Child Attachment Research Articles

Hubungan Attachment Ayah dengan Self-Disclosure pada Remaja Perempuan

Adolescence is a transitional phase from childhood to adulthood. Adolescents experience complex problems not only because of internal influences within themselves, but also from the influence of opportunities and support from adults, in this case parents. Fathers play a very important role in building a child's role in their environment and in determining the child's attachment status. By forming a good attachment between father and child, it is possible for teenage girls to be able to carry out self-disclosure. This study aims to determine the relationship between father attachment and self-disclosure in adolescent girls. The sample in this study consisted of 292 subjects aged 15-22 year. Data collection was carried out using a Likert scale, namely scale attachment and self-disclosure scales. Test the hypothesis using Spearman Rho correlation analysis with the help of SPSS 24. The results show that There is a significant relationship between father attachment and self- disclosure in adolescents girls, with a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. This means that the higher the attachment, the higher the self-disclosure in adolescent girls. The implications of this research are that it can be a reference for teenagers about the importance of attachment and making efforts to increase attachment.

Parent and adolescent depressive symptom among a national sample of Chinese families: The chained mediating roles of parental involvement and parent–child attachment

ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the relationships between paternal and maternal depressive symptoms and adolescent depressive symptoms. Subsequently, the study investigated the chained mediating effects of parental involvement and parent–child attachment. MethodsAs part of the national survey in China, fathers, mothers, and adolescents from 700 families across the country were included in this study. Fathers and mothers reported their depressive symptoms and parental involvement, while adolescents rated the level of paternal attachment, maternal attachment, and depressive symptoms. ResultsPaternal depressive symptoms were related to adolescent depressive symptoms through the mediation effect of paternal attachment, maternal attachment, the chained mediating effects of paternal involvement and paternal attachment, and the chained mediating effects of paternal involvement and maternal attachment. Maternal depressive symptoms were related to adolescent depressive symptoms through the mediating effect of paternal attachment, maternal attachment, the chained mediating effects of paternal involvement and paternal attachment, the chained mediating effects of paternal involvement and maternal attachment, the chained mediating effects of maternal involvement and paternal attachment, and the chained mediating effects of maternal involvement and maternal attachment. Additionally, both paternal and maternal depressive symptoms were significantly directly related to adolescent depressive symptoms. Overall, maternal depressive symptoms had a greater impact on adolescent depressive symptoms than paternal depressive symptoms. ConclusionsThe findings support the impacts of parental depressive symptoms on child depressive symptoms through the mediating effects of parental involvement and parent–child attachment. This study provides targeted recommendations for intervention programs.

Influence of Childhood Attachment on Self Esteem in Adults with Autism

Influence of Childhood Attachment on Self Esteem in Adults with Autism

The relationship between attachment representations and minimal intergroup bias in preschool-aged children.

Attachment theory proposes that young children's experiences with their caregivers has a tremendous influence on how children navigate their social relationships. By the end of early childhood, intergroup contexts play an important role in their social life and children build strong ties to their ingroups. Although both domains relate to the same psychological processes-children's affective ties to others-surprisingly very little research has addressed how children's attachment relates to their intergroup attitudes and behavior. In this study, we investigate the link. For that purpose, 5-year-old children (n=100) first underwent the German Attachment Story Completion Task (GEV-B). Then we allocated children into minimal groups based on T-Shirt color and assessed their intergroup attitudes and intergroup behavior. Results showed that while most children showed a strong and robust ingroup bias in their attitudes and behavior, children with an insecure-ambivalent attachment representation treated in- and outgroup similarly. Overall, this study provides novel perspectives on the relationship between children's attachment representation and their interactions in the social world. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This study provides novel insights into the relationship between children's attachment security and the development of intergroup bias in a minimal group context Children with secure, insecure-avoidant and disorganized attachment representation showed a strong intergroup bias in explicit attitudes and behavior Children with insecure-ambivalent attachment representation displayed no intergroup bias Insecure-ambivalent attachment representations might be detrimental to the formation of ingroup attachment.

Parental Reflective Functioning on the Parent Development Interview: A narrative review of measurement, association, and future directions.

