Attachment Configurations Research Articles

Stalking as paranoid attachment: A typological and dynamic model

Stalking encompasses a wide range of behavioral patterns, risk factors, interpersonal dynamics, and dangerousness. To account for these diverse phenomena, we propose that stalking behavior is best conceptualized by a dynamic interaction of attachment styles and psychodynamic phenomena. This paper articulates a model that explains stalking behavior within the framework of attachment theory. Four prototypical configurations of stalkers and their victims are developed. Each configuration is discussed in terms of a pattern of internal representations, affective constellations, combinations of aggression and narcissism, and potential for future violence. The four configurations proposed here are maintained through stalkers' over ideational linkage fantasies and projective identifications, which range from shame-prone and needy idealization to malevolent torment of the victim. Our model arrays erotomanic, jealous, and persecutory attachments along a continuum of increasingly paranoid and pathological identifications. We argue that these prototypical attachment configurations provide a theoretically driven means of differentiating phases of stalking, and as such provide useful leads in the empirical study and clinical assessment, treatment, and management of stalkers.

In Vivo Hemodynamic Responses to Thoracic Artificial Lung Attachment

A thoracic artificial lung (TAL) was attached to the pulmonary circulation in a porcine model. Proximal main pulmonary artery (PA) blood flow, in part or whole, was diverted to the TAL, and TAL outlet blood flow was split between the distal main PA and left atrium (LA). The right ventricle (RV) drove blood flow through the combined TAL/natural lung (NL) pulmonary system. Selective banding placed the TAL in parallel with the NLs, in series with the NLs, or in an intermediary hybrid configuration. Parallel TAL attachment lowered pulmonary system impedance, raised cardiac output (CO), and provided the greatest TAL blood flow rate, but reduced the NL blood flow rate which is important for pulmonary embolic clearance and metabolic blood processing. Hybrid or series TAL attachment raised pulmonary system impedance, lowered CO, increased RV oxygen consumption, and reduced RV oxygen supply. Redesign of the PA anastomoses, TAL inlet graft, and TAL entrance and exit would significantly improve hemodynamics and RV function with TAL attachment. Mean LA pressure increased throughout the experiment, which may indicate damage caused by graft attachment to the LA. Pulmonary resistance-flow rate curves may enable clinical prediction of tolerable TAL attachment configurations.

Dyadic Characteristics of Individual Attributes: Attachment, Neuroticism, and Their Relation to Marital Quality and Closeness.

The present article focuses on couple types based on 2 personality traits, attachment security and neuroticism, as they relate to 2 facets of the marital relationship--a global evaluation of relationship quality and dyadic closeness-distance. The sample consisted of 248 married couples who completed measures of attachment anxiety and avoidance, neuroticism, and marital quality, as well as levels of closeness reported over 7 consecutive days. Cluster analyses yielded 3 types of dyadic attachment configurations (secure, fearful avoidant, and insecure-mixed) and 4 types of dyadic neuroticism (low couple neuroticism, high couple neuroticism, wife neuroticism, and husband neuroticism). Significant differences were found among attachment and neuroticism dyadic types in marital quality. The findings are discussed in terms of the viability of dyadic types based on individual traits, implying that attachment security yields itself to dyadic conceptualization more than neuroticism.

Transient dynamics of a dispersive elastic wave guide weakly coupled to an essentially nonlinear end attachment

We consider the dynamics of a dispersive semi-infinite linear rod weakly connected to an essentially nonlinear end attachment. Using a Green’s function formulation we reduce the dynamics to an integro-differential equation, which we express in the form of an infinite set of ordinary differential equations using Neumann expansions. We examine resonant interactions of the attachment with incident traveling waves propagating in the pass band of the rod, as well as resonance capture phenomena where the attachment engages in transient 1:1 internal resonance with the in-phase mode of the rod, at the bounding frequency of its pass and stop bands. The studied resonant interactions of the nonlinear attachment with traveling waves are similar to resonance capture cascades occurring in finite-chain nonlinear attachment configurations; these are the transient dynamics of the attachment as it engages in a series of instantaneous resonances with a continuous spectrum of frequencies in the pass band of the medium. As the energy of the attachment decreases due to damping and energy radiation back to the rod, the attachment engages in 1:1 resonance capture with the in-phase mode of the rod; this resonance capture occurs due to the dispersion property in the linear medium. It is shown that the transient dynamics of resonance capture can be reduced to a set of two ‘slow flow’ amplitude and phase modulation equations. The analytical results are in agreement with direct numerical simulations.

EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL LUNG ATTACHMENT MODE ON PULMONARY SYSTEM OXYGEN DELIVERY

Mode of thoracic artificial lung (TAL) attachment to the pulmonary circulation has a complex effect on total oxygen delivery. Attachment may be in parallel (P) with the natural lungs (NL), in series (S) or in a hybrid of P and S. Attachment mode affects (i) cardiac output (CO), (ii) distribution of flow to TAL and NL and (iii) NL inlet pO2, each of which influences total TAL+NL oxygen delivery. Empirical relations between CO, pulmonary system resistance (PSR) and attachment configuration from in vivo porcine experiments; normalized experimental data characterizing TAL oxygen delivery; and a simple model of NL oxygen delivery were combined to anticipate the effect of attachment mode on total oxygen delivery in normal and pathologic conditions. Disease states with reduced NL oxygen delivery capability and/or elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were modeled. Oxygen delivery by TAL and NL each depend on flow rate received and inlet pO2. Parallel attachment increases CO, due to low PSR, and maintains a low NL inlet pO2, both of which enhance total oxygen delivery despite reduced fractions of CO received by both TAL and NL. Series attachment decreases CO, due to high PSR, and significantly increases NL inlet pO2, markedly decreasing total oxygen delivery despite total CO received by both TAL and NL. Oxygen delivery in parallel, for example, is twice that in series with normal physiology. High NL inlet pO2 can, however, partially ameliorate the detrimental effects of series attachment by reducing PVR. Supported by NIH R01 HL59537.

THE EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL LUNG ATTACHMENT MODE ON PULMONARY VASCULAR AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR MECHANICS IN A PIG MODEL

Thoracic artificial lungs (TALs) were implanted in six healthy pigs to assess the hemodynamic consequences of attachment configuration. An end-to-side anastamosis to the proximal main pulmonary artery (PA) led to the TAL inlet. Split outflow from the TAL led to the distal main PA and the left atrium (LA). Selective banding reduced the attachment mode to one that was in series (S) with the natural lungs (NL), in parallel (P) or in a hybrid (H) mode between the two extremes. Each experiment consisted of attaching the TAL, collecting baseline (BL) data and then adjusting the bands to create, in sequence, the following modes: P, H, S, repeat H, repeat P and repeat BL. Most hemodynamic parameters in the second half of the sequence were not significantly different than in the first. Mean LA pressure, however, was systematically higher at the second BL than at the first, a result that is of concern and that may be indicative of damage caused by graft attachment to the LA or of LV dysfunction. Parallel attachment lowered pulmonary system impedance and raised cardiac output (CO), whereas S attachment raised impedance and lowered CO. Parallel attachment was hemodynamically advantageous, but blood flow through the NL is important for embolic clearance. The right ventricle may be at risk of ischemia in the S or H configurations, due to high workload and low oxygen delivery. Supported by NIH R01 HL59537.

HEMODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN AND ATTACHMENT MODE OF AN ARTIFICIAL LUNG

Attachment of an artificial lung (AL) to the pulmonary circulation is anticipated to benefit the treatment of acute or chronic pulmonary disease. AL use would be appropriate when conventional ventilation becomes ineffective or damaging. A numerical model has been developed to predict the hemodynamic consequences of different AL attachment modes and designs in the wide range of possible pathologies. Hemodynamics, in turn, affect blood oxygenation and right ventricular (RV) mechanics, two competing concerns. The model employs compliant chambers and conductant links, some with valves, to represent the major elements of the systemic and pulmonary circulations and the AL. The model includes reactive right and left ventricles and blood pressure feedback from the autonomic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system and renal volume control mechanism. The cardiac chamber compliances vary with time and drive the system. Oxygen supply to and utilization by the RV free wall are compared to predict possible ischemia. Several pathologies are modeled including one that is extreme with respect to imposed RV load, with pulmonary vascular resistance five times normal and pulmonary arterial compliance 0.7 times normal. In this hemodynamically severe disease state only implantation of an AL in-parallel with the natural lungs (NL) enables the heart to maintain sufficient cardiac output, 4.5 l/min compared with 3.5 l/min in other attachment modes, and avoids RV ischemia. No reasonable alteration to AL design would much improve the feasibility of an alternate attachment configuration. Gradual flow rerouting would favorably minimize autonomic stimulation. Combined AL-NL oxygenation efficacy is assessed. Supported by NIH R01 HL59537

Aldol condensation reactions of (dienone) tricarbonyliron complexes. 3 1. Enantioselective total synthesis of 3,6-dideoxyhexoses from lactaldehyde

The trimethylsilyl enol ether 2 of racemic (3,5-heptadien-2-one) tricarbonyliron 1 undergoes a completely stereoselective cross aldol reaction with TiCl 4-coordinated (S)-(−)-benzyloxylactaldehyde (−)- 3, yielding two separable diastereomeric ketols, differing only in the configuration of the metal-ligand attachment (resolution). Both were converted into protected 3,6-dideoxyhexoses [(+)- 16 (R,S,S) and (−)- 17 (S,S,S)] by successive stereoselective reduction into 1,3-diols, transformation into diacetates, decomplexation and ozonolysis. The same dideoxyhexoses, as well as the enantiomeric series, can be obtained from the racemic lactaldehyde and the pure enantiomers of 2.

Development and testing of a new sampler for welding fume

The development of a new sampler having an inhalable entry and a porous foam plug, which can partition the respirable and non-respirable fractions of the sampled air, is described. The rationale for this partitioning is that welding fume is primarily respirable, where dust generated by other welding related processes is generally non-respirable. The sampler is designed to operate inside the welder's face shield, and its attachment configuration fulfils the requirements stated in the proposed European Standard for welding fume sampling (CEN, 1996). The aspiration efficiency agrees well with that of a breathing mannequin wearing a face shield, although it undersamples compared to the inhalable convention (CEN, 1993) in wind tunnel tests. The penetration of welding fume through the porous foam is consistently around 72%, comparable to that through a conventional personal cyclone. Field trials have indicated that the sampler does not obstruct nodal work activity or vision. Finally, the new sampler has been included in the proposed European Standard.

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A NEW SAMPLER FOR WELDING FUME

The development of a new sampler having an inhalable entry and a porous foam plug, which can partition the respirable and non-respirable fractions of the sampled air, is described. The rationale for this partitioning is that welding fume is primarily respirable, where dust generated by other welding related processes is generally non-respirable. The sampler is designed to operate inside the welder's face shield, and its attachment configuration fulfils the requirements stated in the proposed European Standard for welding fume sampling (CEN, 1996). The aspiration efficiency agrees well with that of a breathing mannequin wearing a face shield, although it undersamples compared to the inhalable convention (CEN, 1993) in wind tunnel tests. The penetration of welding fume through the porous foam is consistently around 72%, comparable to that through a conventional personal cyclone. Field trials have indicated that the sampler does not obstruct nodal work activity or vision. Finally, the new sampler has been included in the proposed European Standard.

Strength of Composite T-Joints under Pull-Out Loads

This paper examines the non-linear deflection response of highly stressed sandwich T-joints using large deflection and plasticity analyses. The finite element method considering a plane model of the joint, accounts for plastic deformation of the core and glue materials and non-linear geometric effects. The finite element studies are used to identify internal stress states in the various regions of the joint and for different attachment configurations, leading up to and at failure. The results of this analysis have been combined with the measured properties of the materials forming the joint in order to predict quantitatively the failure strength.

Biomechanical effect of a two-segment anterior cruciate ligament graft with separate femoral attachments and differing levels of prescribed load sharing.

The objective of this study was to analyze the biomechanical effect of varying the level of prescribed load sharing between two segments of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft, and of separating the femoral attachments of these segments. Total anterior-posterior (AP) laxity was measured using an instrumented spatial linkage. Forces in graft segments were measured using buckle transducers. The two-segment graft was formed using the middle third of the patellar tendon with bone blocks and a synthetic augmentation device. Proximal fixation was obtained using a fixture which allowed changing the individual locations of the femoral attachments of the tendon and augmentation segments. Distal fixation was achieved using a force-setting device which allowed the loads in each segment to be set to prescribed levels. Total graft force, load sharing, and total AP laxity were recorded during the application of 100-N AP tibial loads at 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees, and 110 degrees flexion, for various combinations of load sharing set at extension and locations of femoral attachment sites. The load sharing, total graft force, and AP laxity during AP loading at the five test flexion angles were not significantly affected by changing the prescribed level of load sharing set at extension for a given femoral attachment configuration. However, varying the separate hole locations of the graft segments for a given level of load sharing significantly affected load sharing, total graft force, and AP laxity. If the tendon graft was located posteriorly (on the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle) and the augmentation segment proximally, the augmentation carried a greater portion of the total force in flexion. If the augmentation segment was changed to a more posterosuperior location and the tendon posteroinferior, the tendon carried a higher percentage of the total force in flexion. AP laxity in most reconstruction states was significantly greater than in the normal joint with an intact ACL. The nature of the load sharing between the graft segments under AP tibial load over the flexion range can be controlled by the appropriate choice of the segments' femoral attachment locations.

Graphic Expression of Passive-movement Examination Findings

PROBABLY no movement of vertebral joints, even the single excursion of a single segment, is ever along one plane or about one axis. It is very likely that a// movement, active or passive, is combined or coupled to a greater or lesser degree. Consideration of the detailed biomechanics of transverse vertebral pressure to a thoracic spinous process will make the point. The extent to which coupling depends upon the configuration of articular surfaces, capsular and peri-articular ligament attachments, and longer extraarticular soft tissues, differs between regions, and between segments of the same region. Coupling patterns rnay be abnormal by reason of changes in soft tissue not indigenous to a joint, the responses of which are being treated by passive movement, however it is localised by this or that pressure against a single bony point. So-called 'movement diagrams' of examination findings (Maitland, 1986) are really flat two-dimensional maps of the responses (normal or abnormal) of articular structures to passive three-dimensional movement, rather than true representations of the movement itself. Graphically expressing these responses is a useful exercise for beginners. It is an excellent method of teaching the important basic skills of palpation, familiarity with the feel of soft tissues in their various normal and abnormal states and the feel of movement. It also teaches the 'pain-rangeresistance' relationship (Grieve, 19841, when treatment of musculoskeletal problems largely comprises the same oscillatory passive movements andlor manipulative thrust techniques as the lynch-pin of the treatment method advocated (Maitland, 1986). Yet expressing 'joint' abnormality in ever more detail, equally for all vertebral regions and segments, may foster a principle at the expense of what the principle is about, and teach undue preoccupation with this aspect of clinical examination, possibly detracting from appreciation of wider implications in the causation of musculoskeletal conditions.

EVALUATION OF A TETRAHEDRON SPREADER ON A FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT TO INCREASE FERTILISER SPREAD

Five combinations of attachments were compared with an unmodified Fletcher aircraft for ability to spread fertiliser granules in a wide swath,over flat land at Napier, North Island. Lateral spread of fertiliser, applied at a nominal rate of approximately 500 kg/ha, was measured by the aircraft flying over a grid of collectors, making two passes for each configuration of attachments. An increase in lateral spread of fertiliser was obtained when theaircraft topdressed in each of the configurations with the tetrahedron spreader fitted but this was accompanied by a marked decrease in rate of application. For example, with the tetrahedron spreader lowered, with streamlining fairings fitted to the front and rear of the hopper outlet, and with accelerator ducts attached to the front f&ring, the swath width increased by 32%. up to 33 m, and the central peak from the distribution pattern, typical of that produced by an unmodified aircraft, was reduced. However the measured application rate fell to approximately 190 kg/ha with this combination of attachments compared with the 427 kg/ha for the unmodified aircraft. Further tests with an unmodrfied aircraft at lower application rates are needed before a direct comparison of swath width can be made. Keywords: Tetrahedron fertiliser spreader, topdressing, lateral spread, fertiliser distribution, hill country

The surgical anatomy of extraperitoneal cesarean section

1. The surgical anatomy of extraperitoneal cesarean section, based on the study of forty-nine extraperitoneal operations of all major types, is presented from four interlocking points of view: (1) anatomic description, (2) planes of dissection, (3) anatomic approaches to the lower uterine segment, and (4) the technique developed from consideration of the foregoing.2. Variations in configuration and levels of attachment of peritoneum to bladder, in the nature of the fibroareolar component of the peritoneum, in adherence of serous peritoneum to perivesical fascia, and in substance of the perivesical fascia are described. Anatomic variations of the supravesical area are emphasized. The paravesical space is described.3. Proposed and actual planes of dissection are discussed. It is pointed out that extraperitoneal cesarean section is usually performed successfully only by employing several planes of dissection.4. The anatomic approaches to the lower uterine segment are briefly discussed.5. The operative technique developed as a result of the foregoing material is outlined. It consists essentially of a bilateral paravesical approach with retrovesical separation of the bladder from the lower uterine segment and subsequent dissection of the supravesical area. The easiest planes of dissection are utilized throughout.