Alveolar Bone Atrophy Research Articles

Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of 3D-Printed Subperiosteal Titanium Implants: A 6-Year Follow-Up.

As an alternative to regenerative therapies, numerous authors have recently proposed bringing back subperiosteal implants. The aim of the study was to present our clinical experience with a subperiosteal jaw implant that needs minimal bone preparation and enables the rapid implantation of prosthetic teeth in edentulous, atrophic alveolar bone. The research included 36 complete or partial edentulous patients (61 subperiostal implants) over a period of 6 years. To create the patient-specific subperiostal implants design, DentalCAD 3.0 Galway software (exocad GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) was used and fabricated with a Mysint 100 (Sisma S.p.A., Piovene Rocchette, Italy) by titanium alloy powder. The results showed that only 9 of the 36 cases were successful at 6-year follow-up, while 27 cases had complications, including exposure of the metal frame (early or delayed), mobility of the device prior to the first 4-6 months, and late mobility due to recurrent infections and progressive structure exposure; 1 case failed for reasons unrelated to the device. This study indicated that the prudent application of fully customized subperiosteal jaw implants is a dependable alternative for the dental rehabilitation of atrophic edentulous cases that necessitate bone grafts for traditional fixed dental implant solutions.

Biodegradable Nanoflowers with Abaloparatide Spatiotemporal Management of Functional Alveolar Bone Regeneration.

Post-extraction alveolar bone atrophy greatly hinders the subsequent orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) or implant placement. In this study, we synthesized biodegradable bifunctional bioactive calcium phosphorus nanoflowers (NFs) loaded with abaloparatide (ABL), namely ABL@NFs, to achieve spatiotemporal management for alveolar bone regeneration. The NFs exhibited a porous hierarchical structure, high drug encapsulation efficacy, and desirable biocompatibility. ABL was initially released to recruit stem cells, followed by sustained release of Ca2+ and PO43- for in situ interface mineralization, establishing an osteogenic "biomineralized environment". ABL@NFs successfully restored morphologically and functionally active alveolar bone without affecting OTM. In conclusion, the ABL@NFs demonstrated promising outcomes for bone regeneration under orthodontic condition, which might provide a desirable reference of man-made "bone powder" in the hard tissue regeneration field.

Assessment of the intrasinusidal volume before and after maxillary sinus augmentation using mri – a pilot study of eight patients

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability, accuracy, and reliability of a non-invasive 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging technique (3 T-MRI) for the visualization of maxillary sinus grafts in comparison to conventional, X-ray-based, established standard imaging techniques.MethodsA total of eight patients with alveolar bone atrophy who required surgical sinus floor augmentation in the course of dental implantation were included in this pilot study. Alongside pre-operative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), 3 T-MRI was performed before and 6 months after sinus floor augmentation. Two investigators measured the maxillary sinus volume preoperatively and after bone augmentation.ResultsIn all cases, MRI demonstrated accurately the volumes of the maxillary sinus grafts. Following surgery, the bony structures suitable for an implant placement increased at an average of 4.89 cm3, corresponding with the decrease of the intrasinusidal volumes. In general, interexaminer discrepancies were low and without statistical significance.ConclusionIn this preliminary study, we could demonstrate the feasibility of MRI bone volume measurement as a radiation-free alternative with comparable accuracy to CT/CBCT before procedures like sinus floor augmentation. Nevertheless, costs and artifacts, also present in MRI, have to be taken into account. Larger studies will be necessary to justify the practicability of MRI bone volume evaluation.

Prosthetic Treatment Strategies for Improving Denture Retention in Pediatric Patients with Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: a Report of Two Cases

This report presents two cases concerning strategies for improving denture retention in pediatric patients with oligodontia caused by hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED). Both patients presented with multiple missing teeth, conical canines, alveolar bone atrophy, and a skeletal Class III tendency. In the first case, a modified form of conical-crown-retained denture was used to cover the canines. This approach was carried out without tooth extraction or coping. In the second case of severe alveolar bone resorption and a distally tilted lower left canine, the tooth was restored with a hybrid ceramic crown. It was subsequently converted into a clasp-retained removable partial denture, utilizing a suction mechanism. Both patients are currently receiving regular check-ups for the maintenance of their prosthetic appliances and the evaluation of their growth patterns. This study presents innovative prosthetic treatment methods for pediatric patients with HED who have inadequate denture retention.