A caregiver's capacity to mentalize is thought to be one of the most important features of secure parent-child relationships. Parental mentalizing can be measured using the Reflective Functioning (RF) coding system applied to the Parent Development Interview (PDI). In this narrative review, we summarize the research using this measure and synthesize what has been learnt about the predictors, correlates and sequelae of parental RF. Studies have consistently shown that PRF on the PDI is associated with both parent and child attachment and is an important factor in the intergenerational transmission of attachment. It is also related to the quality of parental representations, parent-child interactions, and child outcomes. While a number of social and clinical risk factors are associated with lower PRF, it is difficult to disentangle the unique contribution of each of these. We discuss these findings and present the direction of future work that is planned to expand and refine the PRF scale for the PDI.

The American contribution to attachment theory: John Bowlby’s WHO trip to the USA in 1950 and the development of his ideas on separation and attachment

ABSTRACT This paper explores John Bowlby’s foundational contributions to attachment theory, particularly his fascination with ‘separation’ and its impact on child development. Tracing the origins of Bowlby’s interest to his personal experiences and his exposure to ideas of mental hygiene and child guidance in the 1930s, it underscores the alignment of his ideas with key figures in the English school of psychoanalysis. The central narrative of this paper unfolds during Bowlby’s 1950 WHO research trip, investigating orphaned and separated children in Europe and the USA. Utilizing archival materials from the Wellcome Library in London, the authors offer unique insights into Bowlby’s journey, highlighting his evolving views on mother-child separation through interactions with his American colleagues. This comprehensive exploration sheds light on Bowlby’s pioneering work, emphasizing the American influence on his ideas, and the evolving theoretical framework that continues to shape our understanding of child development and attachment today.

Critical Reflections on the Usefulness of eConnect to a Sample of Child and Youth Care Workers in South Africa

ABSTRACT In South Africa, most children in care have been removed from homes characterized by violence, abuse, poverty, and neglect, with many of these children often exposed to multiple traumatic events. Research points to a strong causal association between child trauma and attachment difficulties. Poor attachment increases children’s risk for a range of externalizing behaviors, with related negative consequences for the child in both the short and long term. Addressing attachment difficulties of children who have experienced disrupted care is therefore vital. This paper reflects critically on the usefulness of eConnect, a trauma informed and attachment-based programme in such cases. It reports the interview-facilitated insights of 11 child and youth care workers (CYCW) from a care facility in Johannesburg, South Africa, who completed the eConnect programme in 2021. The first interviews were conducted in the last eConnect session (2021); follow-up interviews were done in 2022. The resulting insights allow evaluation of the contextual fit of eConnect for CYCW in SA and understanding of which programme aspects had enduring uptake. They nudge continued sensitivity to situational and cultural dynamics to optimize programme efficacy and best enable care workers.

Social Networks and Communication Impairment: Racial Differences Among Stroke Survivors

Purpose: Recent evidence highlights the importance of social networks—the composition of social relationships—and their characteristics in stroke recovery. This study explores the relationship between social networks and poststroke communication outcomes. Method: A cohort of 30 non-Hispanic Black ( n = 12) and non-Hispanic White ( n = 18) adult stroke survivors completed the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) Communication subtest and the Stroke Social Network Scale (SSNS). The SSNS captures elements of social networks including satisfaction and contact with friends, relatives, children, and groups. The relationship between the SIS Communication subtest scores and SSNS scores was explored using ordinal Bayesian regression estimation models adjusting for sex, age, time postonset, marital status, and stroke type. Results: Average SIS Communication scores differed ( t = 2.07, p = .335) between White ( M = 81.75, SD = 22.90) and Black ( M = 95.71, SD = 4.95) participants, but SSNS Comprehensive scores were similar between the two groups ( t = −0.89, p = 1.00). SSNS children subtest scores were higher among the Black than the White ( t = −1.73, p = .0473) participants. Similarly, satisfaction subtest scores were comparatively higher among Black than White participants ( t = 1.85, p = .451). SSNS Satisfaction, Friends, and Groups subtest scores were positively associated with SIS Communication, indicating strong associations with lower impairment. SSNS Children subtest scores were negatively related to SIS, indicating higher impairment. Although most subtest associations were similar for both groups, the associations with SSNS Children and Friends subtests differed between racial groups. Conclusions: Levels of communication impairment were correlated with child, friendship, and group attachments among participants. However, strong social ties to children and friends had different associations among racial groups.

