Atrazine In Water Research Articles

N-dealkylation of atrazine by hydrogenotrophic fluorescent Pseudomonads

Two strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens, LMG 10141 and 10140, isolated from soil, cometabolised atrazine in water under hydrogenotrophic conditions. The degradation products were deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine while hydroxyatrazine was not detected in cultures of LMG 10141. Labelled experiments indicated that neither the alkyl chains nor the ring structure were completely mineralised.

Determination of Atrazine in Water Using Tandem High-Performance Immunoaffinity Chromatography and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

A fully automated HPLC method was developed for the analysis of atrazine in water. This method used a high-performance immunoaffinity column for the extraction of atrazine and other triazines from samples, followed by separation of the refined compounds with an on-line reversed-phase column. This technique used only 250 μL of sample and required minimal sample pretreatment. Atrazine determinations by this method showed no significant interferences from the sample matrix, related triazines, or several common pesticides tested. Atrazine plus all of its major degradation products could be determined in 20 min, with a throughput of 10 min per injection

Advanced oxidation of atrazine in water—I. Ozonation

The ozonation of atrazine in water has been studied under different conditions of ozone partial pressure, pH, temperature and presence of hydroxyl radical scavengers. The process mainly develops through radical reactions, even at pH 2, probably due to the presence of traces of impurities in the starting material. The rate constant of the direct reaction between ozone and atrazine at pH 2 has been determined and expressed as a function of temperature. Thus, at 20°C the rate constant was found to be 4.5 M −1 s −1 the energy of activation being 18.8 kJ · mol −1. A model formed by mol balance equations of atrazine and ozone, the latter in the liquid and gas phases, with the ozone decomposition rate based on the Staehelin and Hoigné mechanism allowed the determination of the concentrations of these species at different experimental conditions. The aqueous solution of atrazine is characterized by a hydroxyl radical initiating rate factor which accounts for other radical reactions not included in the basic ozone decomposition mechanism. With this factor deviations between experimental and calculated concentrations of atrazine are less than ± 15% in most of the cases.

Advanced oxidation of atrazine in water—II. Ozonation combined with ultraviolet radiation

The combination of ozone with ultraviolet radiation (254 nm) to oxidise atrazine is investigated. The importance of the three routes of atrazine elimination: direct photolysis, direct ozonation and hydroxyl radical oxidation is established in percentages. At neutral pH and 20°C 87% of the oxidation rate is due to the radical way while direct ozonation only represents 1%. Mass transfer and kinetic data obtained in previous works [Beltrán F. J., Ovejero G. and Acedo B. (1993) Wat. Res. 27, 1013–1021; Beltrán F. J., Garciá-Araya J. F. and Acedo B. (1994) Wat. Res. 28, 2153–2164.] have been applied to mol. balance equations of atrazine, ozone (both in the gas and water) and hydrogen peroxide to obtain their corresponding concentrations in different conditions. It was necessary to include a hydroxyl radical initiating rate factor to account for radical ways not included in the basic mechanism of ozone decomposition. Comparison between different ways of oxidation and photolysis of atrazine (ozone, ozone/u.v. radiation, hydrogen peroxide/u.v. radiation) is also presented.

Ultrasonic decomposition of atrazine and alachlor in water.

Abstract The collapse of ultrasonically‐generated cavitation bubbles can result in sonochemical reactions. The kinetics of sonochemical decomposition of alachlor and atrazine in water were determined using a sonicator operating in the continuous mode at maximum output. Alachlor and atrazine solutions, 3.1 nmol L‐1, were kept at constant temperature during the sonication. Decomposition at 30°C followed first‐order kinetics: k = 8.01 × 10‐3 min‐1 and 2.10 × 10‐3 min‐1 for alachlor and atrazine, respectively. It is not clear from the product analysis whether the decomposition was due to a thermal or free radical reaction. However, regardless of the decomposition mechanisms, the extrapolated half‐lives (86 and 330 min for alachlor and atrazine, respectively) support the potential development of ultrasonic waves to decompose herbicides in contaminated water.

Trace-Level Determination Of Hydroxyatrazine And Dealkylated Degradation Products Of Atrazine In Waters

Abstract Dealkylated degradation products of atrazine, dealkyl- and deisopropyl-atrazine have been now detected in environmental waters, but determination of hydroxyatrazine has not been reported just because this product is not amenable to GC-MS. An analytical procedure has been developed for the simultaneous trace-level determination of some widely used chorotriazines and of three main degradation products, deisopropyl-, deethyl- and hydroxyatrazine, using a selective solid-phase-extraction coupled on-line to liquid chromatography. The preconcentration has been carried out with two precolumns in series. The first one, packed with the PRP-1 sorbent allowed the preconcentration of hydroxyatrazine and other metabolites. Analytes of interest were then desorbed from the PRP-1 precolumn in their ionic form and transferred to a second precolumn packed with a cation exchanger, which was afterwards coupled on-line to an analytical C18 column. The use of the selective cation-exchanger sorbent for the preconcentra...