Tilted Implant Technique Solved Numerous Limitation of Straight Technique

Present of important anatomical structures in both upper and lower jaws make challenge during planning for implant procedures in the atrophic alveolar bone and to overcome this problem need bone augmentation which still complex and difficult procedures make it not accepted by large number of patient. In this study we spot light on the teeth implant in an area where short bone or insufficient height of alveolar ridge and inclined alveolar ridge so when we place implant should be tilted either palatelly, mesially or distally in bone around and we compare the success rate between angled placed implant and up right placed implant. 61 patients came to clinic asking for toot h or teeth implant, 300 implant fixtures were placed in both uppe r and lower arch 203 implants were straight and 97were tilted. A fter 24 months follow up in the upper and lower alveolar arche s of dental implant (97.54%) of upright implant were success and (97.94%) of tilted implant were success. Results indicate that the use of tilted implants effective and safe method over bone augmentation procedures and nerve transferring.

Research Progress of Maxillary Sinus Cyst and Maxillary Posterior Dental Region Implantation

The loss of single or multiple teeth in the maxillary posterior region usually leads to alveolar bone resorption, atrophy, and maxillary sinus cavity gasification, resulting in insufficient vertical bone height of the maxillary posterior alveolar bone, which brings great difficulties to tooth implantation. Maxillary sinus floor lifting is an important method to solve the posterior maxillary bone mass deficiency, which can be divided into internal lifting and external lifting. In order to avoid the occurrence of complications such as maxillary sinus mucosa perforation and facilitate the selection of surgical methods, it is particularly important to accurately understand the anatomical characteristics of maxillary sinus before surgery. Maxillary sinus cyst is the most common benign disease of maxillary sinus. It has always been considered as an absolute contraindication for maxillary sinus floor elevation bone grafting, which seriously restricts the possibility of maxillary sinus bone increment. This article reviews the research progress of maxillary sinus cyst and maxillary posterior dental implantation at home and abroad.

A Clinical Study of Alveolar Bone Tissue Engineering Using Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cells: Effect of Optimized Cell-Processing Protocol on Efficacy.

(1) Objectives: The effect of cell-processing protocols on the clinical efficacy of bone tissue engineering is not well-known. To maximize efficacy, we optimized the cell-processing protocol for bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for bone tissue engineering. In this study, the efficacy of bone tissue engineering using this modified protocol was compared to that of the original protocol. (2) Materials and Methods: This single-arm clinical study included 15 patients. Cells were obtained from bone marrow aspirates and expanded in culture flasks containing basic fibroblast growth factor. The cells were seeded onto β-tricalcium phosphate granules and induced into osteogenic cells for two weeks. Then, the cell-scaffold composites were transplanted into patients with severe atrophic alveolar bone. Radiographic evaluations and bone biopsies were performed. The results were compared with those of a previous clinical study that used the original protocol. (3) Results: Panoramic X-ray and computed tomography showed bone regeneration at the transplantation site in all cases. The average bone area in the biopsy samples at 4 months was 44.0%, which was comparable to that in a previous clinical study at 6 months (41.9%) but with much less deviation. No side effects related to cell transplantation were observed. In regenerated bone, 100% of the implants were integrated. (4) Conclusions: Compared to the original protocol, the non-inferiority of this protocol was proven. The introduction of an optimized cell-processing protocol resulted in a comparable quality of regenerated bone, with less fluctuation. Optimized cell-processing protocols may contribute to stable bone regeneration.

