Atorvastatin In Treatment Research Articles

Effectiveness of Atorvastatin in Treatment of Obese Patients with Dyslipidaemia

Background: Numerous comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular (CV) disease are all made more likely by obesity. A higher mortality rate in the general population is strongly correlated with a high body mass index (BMI). In patients who are at high risk of experiencing an atherosclerotic CV event, the use of statins lowers mortality and recurrent adverse cardiac events across a broad range of cholesterol levels. Therefore, statin therapy is advised for secondary prevention in all high-risk patients, including those with obesity. Objectives: There is evidence to support the primary prevention of coronary artery disease, morbidity, and mortality using statins for lipid modifications. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the immediate impact of atorvastatin on the lipid profile in obese Jordanian patients. Methods: According to NCEP ATP III criteria, 200 overweight and obese patients with hypercholesterolemia were included. They received treatment for 2 months after being randomly divided into 3 groups based on the dosage of atorvastatin: 10, 20, and 40 mg/day. Results: With all atorvastatin doses, there was a significant desirable increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Conclusion: In dyslipidemic obese patients, short-term atorvastatin therapy resulted in lower levels of TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL as well as a desirable increase in HDL.

In vivo evaluation of chitosan based local delivery systems for atorvastatin in treatment of periodontitis

Periodontitis is a local inflammatory disease initiated by bacteria accumulation and results in cytokine mediated alveolar bone resorption and tissue destruction. In this study, the effect of locally delivered atorvastatin (2% w/v) containing chitosan formulations in the treatment of periodontitis was evaluated in rats with ligature induced periodontitis. The levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 were measured after treatment with formulations. Histomorphometric analysis included the measurements of the area of alveolar bone and the distance between cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and connective tissue attachment to tooth. Inflammatory and osteoclastic activity scores were given semiquantitatively. Following the administration of atorvastatin, release of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β1 and TGF-β2) cytokines was found to decrease, with a significant alveolar bone healing, when compared to that of control. The anti-inflammatory effect was observed to enhance in presence of chitosan. These findings suggest that chitosan based delivery system for a statin group drug, atorvastatin is a promising for the treatment of periodontal disease.

Development and in vitro evaluation of chitosan based system for local delivery of atorvastatin for treatment of periodontitis

In recent years, statin group drugs have been widely investigated in treatment of periodontal diseases due to their anti-inflammatory effect. The efficacy of statins can be enhanced by local administration into the periodontal pocket by appropriate delivery systems. The aim of our study was to develop a bioadhesive delivery system for local delivery of atorvastatin in treatment of periodontal disease. For this purpose, gel formulations were prepared using different types of chitosan (base and water soluble) and viscosity, bioadhesivity and syringeability of the gels as well as in vitro drug release properties were investigated vitro. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory effect of the formulations was studied in vitro using tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alfa induced human gingival fibroblast (hGF) cells. Release of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, IL-10) cytokines were measured after incubating the hGF cells with the formulations. The viscosity of the formulations was found to be suitable for a local application into periodontal pocket. In presence of drug, bioadhesive property of the formulations was found to increase, and bioadhesion force was within the range, which would retain the delivery system at the application site, subsequently maintain drug levels at desired amount for longer period of time. The release of atorvastatin from the gels was found to be slower than that of the solution. The cytokine levels were found to decrease following application of the formulations, and anti-inflammatory effect was observed to enhance in presence of chitosan. No significant differences were found between base and water-soluble chitosan.

Efficacy of ezetimibe combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of carotid artery plaque in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary heart disease

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ezetimibe combined with atorvastatin in treatment of carotid artery plaque in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 100 patients with carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) confirmed by ultrasound and diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and CHD were randomly assigned to atorvastatin group (atorvastatin 20 mg/day) or combined treatment group (ezetimibe 10 mg/day and atorvastatin 20 mg/day). All those patients were followed for 12 months. Serum lipid, ALT, AST, and CK were measured before and after treatment. Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the stability of carotid artery plaques. After 12 months of treatment, the level of TC, TG, LDL-C, hs-CRP, FPG and HbA1c decreased in both groups compared with before treatment. TC, TG, LDL-C and hs-CRP in the combined treatment group were much lower than that in the atorvastatin group (P<0.05). The IMT and plaque area in the two groups were lower than that before the treatment (P<0.05). IMT and plaques area in the combined treatment group is much lower than that in the atorvastatin group after treatment. There was no significant difference in two groups on the level of ALT, AST, CK compared with baseline after treatment. The effect of combined use of atorvastatin and ezetimibe was better than atorvastatin alone, which can effectively reduce the blood lipid levels in diabetic patients with CHD and improve plaque stability. Both treatment regimens were safe and well tolerated.

Clinical effect of atorvastatin in treatment of coronary heart disease

Objective To analyze the clinical effect of atorvastatin combined with conventional cardiovascular drugs therapy in treatment of coronary heart disease. Methods 200 patients with coronary heart disease were collected.They were randomly divided into the observation group(n=100) and control group(n=100). The observation group was given atorvastatin combined with cardiovascular routine treatment for 1 year, the control group was given cardiovascular routine therapy for 1 year.The clinical effect and serum levels of TC, HDL-C, LDL-C were analyzed. Results After treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group was 95%, which was significantly higher than 75% of the control group (χ2=16.33, P=0.00 0.05; HDL-C: (1.35±0.23)mmol/L vs (1.29±0.32)mmol/L, t=1.51, P=0.15>0.05; LDL-C: (4.54±0.62)mmol/L vs (4.48±0.61)mmol/L, t=0.84, P=0.20>0.05]. After treatment, the serum levels of TC, HDL-C, LDL-C of the observation group were significantly better than those of the control group[TC: (3.39±0.31)mmol/L vs (5.78±0.64)mmol/L, t=2.36, P=0.02<0.05; HDL-C: (1.63±0.42)mmol/L vs (1.32±0.51)mmol/L, t=2.87, P=0.00<0.05; LDL-C: (2.37±0.42)mmol/L vs (3.95±0.43)mmol/L, t=2.62, P=0.01<0.05]. Conclusion Atorvastatin can reduce blood fat, improve the prognosis of disease, it is superior to the traditional treatment. Key words: Coronary disease; Atorvastatin; Treatment outcome

Atorvastatin attenuates neuropathic pain in rat neuropathy model by down-regulating oxidative damage at peripheral, spinal and supraspinal levels

Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and prevention of coronary heart disease. Oxidative stress is considered to be one of the main causes of neuropathic pain after nerve injury. This study aimed to investigate the effect of atorvastatin on oxidative stress and hyperalgesia in chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Pain behaviour in rats was evaluated before and after atorvastatin administration using mechanical and heat hyperalgesia. The markers for oxidative stress in sciatic nerve, spinal cord and pre-frontal cortex (PFC) area of brain were biochemically detected in vehicle and atorvastatin-treated neuropathic CCI rats. Atorvastatin attenuated hyperalgesia. We found a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion (O2-) and protein carbonyl along with a reduction in catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), total thiol (SH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and; increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the sciatic nerve, spinal cord and PFC of the CCI-induced neuropathic rats. Reduced levels of enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants were restored by atorvastatin. The levels of MDA, O2-, and protein carbonyl in these tissues were significantly reduced in the atorvastatin-treated CCI rats compared to the untreated CCI rats. Our study demonstrated that atorvastatin attenuates neuropathic pain through inhibition of oxidative stress in sciatic nerve, spinal cord and brain suggesting antioxidants as potential drugs in neuropathic pain management. This study provides a new application of atorvastatin in treatment of neuropathic pain.

Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3+regulatory T cells are necessary for therapeutic benefit of atorvastatin in treatment of central nervous system autoimmunity

Oral atorvastatin has prevented or reversed paralysis in the multiple sclerosis (MS) model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and reduced development of new MS lesions in clinical trials. Besides inhibiting development of encephalitogenic T cells, atorvastatin treatment of EAE has been associated with an induction of anti-inflammatory myelin-reactive T-helper type (Th)-2 cells. To investigate the clinical significance of atorvastatin-mediated Th2 differentiation, we first evaluated atorvastatin treatment in interleukin (IL)-4 green fluorescent protein-enhanced transcript (4-GET) reporter mice. Atorvastatin treatment failed to induce IL-4-producing Th2 cells in vivo; however, when T cells from atorvastatin-treated 4-GET mice were reactivated in vitro, T cells preferentially differentiated into Th2 cells, while antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon gamma, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor and IL-12) were reduced. Oral atorvastatin also prevented or reversed EAE in signal transducer and activator of transcription 6-deficient (STAT6−/−) mice, which cannot generate IL-4-producing Th2 cells. Further, atorvastatin treatment did not induce or expand Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in either wild-type or STAT6−/− mice. In vivo proliferation of T cells, as measured by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine, was inhibited in atorvastatin-treated wild-type and STAT6−/− mice. These data imply that atorvastatin ameliorates central nervous system autoimmune disease primarily by inhibiting proliferation of proinflammatory encephalitogenic T cells, and not simply through induction of anti-inflammatory Th2 cells. This cytostatic effect may be a relevant mechanism of action when considering use of statins in MS and other inflammatory conditions.