Variation in the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) moderates the influence of maternal sensitivity on child attachment

The endogenous opioid system is thought to play an important role in mother-infant attachment. In infant rhesus macaques, variation in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) is related to differences in attachment behavior that emerges following repeated separation from the mother; specifically, infants carrying at least one copy of the minor G allele of the OPRM1 C77G polymorphism show heightened and more persistent separation distress, as well as a pattern of increased contact-seeking behavior directed towards the mother during reunions (at the expense of affiliation with other group members). Research in adult humans has also linked the minor G allele of the analogous OPRM1 A118G polymorphism with greater interpersonal sensitivity. Adopting an interactionist approach, we examined whether OPRM1 A118G genotype and maternal (in)sensitivity are associated with child attachment style, predicting that children carrying the G allele may be more likely to develop an ambivalent attachment pattern in response to less sensitive maternal care. The sample consisted of 191 mothers participating with their children (n = 223) in the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) project, a community-based, birth cohort study of Canadian mothers and their children assessed longitudinally across the child’s development. Maternal sensitivity was coded from at-home mother-child interactions videotaped when the child was 18 months of age. Child attachment was assessed at 36 months using the Strange Situation paradigm. As predicted, G allele carriers, but not AA homozygotes, showed increasing odds of being classified as ambivalently attached with decreasing levels of maternal sensitivity. Paralleling earlier non-human animal research, this work provides support for the theory that endogenous opioids contribute to the expression of attachment behaviors in humans.

Attachment representations in high intellectual potential (HIP) children compared to non-HIP children during development

IntroductionThe studies about developmental bases of attachment in healthy children with high intellectual potential (HIP) are rare.Moreover, the literature underline socio-emotional disorders in HIP and difficulties with behavioral adjustment of parents.ObjectivesWe aimed to explore the developmental trajectory of attachment in HIP children without psychological or learning disorders.MethodsThe french version of the Adolescent-Unresolved-Attachment-Questionnaire (QANRA: internal consistency=0.74-0.82; test-retest =0.58-0.83) was analyzed in 80 healthy children (50 HIP with IQ>130 vs. 30 non-HIP), aged 7-to-13-years-old (mean 10y; SD 1.8). All children were recruited in private and public schools in Paris.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the groups. However, when we looked at the developmental trajectory by distinguishing the period of adolescence [7-10 years (56% in the HIP group vs. 53% in the non-HIP); 11-13 years (44% in the HIP group vs. 47% in the non-HIP)], we have noted a significantly early integration of resolved attachment in the HIP children that seems to remain stable in adolescence.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the early onset of attachment with a harmony of intellectual/psycho-affective development in HIP children without skipping stages, but more quickly and effectively. This could potentially be explained by their cognitive abilities, particularly the theory of mind and the executive functions, known to be significantly more efficient in HIP children without neurodevelopmental disorders.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Do attachment styles influence the sexual function of an individual?

IntroductionAttachment theory, first proposed by John Bowlby and later extended by Mary Ainsworth and others, outlines how experiences of early childhood attachment with caregivers can affect one’s emotional and interpersonal relationships throughout adulthood. Typically, attachment styles are categorised into four main types: secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant and disorganised. Conversely, it is recognised that various biological, psychological, relational, social and iatrogenic factors elements can impact an individual’s sexual function.ObjectivesOur aim with this research was to present the most current literature on whether there is a correlation between attachment styles and sexual function.MethodsWe conducted a non-systematic review on the topic using PubMed and PsycInfo.ResultsThere is evidence indicating a link between attachment styles and sexual function.People with secure attachment styles tend to experience more positive and fulfilling sexual relationships. Such individuals typically have a more positive self-image, they feel at ease with emotional intimacy, and are therefore able to openly communicate their needs and desires. They exhibit a healthy balance between seeking closeness and maintaining independence.Individuals with anxious attachment styles may experience heightened levels of sexual anxiety and insecurity. Concerns regarding rejection or abandonment within sexual relationships may impact their sexual function and satisfaction. These individuals usually have a negative self-image and may be more prone to seek reassurance and validation through sexual activities.People with avoidant attachment styles may encounter obstacles in developing emotional intimacy and closeness, which can negatively affect their sexual relationships. Such individuals might experience commitment anxiety and prioritise physical aspects of sexual activity over emotional bonding, ultimately decreasing sexual satisfaction for both them and their partners.Disorganised attachment styles are linked with challenges in regulating their emotions and behaviours in intimate situations, which can have a negative impact on sexual function and satisfaction.ConclusionsWhile the literature proposes attachment styles may impact sexual function, it is important to acknowledge other factors that contribute to sexual function. In addition to biological and iatrogenic factors, individual personality, relationship dynamics, past experiences, and cultural influences all have a significant role in shaping one’s sexual behaviour and satisfaction. All of these should be addressed in order to alleviate sexual difficulties.Moreover, attachment styles may develop and change over time through positive relationships and therapeutic interventions, potentially leading to changes in one’s sexual functioning and relationship dynamics.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

유아교사의 아동기 애착 경험이 유아-교사 관계에 미치는 영향

Purpose: This study investigated attachment experiences in childhood, psychological flexibility, and the level of preschooler-teacher relationships of early childhood teachers, and analyzed the effect of childhood attachment experiences on preschooler-teacher relationships based on verifying the mediating effect of psychological flexibility.
 Methods: A survey was conducted with 274 homeroom teachers in charge of infants aged three to five at a domestic Early Childhood Education institution. The collected data were calculated using the SPSS version 26.0 to calculate the mean and standard deviation. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to examine relations among the variables. Mediating effects were tested with Model 4 of the PROCESS macro for SPSS version 4.1.
 Results: First, the childhood attachment experiences of Early Childhood teachers, psychological flexibility, and the level of preschooler-teacher relationships were all above the middle range. Second, psychological flexibility partially mediated the influence of childhood attachment experiences of Early Childhood teachers on preschooler-teacher relationships.
 Conclusion: This research provides basic data on childhood attachment experiences, psychological flexibility, and the preschooler-teacher relationships of Early Childhood teachers and reveals a high positive influence relationship between these variables. This reveals that Early Childhood teachers need to mentally and institutionally support Early Childhood teachers in order to improve their childhood attachment experiences, psychological flexibility, and move preschooler-teacher relationships to a higher level.

Trust-Based Relational Intervention® (TBRI®) Impact for Traumatized Children-Meaningful Change on Attachment Security and Mental Health after One Year.

Children from vulnerable backgrounds often have insecure attachment or disorganized attachment, which are related to psychological troubles, and such children need interventions to help them heal. The attachment system reorganizes in middle childhood, and other important adults play a considerable role in children's lives. Thus, it is essential to weigh the impact of psychosocial interventions, while the main focus of the intervention is the staff member's direct work with the child through a trusting relationship. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate whether children's attachment security and mental health outcomes change after participating in a trauma-informed, attachment-based, Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) provided in a daycare center. It was a case-series study involving twelve children aged 8-11 years. The child attachment interview (CAI), CBCL/6-18, TRF/6-18, and clinical interviews for parents and children were used, measuring the change between the TBRI implementation in the daycare center and after one year. For ten participants, we noticed an improvement in mental health; for seven participants, security scales improved; for two participants, their disorganized attachment changed into insecure-dismissing. We have preliminary evidence that vulnerable children may benefit in terms of attachment security and mental health from the trusting relationship that staff build using the TBRI.

Interbrain substrates of role switching during mother-child interaction.

Mother-child interaction is highly dynamic and reciprocal. Switching roles in these back-and-forth interactions serves as a crucial feature of reciprocal behaviors while the underlying neural entrainment is still not well-studied. Here, we designed a role-controlled cooperative task with dual EEG recording to explore how differently two brains interact when mothers and children hold different roles. When children were actors and mothers were observers, mother-child interbrain synchrony emerged primarily within the theta oscillations and the frontal lobe, which highly correlated with children's attachment to their mothers (self-reported by mothers). When their roles were reversed, this synchrony was shifted to the alpha oscillations and the central area and associated with mothers' perception of their relationship with their children. The results suggested an observer-actor neural alignment within the actor's oscillations, which was related to the actor-toward-observer emotional bonding. Our findings contribute to the understanding of how interbrain synchrony is established and dynamically changed during mother-child reciprocal interaction.

Visualizing the invisible tie: Linking parent-child neural synchrony to parents' and children's attachment representations.

It is a central tenet of attachment theory that individual differences in attachment representations organize behavior during social interactions. Secure attachment representations also facilitate behavioral synchrony, a key component of adaptive parent-child interactions. Yet, the dynamic neural processes underlying these interactions and the potential role of attachment representations remain largely unknown. A growing body of research indicates that interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) could be a potential neurobiological correlate of high interaction and relationship quality. In this study, we examined whether interpersonal neural and behavioral synchrony during parent-child interaction is associated with parent and child attachment representations. In total, 140 parents (74 mothers and 66 fathers) and their children (age 5-6 years; 60 girls and 80 boys) engaged in cooperative versus individual problem-solving. INS in frontal and temporal regions was assessed with functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning. Attachment representations were ascertained by means of the Adult Attachment Interview in parents and a story-completion task in children, alongside video-coded behavioral synchrony. Findings revealed increased INS during cooperative versus individual problem solving across all dyads (𝛸2(2)=9.37, p=0.009). Remarkably, individual differences in attachment representations were associated with INS but not behavioral synchrony (p>0.159) during cooperation. More specifically, insecure maternal attachment representations were related to higher mother-child INS in frontal regions (𝛸2(3)=9.18, p=0.027). Conversely, secure daughter attachment representations were related to higher daughter-parent INS within temporal regions (𝛸2(3)=12.58, p=0.006). Our data thus provide further indication for INS as a promising correlate to probe the neurobiological underpinnings of attachment representations in the context of early parent-child interactions. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We assessed attachment representations using narrative measures and interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) during parent-child problem-solving. Dyads including mothers with insecure attachment representations showed higher INS in left prefrontal regions. Dyads including daughters with secure attachment representations showed higher INS in right temporo-parietal regions. INS is a promising correlate to probe the neurobiological underpinnings of attachment representations in the context of parent-child interactions, especially within the mutual prediction framework.

Maternal attachment security modulates the relationship between vulnerability to anxiety and attentional bias to threat in healthy children

This study aimed to investigate whether attentional bias to threat, commonly observed in clinically anxious children, also manifests in healthy children, potentially aiding the early detection of at-risk individuals. Additionally, it sought to explore the moderating role of parent–child attachment security on the association between vulnerability factors (anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, perseverative cognitions) as indicators of vulnerability to anxiety, and attentional bias towards threat in healthy children. A total of 95 children aged 8 to 12 years completed the Visual Search Task to assess attentional bias. Vulnerability to anxiety was measured using a composite score derived from the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale for Children, and Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire. Parent–child attachment security was assessed using the Security Scale-Child Self-Report. Analyses revealed that higher vulnerability to anxiety was associated with faster detection of anger-related stimuli compared to neutral ones, and this association was further influenced by high maternal security. These findings in healthy children suggest an interaction between specific factors related to anxiety vulnerability and the security of the mother–child relationship, leading to cognitive patterns resembling those seen in clinically anxious individuals. These results hold promise for early identification of children at risk of developing anxiety disorders.

Generation time-out grows up: young adults' reports about childhood time-out use and their mental health, attachment, and emotion regulation.

Time-out (TO) is a widely utilised parental discipline technique with a strong evidence-base that nonetheless has attracted controversy regarding potential adverse effects on mental health in developing children. Associations between TO implementation and mental health outcomes have rarely been investigated, especially through the eyes of children who grew up experiencing TO. This study recruited 407 university students (Study 1) and a community sample of 535 young adults (Study 2); both samples aged 18-30 years. Young adults were surveyed on their retrospective reports of childhood TO experience, childhood experiences of adversity, perceived parenting style and parental attachment, and their current mental health outcomes (attachment style, emotion regulation and mental health). In Study 1, 334 (82.1%) young adults reported experiencing TO in childhood, but with widely varied implementation that differed considerably from its evidence-based ideal. Reports of more TO appropriate implementation were associated with less avoidant attachment, better mental health, and emotion regulation, over and above the effects associated with authoritative parenting and secure attachment in childhood. While exposure to childhood adversity was associated with poorer adulthood outcomes, TO implementation did not moderate the association. Study 2 replicated most findings from Study 1, except that appropriate TO implementation displayed a positive association with mental health and no associations with anxious and avoidant attachment and emotion regulation. These findings suggest the safety of TO use with young children, including those who experienced childhood adversity, and highlight the importance of disseminating sufficient parenting information on TO in the community.