MINEROL IN THE PROBABLE PREVENTION OF TOXIC IMPACT OF ION ALUMINIUM ON BONES IN RATS

Background. The use of a variety of aluminium-containing medications, occupational exposure to alumina dust and fumes, and heavily contaminated water sources have been associated with an adverse effect on the organism, in particular, on bone system. The search for a preventive means against the impact of aluminium on the state of bones is topical. Objective. To assess the probable prophylactic effect of sorbent Minerol on the skeletal system of white rats in long-term AlCl3 intoxication. Materials and methods. In the 2-month study, male rats were grouped into: intact animals; AlCl3-induced toxicity model (240 mg/kg of w.b.); and animals administered daily with Minerol 1g/kg of w.b. on the background AlCl3 intoxication. Density and content of mineral and organic components were determined in the femurs and lumbar vertebrae, with atrophy of the alveolar process being determined in the jaws. The aluminium content was determined in the femoral bones. Results. A long-term exposure to AlCl3 resulted in the 2.5-fold increase in aluminium content in femoral bones, 17.1% increase of alveolar bone atrophy, the slight decrease of the density of femoral bones and the slight increase of the density of lumbar vertebrae. The following changes in the content of the mineral-organic complex of bones were indicated: in femurs – the decrease due to both mineral and organic fractions, and in lumbar vertebrae – the increase due to significant increase in the organic fraction. Minerol reduced the aluminium content in femurs by 20.7%, caused a decrease in the density, mineral-organic component and mineral fraction of bone tissue of the femur and lumbar vertebrae, and additionally increased the degree of atrophy of the alveolar bone against the background of AlCl3 intoxication. Conclusions. In addition to the sorption effect, the dose of Minerol used in the study probably bound the nutritional components required for bone remodelling, i.e. protein, calcium, phosphorus etc. The results imply further investigations of the sorption properties of Minerol in prevention of the negative impact of AlCl3 in higher dose of the said sorbent and in combination with calcium, phosphorus and protein preparations.

Surface characteristics and in vitro biocompatibility of surface-modified titanium foils as a regenerative barrier membrane for guided bone regeneration.

This study evaluated surface characteristics and biocompatibility of surface-modified thin titanium (Ti) foils as a regenerative barrier membrane for future application in guided bone regeneration (GBR) surgery to augment atrophic alveolar bone. Anodic oxidation and post-heat treatment were performed to prepare various Ti foil samples. Then, the in vitro soft and hard tissue compatibility of the samples was evaluated by examining the cell responses using primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and MG63 human osteoblast-like cells. Investigated Ti foil samples showed marked differences in physicochemical surface properties. Additional 400°C heat treatment applied to the anodized Ti surface led to formation of an anatase titanium dioxide structure and well-organized nanoscale protrusions, and significantly increased surface wettability. Anodization and heat treatment enhanced the growth of HGFs and MG63 cells in Ti foil samples. Additional heat treatment for 10 and 30min further significantly improved the response of HGFs including spreading and proliferation, and upregulated the mRNA expression of cell adhesion- and maturation-related genes as well as the osteoblast differentiation of MG63 cells. Ti foil sample with thin oxide coating obtained by a 30min heat treatment exhibited poor clinical plasticity as a regenerative barrier membrane, which showed complete coating failure in the bending test. Our results indicate that anatase Ti oxide coating of a specific film thickness with nanoscale surface protrusion morphology and hydrophilic characteristics obtained by anodization and post-heat treatment would be an effective approach as a biocompatible Ti regenerative membrane for inducing better regeneration of both gingival tissue and bone.

EFFECTIVENESS OF DENTAL IMPLANTATION WITH IMMEDIATE LOADING WHEN REPLACING FRONTAL DENTITION DEFECTS

Dental implantation, viewed as an independent research-based method used to treat patients with partial and complete adentia, has a special place among the major dental specialties. There are surgical algorithms and established methods for using dental implants available. The classical two-stage implantation protocol with delayed loading is considered the most reliable and predictable, featuring the lowest complication rate. The increased interest in direct dental implantation with immediate loading can be accounted for by psycho-emotional factors, accelerated implant osseointegration, better functional and aesthetic results, prevention of alveolar process bone atrophy, as well as reduced volume of surgical and orthopedic interventions. The stability of dental implants after direct implantation and immediate loading has been found to match the stability of implants after employing a two-stage technique. The primary stability of dental implants installed directly into the hole of the removed tooth on the anterior mandible is due to a small volume of spongy substance at a significantly thick cortical layer, possible installation of an implant with a length exceeding the length of the tooth root, the availability of a proper keratinized gum zone, as well as the removal from occlusion temporary structures on implants.

