer for 7 days before (baseline) and 3 months after a dog came into their home. The participants completed the Pet Attachment Scale (PAS), Dog Owner-Specific Quality of Life (DOQOL), and Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research questionnaires at 3 months. Cardiorespiratory endurance, lower body strength, daily steps, and time spent engaging in moderate physical activity all increased compared to the baseline levels. Body weight decreased among veterans whose body mass index was ≥30 (n = 11). The PAS and DOQOL scores indicated high attachment and positive effects on quality of life after having a dog in the home, with all veterans agreeing that having a dog improved the number of social activities they performed. We conclude that providing a companion dog to veterans not inclined to participate in gym-based exercise is an effective alternative method of promoting health and wellness in this population.

Research and evaluation on students' emotional attachment to campus landscape renewal coupling emotional attachment scale and public sentiment analysis: a case study of the "Heart of Forest" in Beijing Forestry University.

In the era of stock renewal, the construction of university campuses in China's first-tier cities has shifted from demolition and construction to renewal and upgrading, in which public landscape space is the main environment for students' daily life, learning and entertainment. Especially during the outbreak of the recent COVID-19 epidemic, it has become an important way for students to interact with nature and obtain emotional healing. In the existing studies, there is a lack of discussion on the correlation between the spatial characteristics of the updated campus landscape and students' emotional attachment, and there are few quantitative studies. Based on this, this paper takes the "Heart of Forest" landscape space as an example, and integrates multi-dimensional quantitative methods including emotional attachment scale and public semantic analysis to study and evaluate the characteristics of landscape space that affect students' emotional attachment. The results show that: (1) Overall, the landscape space renewal of the Heart of Forest provides students with positive emotional experiences and effectively enhances students' emotional attachment as well as sense of belonging to the campus. (2) Among them, the material characteristics of the site including nature-related elements, materials, structures play a positive role in promoting the vast majority of students in the process of establishing emotional attachment, which is particularly obvious for students majoring in landscape, architecture and urban planning. (3) Whether the public social space can effectively provide students with a good emotional experience is closely related to the frequency and purpose of students' use of the space. (4) The interactive characteristics such as changeability and playability fail to promote emotional attachment because of lacking of management and maintenance. The renewal and transformation of the "Heart of Forest" landscape space is generally successful in promoting students' emotional attachment, and provides a reference for the future campus landscape renewal design from different angles. In addition, the quantitative study of emotional attachment constructed in this paper coupled with multi-dimensional data provides a method for the evaluation of students' emotional experience of campus landscape.

Adaption of the meat attachment scale (MEAS) to Germany: interplay with food neophobia, preference for organic foods, social trust and trust in food technology innovations

Meat-based diets are still the norm, and vegans and vegetarians represent only a small minority of the population. A transition, respectively, behavioural change towards a diet with less meat can only occur by adopting a positive attitude towards dietary changes based on reasons and motivations. The main aim of this study is to apply the meat attachment scale (MEAS) in Germany in order to analyse if this construct is a barrier towards a diet with less meat in this country. For this purpose, the impact of meat attachment on the trust in different protein alternatives (plant-based, insects, cultured meat) and related food processing technologies is analysed. The findings reveal that a high level of meat attachment goes along with lower trust in plant-based proteins. Similar holds for cultured meat and insect proteins. Thus it appears that, at least for the moment, cultured meat or proteins from insects are not a logical substitute for the heavily meat attached consumer. Furthermore, in the analysis, we considered if meat attachment as measured by the MEAS is correlated with other scales/preferences such as food neophobia, social trust, and attitude towards respective preference for organic products. Literature shows that all mentioned constructs impact the acceptance, preference or trust in more sustainable food product innovation, respectively, more sustainable food processing techniques. The outcome of the correlation analysis demonstrated that in particular food neophobia and meat attachment are not correlated with each other. That is, the MEAS represents a predictor for trust in food (processing) technologies as e.g. plant-based proteins or cultured meat that is independent of the neophobia construct.

The effect of perceived social support on postpartum stress: the mediating roles of marital satisfaction and maternal postnatal attachment

BackgroundMultiple factors may be responsible for the development of postpartum stress, including perceived social support, marital satisfaction, and maternal postnatal attachment. However, the underlying mediation mechanisms remain unclear. This study examined the complex relationships between perceived social support and postpartum stress among Chinese women.MethodsA convenience sample comprising 406 postpartum women was recruited from six hospitals in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China. The participants completed general survey questionnaires and were evaluated using the Maternal Postpartum Stress Scale, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale, and the Marital Satisfaction Scale. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship between postpartum stress and the various influencing factors by performing a multiple linear regression analysis. The potential mediating roles of marital satisfaction and maternal and infant attachment in the association between perceived social support and postpartum stress were explored by performing a mediation analysis.ResultsAccording to the multivariate regression analysis, perceived social support, marital satisfaction, and maternal postnatal attachment contributed to postpartum stress levels (P < 0.05). The mediation analysis revealed that marital satisfaction and maternal postnatal attachment played parallel mediating roles in the association between perceived social support and postpartum stress, and the mediating effect of marital satisfaction was − 0.1125 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.1784 to -0.0520), accounting for 33.20% of the total effect, and the mediating effect of maternal postnatal attachment was − 0.0847 (95% CI: -0.1304 to -0.0438), accounting for 25.00% of the total effect.ConclusionOur study revealed that perceived social support could influence postpartum stress not only through direct effect (41.80% of the total effect), but also through the indirect effect (mediation effect) of marital satisfaction and maternal postnatal attachment (58.20% of the total effect), suggesting that improving postpartum women’s social support, enhancing maternal and infant attachment, and improving their marital satisfaction could help lower postpartum stress.

Preliminary evidence of psychological improvements and increased maternal-fetal attachment associated with a mindfulness sleep programme: secondary analysis of uncontrolled data in 11 pregnant women with insomnia disorder.

Treating insomnia during pregnancy improves sleep and depressed mood. However, given well-established links between poor sleep and a broad spectrum of adverse maternal outcomes, the benefits of insomnia care may reach beyond sleep and depression. The present study evaluated the preliminary efficacy of 'Perinatal Understanding of Mindful Awareness for Sleep' (PUMAS)-a mindfulness sleep programme tailored to pregnancy that combines behavioural sleep strategies and meditation-for enhancing everyday mindfulness and maternal-fetal attachment, as well as for alleviating anxiety, repetitive thinking, and sleep-related daytime impairment. We conducted a secondary analysis of a single-arm proof-of-concept trial of 11 pregnant women with fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnosed insomnia disorder who completed PUMAS (six sessions), which was delivered in an individual format via telemedicine video. Pre- and post-treatment outcomes included the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R), Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS), Generalised Anxiety Disorder seven-item survey (GAD-7), Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ), Daytime Insomnia Symptoms Response Scale (DISRS), and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Sleep-Related Impairment Scale (PROMIS-SRI). Symptom changes were evaluated with paired-samples t tests. Results showed PUMAS patients reported large increases in CAMS-R (Cohen's dz = 1.81) and medium-large increases in MFAS scores (Cohen's dz = 0.73). Moreover, PUMAS patients reported large reductions in scores on the GAD-7 (Cohen's dz = 1.09), PTQ (Cohen's dz = 1.26), DISRS (Cohen's dz = 1.38), and PROMIS-SRI (Cohen's dz = 1.53). Preliminary evidence suggests that a mindfulness-based perinatal sleep programme may benefit several domains of maternal wellbeing beyond sleep and depression. PUMAS substantially enhanced patient ratings of everyday mindfulness and maternal-fetal attachment, while reporting alleviations in anxiety, perseverative thinking, insomnia-focused rumination, and sleep-related daytime impairment.

Student Career Maturity: A Study of the Power of Self-Concept and Peer Attachment

This study examines the influence of self-concept and peer attachment on career maturity in Vocational High School "X" students in Ciamis, West Java. The method used is correlational quantitative research. The study population consisted of 576 students, with a sample of 234 students selected using simple random sampling. The data collection instruments used included a career maturity scale (α=0.732) modified from career maturity inventory form c, a self-concept scale (α=0.826) modified from the questionnaire of self-concept 36, and a peer attachment scale (α=0.748) revised from an inventory of parent and peer attachment. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study show that self-concept and peer attachment have an essential role in determining the career maturity of Vocational High School students. Partially, it was found that self-concept influenced students' career maturity, while peer attachment did not significantly influence students' career maturity. Nonetheless, it should be noted that social factors remain essential in forming students' career maturity, although they were not considerably proven in this study. Therefore, it is recommended that subsequent researchers investigate other external variables that might affect students' career maturity.