The contribution of Sensory Processing Sensitivity and internalized attachment representations on emotion regulation competencies in school-age children.

As captured by the individual trait of Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS), highly sensitive children perceive, process, and responds more strongly to stimuli. This increased sensitivity may make more demanding the process of regulating and managing emotions. Yet, developmental psychology literature also showed that other variables, as those related to the rearing environment, are likely to contribute to the process of regulating emotions. With the current contribution, we aim to bridge two lines of research, that of attachment studies and that of SPS, by investigating the additive and interactive contribution of SPS and internal working models of attachment representations on emotion regulation competencies in school-aged children. Participants were N = 118 Italian children (mean age: 6.5, SD = 0.58 years, and 51.8% female) with their mothers. Children's positive attachment representations were rated observationally through the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task procedure during an individual session at school. Mothers reported on children SPS trait and emotion regulation competencies completing the Highly Sensitive Child Scale-parent report and the Emotion Regulation Checklist. We performed and compared a series of main and interaction effect models. SPS was not directly associated with emotion regulation but it was significantly associated with positive attachment representations in predicting emotion regulation. Highly sensitive children showed poorer emotion regulation when the internalized representations were low in maternal warmth and responsiveness. When driven by sensitive and empathic attachment representation, highly sensitive children showed better emotion regulation than less-sensitive peers, suggesting a for better and for worse effect. Highly sensitive children are not only more vulnerable to adversities but also show better emotion regulation competencies when supported by positive internal working models of attachment relationships. Overall, findings shed light on the link between SPS and attachment and suggest that working for promoting secure attachment relationships in parent-child dyads may promote better emotion regulation competences, particularly in highly sensitive children.

Pilot examination of independent and interactive effects of maltreatment and neighborhood risk on child attachment

ABSTRACT Elucidating the influence of microsystem and exosystem factors on development is an important goal of developmental psychopathology. This study examined the effects of maltreatment and neighborhood risk on child-caregiver attachment. Maltreatment records, neighborhood risk indices, and Strange Situation data were collected from a diverse sample of 170 four-year-old children and their caregivers. Relative contributions of maltreatment, neighborhood risk, and their interaction on attachment insecurity and disorganization were explored via latent moderation. Maltreated children demonstrated higher rates of insecure attachment, but not attachment disorganization, independent of neighborhood risk. Controlling for maltreatment, preliminary results suggested no effects of neighborhood risk on attachment. Findings support prior research that has identified maltreatment as a salient risk to the formation of secure attachment relationships. However, results add heterogeneity to the limited research investigating effects of neighborhood on attachment. Overall, this study highlights the importance of examining multilevel ecological risk in relation to attachment relationship development.

Stressful life events and prenatal representations of the child

ABSTRACT Caregivers’ mental representations of their children can be assessed prenatally and are prospectively associated with later caregiving quality and caregiver–child attachment. Compared to balanced, distorted or disengaged representations are linked to insecure caregiver–child attachments. The present study explored factors (i.e. stressful life experiences and positive experiences) that may be linked to risk for distorted and disengaged representations. We used a brief version of the Prenatal Working Model of the Child Interview in a sample of 298 pregnant people (ages 19 to 45 years; M = 30.83, SD = 5.00) between gestational age 11–38 weeks (M = 23.49, SD = 5.70). A greater number of stressful events across three developmental periods (i.e., lifespan, childhood, and pregnancy) were related to increased odds of distorted, compared to balanced classification. Pregnancy stress had the largest association. Positive experiences from childhood did not buffer the association between stress and representations. Findings highlight the importance of stress on prenatal representations of one’s child.