A collagen membrane for periosteal expansion osteogenesis using a timed-release system in rabbit calvaria

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of resorbable membranes, combined with a shape memory alloy (SMA) mesh device, on bone formation using a timed-release system for periosteal expansion osteogenesis (TIME-PEO).Materials and methodsTwelve Japanese white rabbits were used in this study. An SMA device was inserted under the forehead periosteum, pushed and bent for attachment to the bone surface, and then fixed using resorbable thread. The rabbits were divided into four groups: C1 (5 weeks postoperatively without membrane), C2 (8 weeks postoperatively without membrane), E1 (5 weeks postoperatively with membrane), and E2 (8 weeks postoperatively with membrane). The rabbits were killed 5 or 8 weeks after the operation and the newly formed bone was assessed histologically and radiographically.ResultsSMA devices, concealed under soft tissue until the time of euthanasia, did not cause active inflammation. The mean activation height, from the original bone surface to the midpoint of the mesh, was 3.1 ± 0.6 mm. Newly formed bone was observed, and most of the subperiosteal space underneath the device was occupied by fibrous tissue. Immature bone was present at the outer surface of the original skull bone in all groups. On histomorphometric analysis, there was no significant difference in the volume of the new bone between C1 and E1 (p = 0.885), and C2 and E2 (p = 0.545).ConclusionsPEO using an SMA mesh device, which is based on guided bone regeneration (in atrophic alveolar bone), shows promise as an alternative for bone augmentation, irrespective of whether a resorbable membrane is used.

Application of bio-resorbable membranes in preventing complications of lower jaw surgery

Background/Aim: Prevention of inflammation and alveolar bone atrophy is very important in oral surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the use of two osteoplastic bio-resorbable membranes in order to prevent inflammatory complications and atrophy of the alveolar part of the mandible after surgical interventions. Material and Methods: We examined 86 patients 45-70 years old who were classified into four groups. In group 1, there were 21 patients who had a "bio-resorbable membrane type 1 implanted. The group 2 consisted of 23 persons treated with bio-resorbable membrane type 2. Only the occurrence of inflammatory complications after the placement of these membranes was monitored. Group 3 included 20 persons treated with membrane type 1 and group 4 included 22 patients treated with membrane type 2 to prevent both inflammatory complications and atrophy of the alveolar part of the mandible. The level of atrophy of the alveolar bone after one year was determined by cone-beam computed tomography. The obtained data were statistically evaluated. Results: Six inflammatory complications ("dry socket") have been identified in operated patients treated with a membrane type 1 (the first and the third groups). Only two "dry socket" occurred in patients treated with membrane type 2 (the second and fourth groups). Group 4 had significant advantages in the alveolar crest height 14.6 (11.2-22.3) and in its width 7.7 (5.1-10.2) both in relation to the indices of group 3 (11.1 (9.7-20.4) and 6.2 (4.2-9.0). Conclusions: The bio-resorbable membrane type 2 prevented inflammatory complications in the short postoperative period after surgical interventions, as well as, the atrophy of the mandible.

Scaffolds of bioactive glass (Bioglass®) combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein -9 (rhBMP-9) for tooth extraction site preservation

ObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate the osteogenic ability of bioactive glass (bioglass) combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-9 (rhBMP-9) on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro. The study also compares bone regeneration using rhBMP9 soaked with different carrier systems, including bioglass or collagen membranes (BioGide, BG) in a rat alveolar bone site preservation model in vivo. MethodsScanning electron microscopy was employed to analyze bioglass surface. The absorption and release potential of rhBMP9 from bioglass were researched by ELISA.The cell viability, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation were assessed for rhBMP9 soaked on bioglass by cck-8 kit, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, alizarin red staining, and real-time PCR. Furthermore, prepared grafts (bioglass + BG, bioglass/rhBMP9+BG, and bioglass + BG/rhBMP9) were implanted into the maxillary right first incisor sockets of Sprague Dawley rats for 8 weeks, and new bone formation was quantified by micro-CT and histological analysis. ResultsBioglass absorbed rhBMP9 dramatically and released it with a slow and stable speed within ten days by ELISA. When used with cck-8 kit detection, cell viability at 24 h, cell adhesion rate at 8 h, and cell proliferation at 1, 3, and 5 days were decreased in the bioglass alone group versus the control group but slightly increased with the addition of rhBMP9. Similarly, the effect of osteogenic differentiation on bioglass increased significantly when combined with rhBMP9 by upregulating the expression of ALP, mineralized matrix, and osteogenic related genes. Furthermore, both bioglass/rhBMP9+BG samples and bioglass + BG/rhBMP9 samples significantly improved several bone formation parameters compared with bioglass + BG samples. Interestingly, bioglass + BG/rhBMP9 samples demonstrated more bone regeneration in rat site preservation models. ConclusionsBoth bioglass and BG can be applied in GBR surgery as effective carriers of rhBMP9. However, BG may be more suitable than bioglass for investigating site preservation effect after tooth extraction when associated with rhBMP9 and provides a practical clinical solution to the problem of bone deficiency caused by alveolar bone atrophy.

Clinical Outcome and 8-Year Follow-Up of Alveolar Bone Tissue Engineering for Severely Atrophic Alveolar Bone Using Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cells with Platelet-Rich Plasma and β-Tricalcium Phosphate Granules.

Background: Although bone tissue engineering for dentistry has been studied for many years, the clinical outcome for severe cases has not been established. Furthermore, there are limited numbers of studies that include long-term follow-up. In this study, the safety and efficacy of bone tissue engineering for patients with a severely atrophic alveolar bone were examined using autogenous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), and the long-term stability was also evaluated. Methods: BMSCs from iliac bone marrow aspirate were cultured and expanded. Then, induced osteogenic cells were transplanted with autogenous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and β-tricalcium phosphate granules (β-TCP) for maxillary sinus floor and alveolar ridge augmentation. Eight patients (two males and six females) with an average age of 54.2 years underwent cell transplantation. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events. Radiographic evaluation and bone biopsies were performed to evaluate the regenerated bone. Results: The major population of transplanted BMSCs belonged to the fraction of CD34−, CD45dim, and CD73+ cells, which was only 0.065% of the total bone marrow cells. Significant deviations were observed in cell growth and alkaline phosphatase activities among individuals. However, bone regeneration was observed in all patients and the average bone area in the biopsy samples was 41.9% 6 months following transplantation, although there were also significant deviations among each case. No adverse events related to the transplants were observed. In the regenerated bone, 27 out of 29 dental implants were integrated. Dental implants and regenerated bone were stable for an average follow-up period of 7 years and 10 months. Conclusions: Although individual variations were observed, the results showed that bone tissue engineering using BMSCs with PRP and β-TCP was feasible for patients with severe atrophic maxilla throughout a long-term follow-up period and was considered safe. However, further studies with a larger number of cases and controls to confirm the efficacy of BMSCs and the development of a protocol to establish a reproducible quality of stem cell-based graft material will be required.

Application of bio-resorbable membranes in preventing complications of lower jaw surgery

Background/Aim: Prevention of inflammation and alveolar bone atrophy is very important in oral surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the use of two osteoplastic bio-resorbable membranes in order to prevent inflammatory complications and atrophy of the alveolar part of the mandible after surgical interventions. Material and Methods: We examined 86 patients 45-70 years old who were classified into four groups. In group 1, there were 21 patients who had a "bio-resorbable membrane type 1 implanted. The group 2 consisted of 23 persons treated with bio-resorbable membrane type 2. Only the occurrence of inflammatory complications after the placement of these membranes was monitored. Group 3 included 20 persons treated with membrane type 1 and group 4 included 22 patients treated with membrane type 2 to prevent both inflammatory complications and atrophy of the alveolar part of the mandible. The level of atrophy of the alveolar bone after one year was determined by cone-beam computed tomography. The obtained data were statistically evaluated. Results: Six inflammatory complications ("dry socket") have been identified in operated patients treated with a membrane type 1 (the first and the third groups). Only two "dry socket" occurred in patients treated with membrane type 2 (the second and fourth groups). Group 4 had significant advantages in the alveolar crest height 14.6 (11.2-22.3) and in its width 7.7 (5.1-10.2) both in relation to the indices of group 3 (11.1 (9.7-20.4) and 6.2 (4.2-9.0). Conclusions: The bio-resorbable membrane type 2 prevented inflammatory complications in the short postoperative period after surgical interventions, as well as, the atrophy of the mandible.