Prenatal Attachment and Mental Well-Being Among Expectant Fathers Amidst COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant threats to global physical and mental health, notably impacting the psychological management of pregnancy. The mental health of parents plays a critical role in fostering the emotional bond with their unborn child, referred to as prenatal attachment. Despite the significance of this bond, research has primarily concentrated on maternal outcomes, often neglecting the paternal aspect during the pandemic. This study investigates the correlation between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk perception and paternal prenatal attachment, further exploring the mediating role of well-being within this association. Methods A total of 141 expectant fathers attending the gynecology and obstetrics outpatient clinic with their partners were recruited. Participants completed measures including the Paternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (PAAS), the World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5), and the COVID-19 Perceived Risk Scale (CPRS). Results Data analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between COVID-19 risk perception and well-being (ß = -.34, p < .001). There was a positive correlation between well-being and prenatal attachment (ß = .37, p = .002). The prenatal attachment was also positively linked to COVID-19 risk perception (ß = .20, p = .047). Furthermore, well-being mediated the relationship between COVID-19 risk perception and prenatal attachment. Conclusion The findings underscore the potential of the COVID-19 risk perception to disrupt the prenatal attachment process for expectant fathers by interfering with psychological well-being. However, it can also promote prenatal attachment through various mechanisms. Consequently, acknowledging and understanding the experiences of fathers during pregnancy is of paramount importance. Future longitudinal studies are necessitated to examine the parent-child relationship dynamics that have evolved under the influence of the pandemic.

Validation of a German version of the self-rating Adult Disorganized Attachment scale (ADA-D)

Disorganized attachment represents the greatest risk factor for psychopathology compared to the "organized" insecure attachment dimensions in various meta-analyses. Recently, the Adult Disorganized Attachment Scale (ADA) was developed as a self-rating scale for measuring disorganized attachment in romantic partnerships. However, a translation and evaluation in German-speaking samples is not yet available. A German Translation of the scale (ADA-D) comprising nine items was assessed in a general population sample (N=1101) and in a student sample (N=328). The factor structure, psychometric properties, and validity of the scale with respect to psychopathology and the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire (ECR-RD) were examined. The differential associations of ADA-D and ECR-RD with psychopathology were determined using linear regression models. The unidimensional factor structure of the original version could be confirmed for the ADA-D and the instrument exhibited high internal consistency (McDonalds ω=0.91 / 0.89). Compared to attachment anxiety and avoidance, ADA-D was the strongest predictor of dissociative symptoms (Sample 1: β=0.48; p<0.001; Sample 2: β=0.23; p<0.01) and, in Sample 1, additionally for physical aggression (β=0.37; p<0.001). The ADA-D exhibits good psychometric properties that are comparable to the original version of the scale. The associations with aggressiveness and dissociation are in line with previous findings regarding the unresolved attachment status in the Adult Attachment Interview. The ADA-D can be recommended for further use in research as a screening instrument for disorganized attachment in adulthood. An application in psychotherapeutic diagnostics seems promising, however, evaluations in clinical samples are necessary beforehand.

Alexithymia and Fetal Attachment in Expectant Fathers

Introduction: Although studies mostly focus on mothers, fathers also experience emotional problems and bond with their unborn babies in the antenatal period. The aim of this study is to examine alexithymia and fetal attachment in expectant fathers.&#x0D; Methods: The study was carried out online via social media with 145 expectant fathers. Data were collected using Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, and Paternal Antenatal Attachment Scale.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence of alexithymia in expectant fathers was 24.8%. Alexithymia scores of university graduates had lower, while those with insufficient income and those who have two or more children were found to have less total attachment scores. A significant negative relationship was found between alexithymia scores and attachment scores.&#x0D; Conclusion: Fathers with alexithymic characteristics tend to have less attachment to the fetus. Supporting fathers with alexithymic features may positively affect attachment to the fetus.

A comparison of the mother-infant relationship in mothers with and without gestational diabetes mellitus: An analysis of the growing up in Scotland cohort

BackgroundThere is an increased risk of depressive symptoms in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Poor maternal mental health can impact the mother-infant relationship which can cause problems in the perinatal period. However there is little research which examines the mother-infant relationship in women with GDM. AimsTo test the hypotheses that (1) GDM is associated with a perceived difficult mother-infant relationship in the first year of an infant's life in a cohort of women recruited in pregnancy compared to mothers who do not have GDM and (2) poor maternal mental health mediates the relationship between GDM and the mother-infant relationship Study designA retrospective analysis of a Scottish cohort database using mediation analysis. SubjectsThe dataset included 5,289 women (n = 204 GDM, n = 5,085 no GDM). Outcome measuresThe Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale measured the mother-infant relationship. The SF-12 Mental Health Component Score measured maternal mental health. ResultsGDM does not predict maternal mental health (path a). Poor maternal mental health is significantly associated with a perceived difficult mother-infant relationship (path b). The direct effect of GDM on the mother-infant relationship (path c) was not statistically significant. The indirect effect of GDM on the mother-infant relationship via maternal mental health (mediator) was also not significant. ConclusionThis is the first robust study examining the impact of GDM on the mother-infant relationship. The study did not support the hypotheses, however the results are of theoretical value, especially in the context of limited research.

Influence of Childhood Psychological Maltreatment on Peer Attachment Among Chinese Adolescents: The Mediation Effects of Emotion Regulation Strategies.

The formation of peer attachment is vitally important for the mental health of adolescents. Additionally, converging evidences show that childhood emotional trauma leads to poor peer attachment during adolescence. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism accounting for the link between early emotional trauma and adolescent peer attachment. Therefore, the present study is intended to examine the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment (CPM) and peer attachment among Chinese adolescents and reveal its underlying mechanism. In total, we collected data from 670 adolescents (36.5% males and 63.5% females, Mage = 16.44 years, SD = 0.78) attending two Chinese high schools. These participants completed measurement scales for CPM (emotional abuse and neglect), peer attachment, and emotion regulation strategies, including cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES). The multiple mediation models showed that emotional neglect negatively predicted adolescent peer attachment but that emotional abuse did not. Furthermore, the two emotion regulation strategies, CR and ES, completely mediated the relationship between emotional abuse and peer attachment and partially mediated the relationship between emotional neglect and peer attachment. These findings extend the existing studies on adolescent peer attachment and elucidate how childhood emotional trauma negatively influences adolescent peer attachment. In addition, the present results provide implications for improving the peer attachment of adolescents. On one hand, appropriate family intervention should be implemented to reduce CPM. On the other hand, schools can focus on improving the peer attachment of adolescents by enhancing their emotion regulation. Specifically, adolescents should be taught how to use adaptive strategies, such as CR, to regulate negative emotions.

The Mediated Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas in the Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Psychopathology in Females Applying for Cosmetic Surgery in Kermanshah

Background: Cosmetic surgery is one of the most common phenomena in recent decades. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among cosmetic surgery applicants are high, so exploring the procedures and variables affecting their psychological damage is essential. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the mediated role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment styles and psychopathology in females applying for cosmetic surgery. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on the 300 females applying for cosmetic surgery in Kermanshah who were selected via simple random sampling. The collected data were analyzed using the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) (Collins and Read), early maladaptive schemas (Young), and the Scale of psychological disorders symptoms (SCL-90-R) (Derogatis et al.) via SPSS software version 22 and LISREL 8/8. Results: The study’s hypothetical model fitted the experimental data. The relationship between attachment styles and psychopathology, directly and indirectly, was significant (P &lt; 0.05). The analysis results indicated a mediated role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment styles and psychopathology (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas can effectively prevent, diagnose, and treat psychological damage and improve the psychological level of females applying for cosmetic surgery.

Differences in Place Attachment Profiles in Adolescents in the Home and School Environments in the Formation of Self-Identity

Introduction: Place attachment influences the way adolescents form their identity. The home and school environments, as the two main environments, provide the foundation for the development of adolescent identity. Positive attachment to both of these environments can provide adolescents with a sense of stability and consistency, helping them understand who they are, where they come from, and what is important to them. This study aimed to explore the place attachment profile of adolescents in the home and school environment in the formation of adolescent self-identity.&#x0D; Methods: This study was a descriptive observational study, where as many as 592 research subjects were observed in this study. Attachment scale observation was carried out using the Bortholomew and Griffin attachment scale questionnaire, where observations were made on four aspects.&#x0D; Results: The attachment aspect that stands out in the attachment to the home environment is the secure attachment aspect. As many as 74.83% of respondents tend to have a place attached to this aspect, in contrast to the attachment aspect, which is prominent in the attachment to the school environment, where the secure attachment aspect still stands out but is not as dominant as the attachment to the home environment. The secure attachment aspect with the school is only 50.34%, and the rest is spread over other aspects of attachment.&#x0D; Conclusion: The place attachment profile of adolescents differs between home and school environments. Adolescents feel more secure (secure attachment) in the home environment than in the school environment.