Therapeutic efficacy of atorvastatin in treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus

Therapeutic efficacy of atorvastatin in treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus

Comparison of Topical Triamcinolone and Oral Atorvastatin in Treatment of Paederus Dermatitis Northern Iran

Dermatitis caused by stimulation of beetle paederus, is a common health problem in Northern and some southern parts of Iran. Since by now, traditional medicine and some corticosteroid agents have been used for treatment of dermatitis caused by beetle paederus. Because, there are few researches about classical treatment of the disease at academic level, this study planned to compare the effectiveness of triamcinolone ointment and atorvastatin tablet with placebo in treatment ofpaederus dermatitis in Northern Iran. A randomized double-blind clinical trial was carried out on 30 patients referred to the hospital and clinics at Sari and Neka countries in Northern Iran during 6 months. Patients were randomly divided into two therapeutic equal groups. The first group was triamcinolone ointment twice a day and a placebo atorvastatin tablet daily. The second group was oral atorvastatin one tablet (20 mg) daily and a placebo triamcinolone ointment twice a day. In Seventh day of visits, therapeutic response of the patients in triamcinolone and atorvastatin group were 93.33 and 80%, respectively. No significant differences were found in therapeutic outcome between the two groups (p > 0.05). The results showed both oftriamcinolone ointment and oral atorvastatin had similar effect on paederus dermatitis. Because the paederus dermatitis is a self-limited disease use of topical therapy for treatment of the disease is recommend.

Efficacy of probucol combined with atorvastatin in treatment of coronary heart disease with unstable angina

Objective To compare the influence of blood lipids and angina pectoris using combination therapy in coronary heart diseases(CHD) with unstable angina.Methods 100 patients were randomly divided into the probucol group(A group) 50 cases and probucol combined with atorvastatin treatment group(B group) 50 cases,The treadmill exercise ECG test,lipid and oxidation before and after treatment in two groups were observed.Results The total effective rate was 90.0% in group B significantly higher than 64.0% in group A(χ2 =3.841,P＜0.05);The total effective rate of ECG was 74.0% in group B after treatment which was significantly higher than the 42.0% in group A(χ2 = 3.981,P＜0.05);Treadmill exercise ECG test positive 82.0%,84.0% in two group before treatment,significantly higher than that 48.0%,24.0% in two group after treatment,(χ2 = 3.841,3.791,all P＜0.05);Angina pectoris in A、 B group after treatment [(1.6 ± 0.8) times、(1.0 ± 0.5) times]were significantly lower than [(4.3±1.9) times、(4.6 ±2.8) times]before treatment(χ2 =7.584,7.984,all P＜0.01).Conclusion Probucol was a safe and effective drug for treating hypolipidemic and reducing angina attack.Its combination with atorvastatin was safe,and the efficacy is more visible. Key words: Coronary disease; Angina pectoris; Probucol; Atorvastatin