Soft tissue expander for severely verticfal atrophied alveolar ridges

Voluminous horizontal or vertical bone grafting can make primary tension-free wound closure difficult. To achieve tension-free wound closure at the grafted site and thus avoid dehiscence and exposure or total loss of the bone graft, extensive soft tissue mobilization is required. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical significance and efficacy of bone augmentation and soft tissue enlargement after application of novel tissue expander and bone grafting in patients with severe vertical alveolar bone atrophy, requiring implant placement. We review three cases of soft tissue augmentation using a self-inflating tissue expander for bone graft and dental implantation. In all cases, self-inflating expander was inserted beneath the flap as a first-stage procedure and fixated into bone in both sides of the silicone using micro screws. Two to 4 weeks later, in second-stage procedures, the tissue expander was removed and guided bone regeneration technique (GBR) was carried out with titanium mesh and collagen membrane. They showed good healing without specific complications such as wound dehiscence. After periodic follow-up at 6 months, all patients showed favorable outcomes with sufficient gain of vertical height, hence, an increase in total volume, as seen in the imaging diagnostics. Within the limits of this observational clinical study, self-inflating tissue expander may help to generate additional soft tissue, and they might contribute to the overall improvement of the bone augmentation process by reducing the risk of complications related to the lack of soft tissue.

English

Removable prosthesis is probably one of the oldest types of dental therapy used to rehabilitate patients with complete or partial edentulousness. The main function of the edentulous alveolar ridge is to provide a major area of support for the dentures.1 Ill-fitting prosthesis leads to a condition where there is no longer adequate support of bone due to RRR. Hence, rehabilitation of such cases pose a clinical challenge, as there is a decreased denture foundation area for support, retention and stability.2 Residual ridge resorption (RRR) is the severe atrophy of alveolar bone underlying the mucoperiosteum. RRR affects the alveolar bone morphology, resulting in a decreased denture foundation area and increased inter-alveolar ridge space. The increase in inter-ridge distance provides a huge restorative space which results in a heavier complete denture due to greater volume of denture base material. This increase in restorative space amalgamates with the long lip length of the patient which gives rise to huge challenge to the success of the complete denture. Also, decreased denture foundation area increases the heaviness of the prosthesis and negatively affects the retention of the denture due to gravity.3 Various weight-reduction techniques have been used in the past using a rigid three-dimensional spacer, such as dental stone (Ackerman, 1955), cellophanewrapped asbestos, silicone putty during laboratory preparation to keep denture base content out of the intended hollow cavity of the prosthesis. The following case report describes a distinct lab technique for construction of hollow maxillary complete denture for a patient with severe RRR.

IMBALANCE OF ANTIOXIDANT-PROOXIDANT SYSTEM IN RAT'S JAW BONE TISSUE UNDER LONG-TERM INTRODUCTION OF ETHANOL

Introduction. Nowadays, it is unclear what the trigger for bone resorption under the influence of chronic alcohol consumption is. As the reactions of conversion of ethanol into acetic acid are accompanied by an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, it can be assumed that the formation of oxidative stress with prolonged alcohol consumption occurs in bone tissue as well. Aim. Research of the effect of chronic administration of ethanol to females and males laboratory rats on indices of resorption, osteogenesis, the condition of the antioxidant-prooxidant system in bone tissue. Materials and Methods. 2-month old animals received from 5 % to 15 % of ethanol in their drinking water with gradual increase of the concentration. The lower jaws were segregated, and the degree of atrophy of the alveolar process was calculated. The activity of elastase, acidic (AcF) and alkaline phosphatase (AlF), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content were determined in the bone tissue homogenates. Results. Chronic alcohol consumption contributed to an increase in alveolar bone atrophy, increased activity of biochemical markers of bone resorption (elastase by 32.2 %, AcF – by 33.6 %), decreased osteogenesis (AlF activity by 32.4 %). Alcohol intoxication led to oxidative imbalance of bone tissue: a decrease in SOD activity by an average of 16.9 %, glutathione reductase activity by 36.2 %, increase in catalase activity by 35.9 % and an increase in MDA levels by 51.8 %. Conclusion. Chronic alcohol consumption stimulates atrophy of the alveolar process of the rat jaw, induces oxidative imbalance in bone tissue, which can be a trigger pathogenetic factor in further development of resorption pro-inflammatory processes in bone tissue and inhibition of bone formation.

Bone Graft Materials for Alveolar Bone Defects in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Clinically, orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) across the narrow alveolar ridge area inevitably entails some adverse reactions such as limited movement and periodontal tissue damage. Hence, it is essential to reconstruct the morphology of the alveolar crest before the tooth movement. Unlike the routine reconstruction of alveolar ridge in the field of implant, the orthodontic practices are distinctive, which require dental movement across the constructed alveolar ridge with safety and stability. Herein, we addressed the pros and cons of reconstruction of the defected orthodontic alveolar ridge with different bone graft materials. Attention is also paid to other factors such as the postgraft initiation time of OTM that can substantially influence the bone reconstruction and tooth movement effect. Rather, considering the lack of a unified standard in orthodontic clinics related to bone reconstruction for OTM, we provide some recommendations and guidance for OTM through alveolar ridge defect area. Impact statement Re-establishment of the atrophic alveolar bone before orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is important for safe and efficient tooth movement. The most prevalent approach to regenerate alveolar bone in the defect rests on the application of bone grafts. This review evaluates the application of different bone graft materials to the reconstruction of alveolar ridge defects, and provides some recommendations and guidance for OTM through alveolar ridge defect area.

Preparation and in-vitro evaluation of Fe2O3-doped DP-bioglass in combination with 3D-printing and selective laser sintering process (3DP-SLS) for alveolar bone augmentation

Severe periodontal disease can cause damage and atrophy of alveolar bone. Presently, Fe2O3-doped DP-bioglass (DPF-bioglass) was prepared and combined with a 3D-printing and selective laser sintering (3DP-SLS) process to prepare a porous scaffold for alveolar bone augmentation of dental implants. Addition of 2% Fe2O3 effectively lowered the melting point and darkened the color to absorb the laser energy and increased the sintering efficiency. X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectrophotometry, and differential thermal analysis were used to characterize the crystal structure, color/darkness, morphology, qualitative chemical composition, and thermal stability, respectively, for the synthesized DPF-bioglass. After the human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB 1.19 cells) were cultured with the extraction medium, cell morphology was observed by OM. The WST-1 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the DPF-bioglass. This bioglass was then prepared as an alveolar bone substitute (ABS) by the 3DP-SLS process and cells were cultured on the scaffold. The cell morphology was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cell survival rate and cells in early apoptosis were examined using live/dead and JC-1 staining, respectively. The gene expression of Runx2, type I collagen, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were analyzed by qPCR to check early osteogenesis, extracellular matrix secretion, and mineralization, respectively. Xylenol orange (XO) staining was used to observe the mineralization of calcium phosphate deposition. The improvements in cell attachment, proliferation, and biomineralization were further confirmed in terms of potential bone regeneration in vitro. The developed ABS was not cytotoxic to human osteoblasts in the WST-1, LDH, live/dead and JC-1 stain. The developed ABS gradually degraded and constantly released Ca+2, PO4−3, Fe+3, and Si+4 in the physiological environment. SEM and XO staining revealed that the released ions promoted bone formation and mineralization. Osteogenesis was also enhanced, as judged by early induction of the gene expression.