Herbicide trace analysis by high-resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry: quantification of low parts per trillion levels of atrazine in water

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHerbicide trace analysis by high-resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry: quantification of low parts per trillion levels of atrazine in waterKenneth A. Caldwell, V. M. Sadagopa Ramanujam, Zongwei. Cai, Michael L. Gross, and Roy F. SpaldingCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 17, 2372–2379Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00065a034RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views101Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (999 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Detection of Pesticide in Drinking Water Using Real-Time Biospecific Interaction Analysis (BIA)

Abstract It is reported an application of a biosensor based technology employing Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) for studies of molecular interaction in real time. An inhibition immunoassay for the detection of the herbicide atrazine has been developed. The biospecific interface is a sensor chip to which an atrazine derivative has been covalently bound. Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against atrazine are mixed with the sample containing herbicide, then the solution reacted with the biospecific interface. As the interaction between free antibodies and the immobilized derivative of atrazine bound to the surface proceeds, the SPR response changes inversely related to the atrazine concentration. A detection limit of 0.05 ppb of atrazine in water can be reached; the concentration range is 0–1 ppb, the analysis time is 15 minutes. After each measure the sensor chip surface can be regenerated. The analysis has been performed with standard solutions (buffer) in distilled and tap water.

Enzyme-immunoassay techniques for the detection of atrazine in water samples: Evaluation of a commercial tube based assay

Environmental immunoassays can help lower the operating costs and improve the effectiveness of residue laboratories. The present study assesses the ability of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect triazine herbicides in water. The tube based EIA could detect atrazine in lake and river water with detection limits of 62 pg/mL and 180 pg/mL respectively. The assay's ability to quantify atrazine in a set of 124 water samples taken from many parts of Canada was compared with a reference method that used gas chromatographic separation combined with a nitrogen phosphorous detector (GC-NPD) (R=0.919). A 71 % reduction in analytical load was achieved at a threshold concentration of 1 ng/mL. There were 2.4 % false negative and 0.8 % false positive results associated with that load reduction. The variability of the assay control parameters was generally within two standard deviations of the mean response for 65 assays. The EIA for atrazine is recommended for use as a screening technique and as an inexpensive way to monitor triazine levels in waters that are known to be contaminated with those herbicides.

Oxidation of atrazine in water by ultraviolet radiation combined with hydrogen peroxide

The oxidation of atrazine in water by means of direct photolysis at 254 mm and with hydrogen peroxide combined with a u.v. radiation has been studied. The influence of bicarbonate/carbonate ions and a commercial humic substance on the oxidation rate has been observed. Depending on the initial atrazine concentration conversions higher than 99% can be achieved from both types of oxidation in less than 15 min. The oxidation rate is especially fast with the combination of hydrogen peroxide and u.v. radiation. The humic substance applied slows down the rates of both types of processes because it absorbs radiation and scavenges hydroxyl radicals. There is an optimum initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide, about 0.01 M, above which the oxidation rate of atrazine decreases. The quantum yield and hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant of atrazine were found to be 0.05 mol photon −1 and 1.8 × 10 20 M −1 s −1, respectively.

Determination of atrazine in water at low- and sub-parts-per-trillion levels by using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry

A capillary column gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS) method was developed determine atrazine in water at low- and sub-parts-per-trillon (ppt) levels. The method fills a need when the detection limits of routine GC, GC/MS, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are inadequate for studies to evaluate transport and fate of herbicides in deep ground water systems. Atrazine and the added internal standard [ 13 C 3 ]atrazine were extracted from water samples by solid-phase extraction using a C 18 bonded silica cartbridge

Rapid immunofiltration assay for the determination of atrazine in water and soil samples

Rapid immunofiltration assay for the determination of atrazine in water and soil samples

Determination of atrazine and simazine in estuarine samples by high-resolution gas chromatography and nitrogen selective detection

A method for the determination of ultra trace concentrations of triazine herbicides in natural water using silica C 18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-resolution gas chromatography with nitrogen-selective detection (GC-NDP) has been developed and optimized for estuarine conditions. Recoveries of spiked dissolved simazine and atrazine at a concentration of 100 ng l −1 were 82–85% and 87–97%, respectively and were onl slightly affected by the range of salinities and pH encountered for estuarine samples. The sediment-bound (particulate) triazines were ultrasonically extracted with high recoveries (86–91%) using dichloromethane. The water sample extracts were analysed without selective detection provided interference-free detection of simazine and atrazine in the extracts. The detection limits for simazine and atrazine in water and sediment were 1 ng l −1 for 1 l of water and 5 ng g −1 200 mg of suspended sediments. The reproducibility of the determination of atrazine and simazine in real water samples at low ng l −1 concentrations as shown by %R.S.D., was better than 10%. A comparison of the GC-NPD determination with an alternative method using ion selective detection (GC-ITD) showed very good agreement and indicated superior (ca. 5 fold) sensitivity of the NPD. The method was applied to a study of triazine herbicides in estuarine waters of the Rivers, Tamar, Thames and Mersey.

Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of atrazine in water from Czechoslovakia

Twenty-two water samples from Bohemian Paradise in Czechoslovakia were analyzed for atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6- isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three samples were drinking water, the others were creek water. The amount of atrazine found by EIA ranged from 0.2 to 12,700 ng/ml and 0.10 to 10,300 ng/ml by HPLC. Agreement between the methods was good. Nine samples containing the highest concentrations of atrazine were used to check the day-to-day reproducibility of both methods at high atrazine levels. The percent coefficients of variation (% CVs) ranged from 5.9 to 26.2 for the EIA and 1.5 to 33.2 for the HPLC. Day to day % CV values for each calibrator concentration ranged from 5.7 to 10.9 for EIA and 9.9 to 13.9 for HPLC. Sensitivity of the EIA was 0.2 ng/ml while it was 0.1 ng/ml for solid phase extraction HPLC and slightly less than 60 ng/ml for direct injection HPLC.

Evaluation and performance characteristics of a novel ELISA for the quantitative analysis of atrazine in water, plants and soil

The application and validation of a highly sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay for the analysis of atrazine residues in natural water samples, plant extracts and soil extracts is described. The EIA is performed on microtitre plates. The range of detection of atrazine analysis lies between approximately 1 ng/l and 10 μg/l. Several synthetic and environmental water samples, plant extracts and soil extracts were analysed with the EIA. A close correspondence was found between the results of the EIA and GC or HPLC measurements, respectively.

Coupled reversed-phase liquid chromatography—capillary gas chromatography for the determination of atrazine in water

A fully automatable method for determining atrazine in water is described, based on enrichment of the atrazine from 10 ml of water on a small ODS liquid chromatographic column, desorption with methanol-water (60:40) + 5% 1-propanol and transfer to a gas chromatograph by concurrent eluent evaporation using a loop-type interface. The total analysis time is 35 min with a detection limit of ca. 3–5 ppt. Concurrent eluent evaporation of aqueous eluent mixtures suffers from a large temperature difference between transfer and elution of the first sharp peaks. On transfer at 112°C, the atrazine peaks were perfectly shaped only when eluted at about 250°C.

Determination of atrazine residues in water and soil by enzyme immunoassay.

Atrazine, a triazine herbicide, is the second most widely used pesticlde in the United States with approximately 79 million pounds of active ingredient being applled each year (Anonymous 1987) as a preor post-emergent weed-control agent in the U.S. for corn, sorghum, sugarcane and pineapple. Because of its extensive use, possible seasonal stability and inadequate toxicological data (Wilson et al. 1987), there is a need for monitoring atrazine in water and soil. Municipal and private water sources should be monitored periodlcally in areas of frequent atrazine use. In soil, atrazine carry over may be injurious to certain rotational crops and thus the soil should be analyzed before planting (Ferris and Haigh 1987).

Rapid determination of simazine and atrazine in water at the parts per trillion (10 12) level : Extraction by a miniaturized carbopack B trap followed by high-performance liquid chromatography

A rapid and simple method for the determination of trace amounts of simazine and atrazine in water is described. A 250-ml volume of water is pre-concentrated by passage at a flow-rate of about 30 ml/min through a small trap containing 50 mg of graphitized carbon black (Carbopack B). After washing with 150 μl of methanol, the two herbicides are desorbed with 700 μl of dichloromethane-methanol (60:40, v/v). After removal, of the solvent, the extracted sample is fractionated and analysed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 220 nm. A single assay can be completed within 40 min from the receipt of the water sample. Recoveries of simazine and atrazine added to 250 ml of water at the level of 50 ng/l were 97.2 and 95.8% and the limits of detection were 0.07 and 0.15 ng, respectively. At the 50 ng/l level in water, the coefficients of variation for simazine and atrazine were 3.7 and 4.0% ( n = 7), respectively.

Residues of Atrazine andN-deethylated Atrazine in water from five agricultural watersheds in Québec

Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and N-deethylated atrazine (2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) were monitored (1974 and 1975) in five rivers which drained agricultural areas in the Yamaska river basin of Québec. Water samples were collected frequently from April to December each year from sites near the outflow of each river. The water samples were extracted with benzene, chloroform, or ethyl acetate and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography using a Hall electrolytic conductivity detector and an alkali-flame detector. Atrazine and N-deethylated atrazine residues ranged in concentration from 0.01 to 26.6 microgram/L and less than 0.01 to 1.34 microgram/L, respectively, over the monitoring period. The highest levels of atrazine were observed in July each year and they coincided with the herbicide spraying season in this region and with occasional heavy rainfall events. Discharges (kg/yr) of atrazine from the five rivers were related to corn-growing area in each watershed. Losses of atrazine ranged from 0.1 to 2.9% of the atrazine that was estimated to have been applied in each watershed.

UV irradiation of atrazine in aqueous fulvic acid solution

Abstract The photochemical stability to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of atrazine in aqueous solution was greater in the presence of fulvic acid than in its absence. The half‐life of atrazine in aqueous fulvic acid solution was greater at low than at high pH. The photolysis followed first order kinetics with respect to herbicide concentrations. The photolysis of atrazine in water yielded the 2‐hydroxy analogue only, but when the herbicide was treated similarly in the presence of a 0.01 percent fulvic acid solution, three N‐dealkylated products were also formed.