Effects of atorvastatin on treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods Of 72 patients with NAFLD6,8 patients with elevated alanine transaminase(ALT)and cholesterol levels at baseline had completed the study.The patients were randomly divided into treatment trial group(n=38)and control group(n=30,ithout any treatment).The patients in trial group were orally received 10 or 20 mg of atorvastatin daily according to basal serum cholesterol levels being≤or＞6.5 mmol/L,respectively.The parameters including body mass index,serum cholesterol level and ALT level were tested and liver density was assessed by echography at baseline and 6 months after treatment.Results There was a significant difference in syndrome scores between baseline and 6 months after treatment[(11.05±1.29)vs.(6.08±0.87)]in trial group(t=1.96,P＜0.05).Six months after treatment,11 patients in trial group were presented with normal ALT levels.whereas only 2 patients in control group had normal ALT levels (P＜0.05).There was a significant differenee in cholesterol level between baseline and 6 months after treatment[(6.6±0.54)ramol/L vs.(5.4±0.5)mmol/L]in trial group(t=1.72,P＜0.05).In addition,there was no differenee in body mass index between baseline and 6 months after treatment both in rial group[(26.8±2.9)kg/m2 vs.(26.4±2.8)kg/m2]and control group[(26.5±2.3)kg/m2 vs.(26.4±2.2)kg/m2](P＞0.05).There was no significant difference in liver density of two groups before and after treatment(P＞0.05).No side effect was reported.Conclusions Serum ALT and cholesterol levels are reduced significantly in all patients treated with atorvastatin.It is effective and safe for atorvastatin in treating NAFLD patients with hypercholesterolemia. Key words: Fatty liver,alcoholic Hypercholesterolemia Atorvastatin

Efficacy of oat bran (Avena sativa L.) in comparison with atorvastatin in treatment of hypercholesterolemia in albino rat liver.

Introduction: The present study deals with the effect of oat bran (Avena sativa L.) in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in comparison with a hypocholesterolemic drug, atorvastatin, on hypercholesterolemic liver in male albino rats. Material and Methods: For this purpose four groups of rats (each containing 6 rats) were used. The first group was used as a control, the second was cholesterol-fed group with cholesterol (0.5% w/w) for 6 weeks. The third group was oats-fed hypercholesterolemic rats on oat supplemented diet (20% w/w) for 4 weeks and the forth group was atorvastatin-treated hypercholesterolemic rats orally at a dose of 0.18 mg/Kg body weight/day for 4 weeks. Results: The biochemical results revealed a significant increase in serum LDL-C and a significant decrease in HDL-C level. In addition the activity of AST was increased in cholesterol-fed rats. Meanwhile, the treatment with oat soluble fiber or atorvastatin drug improved the above mentioned parameters. The histopathological examination of liver sections of cholesterol-fed group showed accumulation of lipid. Hepatocytes showed ballooning degeneration and manifested clear necrotic signs. Inflammatory cellular infiltration was found around the blood vessels, mild fibrosis near the portal blood vessels. However, liver impairment was reduced markedly in the liver of oat soluble fiber fed rats rather than atorvastatin drug treated rats. Conclusion: The present study, however, confirms that the cereal grain oat may have potent beneficial health effects in reducing LDL cholesterol and should be included in the prudent diet of individuals with hyperlipidemia.

Efficacy of oat bran (Avena sativa L.) in comparison with atorvastatin in treatment of hypercholesterolemia in albino rat liver.

Introduction: The present study deals with the effect of oat bran (Avena sativa L.) in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in comparison with a hypocholesterolemic drug, atorvastatin, on hypercholesterolemic liver in male albino rats. Material and Methods: For this purpose four groups of rats (each containing 6 rats) were used. The first group was used as a control, the second was cholesterol-fed group with cholesterol (0.5% w/w) for 6 weeks. The third group was oats-fed hypercholesterolemic rats on oat supplemented diet (20% w/w) for 4 weeks and the forth group was atorvastatin-treated hypercholesterolemic rats orally at a dose of 0.18 mg/Kg body weight/day for 4 weeks. Results: The biochemical results revealed a significant increase in serum LDL-C and a significant decrease in HDL-C level. In addition the activity of AST was increased in cholesterol-fed rats. Meanwhile, the treatment with oat soluble fiber or atorvastatin drug improved the above mentioned parameters. The histopathological examination of liver sections of cholesterol-fed group showed accumulation of lipid. Hepatocytes showed ballooning degeneration and manifested clear necrotic signs. Inflammatory cellular infiltration was found around the blood vessels, mild fibrosis near the portal blood vessels. However, liver impairment was reduced markedly in the liver of oat soluble fiber fed rats rather than atorvastatin drug treated rats. Conclusion: The present study, however, confirms that the cereal grain oat may have potent beneficial health effects in reducing LDL cholesterol and should be included in the prudent diet of individuals with hyperlipidemia.

Benefits of atorvastatin for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Benefits of atorvastatin for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis